"Hidden" Species May Be Surprisingly CommonCryptic species animals that appear identical but are genetically quite distant—may be much more widespread than previously thought. The findings could have major implications in areas ranging from biodiversity e
题目
"Hidden" Species May Be Surprisingly Common
Cryptic species animals that appear identical but are genetically quite distant—may be much more widespread than previously thought. The findings could have major implications in areas ranging from biodiversity estimates and wildlife management, to our understanding of infectious diseases and evolution.
Reports of cryptic species have increased dramatically over the past two decades with the advent of relatively inexpensive DNA sequencing technology. Markus Pfenninger and Klaus Schwenk, of the Goethe-Universitat, in Frankfurt, Germany, analyzed all known data on cryptic animal species and discovered that they are found in equal proportions throughout all major branches of the animal kingdom and occur in equal numbers in all biogeographieal regions.
Scientists had previously speculated that cryptic species were predominantly found in insects and reptiles, and were more likely to occur in tropical rather than temperate regions. "Species that are seemingly widespread and abundant could in reality be many different cryptic species that have low populations and are highly endangered. " Says Pfenninger. Until the genetic information of all species in at least one taxon is thoroughly studied, no one will know just how many cryptic species exist. "It could be as high as 30%. " Pfenninger says.
"I'm extremely surprised by their results. " Says Alex Smith of the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada. "It's a call to arms to keep doing the broad kind of genetic studies that we are doing. "
Sampling as many individuals as possible, scientists hope to complete work on all fish and birds in another 5 to 10 years. Once either of these taxonomic groups is completed, Pfenninger says researchers will be able to decide how many cryptic species exist throughout the animal kingdom.
Examples of cryptic species include the African elephant. A 2001 study found the elephants were actually two genetically distinct, non-interbreeding species, the African bush elephant and the African elephant. The species are currently listed as vulnerable and threatened, respectively, by the World Conservation Union (WCU).
The reclassifications are more than an academic exercise. They define populations that have evolved independently of each other and whose genetic differences can have significant consequences. In the early 1900s misidentification of mosquito species based on morphology confused attempts to control malaria in Europe. Ultimately, what was thought to be a single species was actually made up of six sibling species, only three of which transmitted the disease. "The basic unit in biology is always the species, and you have to know what you are dealing with. " Pfenninger says. Much previous research is now no longer used, he says, because it is not clear what species was being studied.
Which of the following about the significance of the research on cryptic species is NOT true?
A．The results of the research can help the development of many other research areas.
B．The results of the research can help the development of biodiversity estimates.
C．The results of the research can help our understanding of infectious disease evolution.
D．The results of the research can help our understanding of "survival of the fittest. "
相似考题
更多“"Hidden" Species May Be Surprisingly CommonCryptic species animals that appear identical but are genetically quite distant—may be much more widespread than previously thought. The findings could have major implications in areas ranging from biodiversity e”相关问题
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第1题：
If cloned animals could be used as organ donors, ().
A、people don’t have to worry about cloning twins for transplants
B、raising animals such as pigs can help solve the problem
C、the human body attacks and destroys tissue from other species
D、it may be more efficient to produce such animals by cloning than by cur
参考答案：ABD
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第2题：
This may have preserved the elephant from extinction as well as other animals () in Africa.A、hunted
B、hunting
C、that hunted
D、are hunted
参考答案：A
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第3题：
共用题干
第三篇
Longer Lives for Wild Elephants
Most people think of zoos as safe places for animals,where struggles such as having difficulty finding
food and avoiding predators（猛兽）don't exist. Without such problems,animals in zoos should live to a ripe
（成熟的）old age.
But that may not be true for the largest land animals on Earth.Scientists have known that elephants in
zoos often suffer from poor health.Sometimes,they even become unable to have babies.
To learn more about how captivity（圈养）affects elephants, a team of international scientists compared
the life spans of female elephants born in zoos with female elephants living outdoors in their native lands.
Zoos keep detailed records of all the animals in their care,documenting factors such as birth dates,illnes-
ses,weight and death.These records made it possible for the researchers to analyze 40 years of data on 800
African and Asian elephants in zoos across Europe.The scientists compared the life spans of the zoo-born fe-
male elephants with the life spans of thousands of wild female elephants in Africa and Asian elephants that
work in logging camps（伐木场）, over approximately the same time period.
The team found that female African elephants born in zoos lived an average of 16.9 years. Their wild
counterparts who died of natural causes lived an average of 56 years一more than three times as long. Female
Asian elephants followed a similar pattern. In zoos,they lived 18.9 years,while those in the logging camps
lived 41.7 years.
Scientists don't know yet why wild elephants seem to get on so much better than their zoo-raised coun-
terparts.Georgia Mason,a biologist at the University of Guelph in Canada who led the study,thinks stress
and obesity（肥胖症）may be to blame. Zoo elephants don't get the same kind of exercise they would in the
wild,and most are very fat. Social lives of elephants are also much different in zoos than in the wild,where
they live in large herds and family groups.
The study raises some questions about acquiring more elephants to keep in zoos.While some threatened
and endangered species living in zoos reproduce（生殖）successfully and maintain healthy populations,that
doesn't appear to be the case with elephants.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that______________.
A:zoo-born elephants should be looked after more carefully
B:zoos should keep more animals except elephants
C:it may not be wise to keep elephants in zoos
D:elephants are no longer an endangered species答案：C解析：由文章第二段第二句话可知答案。
由文章第三段可知，是动物园记录他们所照顾的大象的详细信息，而不是科学家们。
由第四段两组数据对比可知，在动物园出生的雌象比野生的寿命短很多，即死得更早。
由第五段内容可知，圈养的大象之所以短命是因为它们不是成群大家庭生活的。
最后一段暗示大象和其他适合圈养的动物不一样、它需要野外生活，因此圈养大象可 能是不明智的。第5部分：补全短文 -
第4题：
共用题干
Chimpanzees
1 Chimpanzees（黑猩猩）will soon be extinct（灭绝）.If the present rate of hunting and habitat（栖息地）destruction continues, then within 20 years, there will be no chimpanzees living in the wild. But this is more than an environmental or moral tragedy（悲剧）.Chimpan-zee extinction may also have profound implications（含意）for the survival of their distant relatives一human beings.
2 In 1975 the biologist Marie-Claire King and Allan Wilson discovered that the human and chimpanzee genomes（基因组）match by ovet 98%. Compare this to the mouse, used as model for human disease in lab tests,which shares only 60% of its DNA with us.In fact, chimpanzees are far more similar to humans than they are to any other species of monkey. As well as resembling us genetically,chimps are highly intelligent and able to use tools.These facts alone should be enough to make protection of chimps an urgent priority（优先）.But there is another,more selfish reason to preserve the chimp.
3 The chimpanzees' trump card（王牌）comes in the field of medical research. Chimpanzees are so similar to humans that veterinarians（兽医）often refer to human medical text-books when treating them. Yet chimpanzees do show differences in several key areas.In parti-cular,chimps are much more resistant to a number of major diseases.It is this ability that is so interesting.
4 For example,chimps seem to show a much higher resistance than humans to HIV,the virus that causes AIDS. Indeed,their use as experimental animals in AIDS research has de-dlined because they are so resistant.
5 By sequencing the chimp genome and pinpointing（找到）the place where the chimpanzee DNA sequence differs from that of humans,scientists hope to be able to discover which part of the genetic code gives chimps their increased resistance to some diseases. This,they hope,will allow them to develop new and more effective treatments for the human forms of these diseases. Such treatments could include the production of new drugs or even the alteration（改变）of the human genetic sequence. The recently completed human genome sequencing project has shown that such an effort is now well within our reach.The discovery of the genetic code of chimps will be helpful to______.
A: some human disease treatments
B: some diseases
C: human survival
D: human genomes
E: key areas
F: healthier lifestyle答案：A解析：段落中出现了一个明显的段落主题词chimpanzees“黑猩猩”，除此以外，还 有一个词extinct或extinction也可能是该段主题词，因为这个段落只有四个句子，而其中有两个句子分别含有extinct和extinction。备选项中选项B同时包含了这个词，而且选项B中的其他实义词implications , humans也在该段中出现了，因此B可能是答案。该段的主题句是段落最后一句，该句是个观点句，该句意为“黑猩猩的灭绝也可能对它们的远亲——人类的生存有着深远的意义”。这与选项B的意义一致：选项B意为“黑猩猩的灭绝对于人类的意 义”，由此可以进一步确认答案为B。
段落中出现了一个明显的段落主题词chimpanzees“黑猩猩”，除此以外，还有一个词humans也可能是该段主题词，因为这个段落只有6个句子，而其中有3个句子都含有human。既含有human又含有chimpanzee（即chimp）的选项是D项“黑猩猩和人在遗传上的相似性”和F项“黑猩猩和人在遗传上的不同之处”，因此推测答案可能来自这两个选项（提示：备选项中如果出现了有关系的选项，如：正反意义项，意义相近项，结构相似项，则这些有关系的选项中通常会出现答案选项。）这两个选项的不同之处在于一个说相似，一个说不同。因此关注段落中主要谈的是相似还是不同。很容易在段落中注意到这样的结构：human and chimpanzee genomes（基因组）match by over 98%“人和黑猩猩的基因组相似度达到 98%以上”,chimpanzees are far more similar to humans than…“黑猩猩比……更像人”,resembling us geneticall广在遗传上与我们相似”，由此可知该段主要谈人和黑猩猩在遗传上的 相似性，因此该题答案为D。
段落中出现了一个明显的段落主题词chimpanzees“黑猩猩”，但是依据该词并不能判断出答案。段落中出现了一个转折句（段落第三句），该句意为“然而，黑猩猩的确在几个重要的领域中呈现出不同”。（提示：段首处及段尾处出现的转折句可能就是该段主题句）该句意思与F项“黑猩猩和人在遗传上的不同之处”在意义呼应，因此F可能是答案。从该段主要内容来看，段落第二句提到黑猩猩与人类相似，甚至兽医为它们治疗时常常会参考人类的医学书籍，接下来用转折词yet(然而）话锋一转，对比性的提出该段的主题：黑猩猩和人确实有重要的不同之外。提出这个主题（也是该段的观点）之后，接下来对黑猩猩和人之间的不同进行了举例论证。接下来的句子提到“黑猩猩对许多重大疾病更具有抵杭力”，由此可进 一步判断出该题答案为F。
段落中出现了一个明显的段落主题词AIDS“艾滋病”，选项C中含有 AIDS，但是选项C中的其他实义词effective“有效的”, treatment“治疗”没有在该段中直接地及间接地出现，因此选项C成为答案的可能性较小。其实该段中还有一个段落主题词resist-ance“抵杭力”或resistant“有抵抗力的”，选项A和选项E分别含有这两个词中的一个，因此这两个选项中可能出现答案选项。选项A意为“对艾滋病病毒有抵杭力的原因”，选项E意为 “黑猩猩对艾滋病病毒的抵抗力”。从该段主要内容来看，该段第一句提到黑猩猩对艾滋病病毒有更强的抵抗力，该段第二句（也是最后一句）说明因为黑猩猩对艾滋病病毒有很强的抵杭力，因此现在在艾滋病的研究实验中已经减少了对黑猩猩的使用。可见该段主要谈及的是黑 程猩对艾滋病病毒的抵抗力，因此答案为E。
题干意为“黑猩程的灭绝可能会影响……”。利用题干中的细节信息短语 chimpanzee extinction“黑猩猩灭绝”作为定位线索，这样在第一段找到相关句：Chimpanzees （黑猩猩）will soon be extinct（灭绝）. If the present rate of hunting and habitat destruction continues,then within 20 years,there will be no chimpanzees living in the wild. But this is more than an environmental or moral tragedy. Chimpanzee extinction may also have profound implications for the survival of their distant relatives-human beings．相关句为第一段最后一句，该句意为“黑猩猩的灭绝也可能对它们的远亲―人类的生存有着深远的意义”。这表明黑猩猩的灭绝可能会对人类的生存产生影响，因此答案为C项“人类的生存”。
题干意为“在黑猩猩与……之间有不到2%的差异”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语difference“差异”,less than 2%作为定位线索，这样在第二段找到相关句：In 1975 the biologists Marie-Claire King and Allan Wilson discovered that the human and chimpanzee genomes match（与difference呼应）by over 98%（与低于2%呼应）.Compare this to the mouse, used as model for human disease in lab tests,which shares only 60%of its DNA with us. In fact,chimpanzees are far more similar to humans than they are to any other species of monkey. As well as resembling us genetically,chimps are highly intelligent and able to use tools. These facts alone should be enough to make protection of chimps an urgent priority. But there is another,more selfish reason to preserve the chimp．相关句（第二段第一句）意为“1975年，生物学家Marie-Claire King和Allan Wilson发现人和黑猩猩的基因组匹配度达到了98%以上”，这意味着人和黑猩猩基因组之间的差异不到2%，因此答案为D项“人的基因组”。
题干意为“科学家们猜想基因在预防黑猩猩患……（疾病）方面起着显著的作用”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语scientists“科学家”,genes“基因”,significant role“显 著的作用”作为定位线索，这样在第五段找到相关句：By sequencing the chimp genome and pinpointing（找到）the place where the chimpanzee DNA sequence differs from that of humans, scientists hope to be able to discover which part of the genetic code（与gene呼应） gives chimps their increased resistance to some diseases.This,they hope,will allow them to develop new and more effective treatments for the human forms of these diseases.Such treat-ments could include the production of new drugs or even the alteration of the human genetic sequence. The recently completed human genome sequencing project has shown that such an effort is now well within our reach．相关句（第五段第一句）意为“通过对黑猩猩的基因组坝d序并找到黑猩猩的DNA序列与人类的DNA序列不同之处，科学家们希望能够发现哪部分遗传代码增强了黑猩猩抵御一些疾病的能力”，由此判断出B项“一些疾病”是答案。
题千意为“发现黑猩猩的遗传代码将有助于……”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语discovery“发现”,genetic code“遗传代码”作为定位线索，这样在第五段找到相关句： By sequencing the chimp genome and pinpointing（找到）the place where the chimpanzee DNA sequencing differs from that of humans,scientists hope to be able to discover which part of the genetic code gi -
第5题：
共用题干
Chimpanzees
1 Chimpanzees（黑猩猩）will soon be extinct（灭绝）.If the present rate of hunting and habitat（栖息地）destruction continues, then within 20 years, there will be no chimpanzees living in the wild. But this is more than an environmental or moral tragedy（悲剧）.Chimpan-zee extinction may also have profound implications（含意）for the survival of their distant relatives一human beings.
2 In 1975 the biologist Marie-Claire King and Allan Wilson discovered that the human and chimpanzee genomes（基因组）match by ovet 98%. Compare this to the mouse, used as model for human disease in lab tests,which shares only 60% of its DNA with us.In fact, chimpanzees are far more similar to humans than they are to any other species of monkey. As well as resembling us genetically,chimps are highly intelligent and able to use tools.These facts alone should be enough to make protection of chimps an urgent priority（优先）.But there is another,more selfish reason to preserve the chimp.
3 The chimpanzees' trump card（王牌）comes in the field of medical research. Chimpanzees are so similar to humans that veterinarians（兽医）often refer to human medical text-books when treating them. Yet chimpanzees do show differences in several key areas.In parti-cular,chimps are much more resistant to a number of major diseases.It is this ability that is so interesting.
4 For example,chimps seem to show a much higher resistance than humans to HIV,the virus that causes AIDS. Indeed,their use as experimental animals in AIDS research has de-dlined because they are so resistant.
5 By sequencing the chimp genome and pinpointing（找到）the place where the chimpanzee DNA sequence differs from that of humans,scientists hope to be able to discover which part of the genetic code gives chimps their increased resistance to some diseases. This,they hope,will allow them to develop new and more effective treatments for the human forms of these diseases. Such treatments could include the production of new drugs or even the alteration（改变）of the human genetic sequence. The recently completed human genome sequencing project has shown that such an effort is now well within our reach.Scientists suspect that genes play a significant role in protecting chimps from getting______.
A: some human disease treatments
B: some diseases
C: human survival
D: human genomes
E: key areas
F: healthier lifestyle答案：B解析：段落中出现了一个明显的段落主题词chimpanzees“黑猩猩”，除此以外，还 有一个词extinct或extinction也可能是该段主题词，因为这个段落只有四个句子，而其中有两个句子分别含有extinct和extinction。备选项中选项B同时包含了这个词，而且选项B中的其他实义词implications , humans也在该段中出现了，因此B可能是答案。该段的主题句是段落最后一句，该句是个观点句，该句意为“黑猩猩的灭绝也可能对它们的远亲——人类的生存有着深远的意义”。这与选项B的意义一致：选项B意为“黑猩猩的灭绝对于人类的意 义”，由此可以进一步确认答案为B。
段落中出现了一个明显的段落主题词chimpanzees“黑猩猩”，除此以外，还有一个词humans也可能是该段主题词，因为这个段落只有6个句子，而其中有3个句子都含有human。既含有human又含有chimpanzee（即chimp）的选项是D项“黑猩猩和人在遗传上的相似性”和F项“黑猩猩和人在遗传上的不同之处”，因此推测答案可能来自这两个选项（提示：备选项中如果出现了有关系的选项，如：正反意义项，意义相近项，结构相似项，则这些有关系的选项中通常会出现答案选项。）这两个选项的不同之处在于一个说相似，一个说不同。因此关注段落中主要谈的是相似还是不同。很容易在段落中注意到这样的结构：human and chimpanzee genomes（基因组）match by over 98%“人和黑猩猩的基因组相似度达到 98%以上”,chimpanzees are far more similar to humans than…“黑猩猩比……更像人”,resembling us geneticall广在遗传上与我们相似”，由此可知该段主要谈人和黑猩猩在遗传上的 相似性，因此该题答案为D。
段落中出现了一个明显的段落主题词chimpanzees“黑猩猩”，但是依据该词并不能判断出答案。段落中出现了一个转折句（段落第三句），该句意为“然而，黑猩猩的确在几个重要的领域中呈现出不同”。（提示：段首处及段尾处出现的转折句可能就是该段主题句）该句意思与F项“黑猩猩和人在遗传上的不同之处”在意义呼应，因此F可能是答案。从该段主要内容来看，段落第二句提到黑猩猩与人类相似，甚至兽医为它们治疗时常常会参考人类的医学书籍，接下来用转折词yet(然而）话锋一转，对比性的提出该段的主题：黑猩猩和人确实有重要的不同之外。提出这个主题（也是该段的观点）之后，接下来对黑猩猩和人之间的不同进行了举例论证。接下来的句子提到“黑猩猩对许多重大疾病更具有抵杭力”，由此可进 一步判断出该题答案为F。
段落中出现了一个明显的段落主题词AIDS“艾滋病”，选项C中含有 AIDS，但是选项C中的其他实义词effective“有效的”, treatment“治疗”没有在该段中直接地及间接地出现，因此选项C成为答案的可能性较小。其实该段中还有一个段落主题词resist-ance“抵杭力”或resistant“有抵抗力的”，选项A和选项E分别含有这两个词中的一个，因此这两个选项中可能出现答案选项。选项A意为“对艾滋病病毒有抵杭力的原因”，选项E意为 “黑猩猩对艾滋病病毒的抵抗力”。从该段主要内容来看，该段第一句提到黑猩猩对艾滋病病毒有更强的抵抗力，该段第二句（也是最后一句）说明因为黑猩猩对艾滋病病毒有很强的抵杭力，因此现在在艾滋病的研究实验中已经减少了对黑猩猩的使用。可见该段主要谈及的是黑 程猩对艾滋病病毒的抵抗力，因此答案为E。
题干意为“黑猩程的灭绝可能会影响……”。利用题干中的细节信息短语 chimpanzee extinction“黑猩猩灭绝”作为定位线索，这样在第一段找到相关句：Chimpanzees （黑猩猩）will soon be extinct（灭绝）. If the present rate of hunting and habitat destruction continues,then within 20 years,there will be no chimpanzees living in the wild. But this is more than an environmental or moral tragedy. Chimpanzee extinction may also have profound implications for the survival of their distant relatives-human beings．相关句为第一段最后一句，该句意为“黑猩猩的灭绝也可能对它们的远亲―人类的生存有着深远的意义”。这表明黑猩猩的灭绝可能会对人类的生存产生影响，因此答案为C项“人类的生存”。
题干意为“在黑猩猩与……之间有不到2%的差异”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语difference“差异”,less than 2%作为定位线索，这样在第二段找到相关句：In 1975 the biologists Marie-Claire King and Allan Wilson discovered that the human and chimpanzee genomes match（与difference呼应）by over 98%（与低于2%呼应）.Compare this to the mouse, used as model for human disease in lab tests,which shares only 60%of its DNA with us. In fact,chimpanzees are far more similar to humans than they are to any other species of monkey. As well as resembling us genetically,chimps are highly intelligent and able to use tools. These facts alone should be enough to make protection of chimps an urgent priority. But there is another,more selfish reason to preserve the chimp．相关句（第二段第一句）意为“1975年，生物学家Marie-Claire King和Allan Wilson发现人和黑猩猩的基因组匹配度达到了98%以上”，这意味着人和黑猩猩基因组之间的差异不到2%，因此答案为D项“人的基因组”。
题干意为“科学家们猜想基因在预防黑猩猩患……（疾病）方面起着显著的作用”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语scientists“科学家”,genes“基因”,significant role“显 著的作用”作为定位线索，这样在第五段找到相关句：By sequencing the chimp genome and pinpointing（找到）the place where the chimpanzee DNA sequence differs from that of humans, scientists hope to be able to discover which part of the genetic code（与gene呼应） gives chimps their increased resistance to some diseases.This,they hope,will allow them to develop new and more effective treatments for the human forms of these diseases.Such treat-ments could include the production of new drugs or even the alteration of the human genetic sequence. The recently completed human genome sequencing project has shown that such an effort is now well within our reach．相关句（第五段第一句）意为“通过对黑猩猩的基因组坝d序并找到黑猩猩的DNA序列与人类的DNA序列不同之处，科学家们希望能够发现哪部分遗传代码增强了黑猩猩抵御一些疾病的能力”，由此判断出B项“一些疾病”是答案。
题千意为“发现黑猩猩的遗传代码将有助于……”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语discovery“发现”,genetic code“遗传代码”作为定位线索，这样在第五段找到相关句： By sequencing the chimp genome and pinpointing（找到）the place where the chimpanzee DNA sequencing differs from that of humans,scientists hope to be able to discover which part of the genetic code gi -
第6题：
共用题干
Chimpanzees
1 Chimpanzees（黑猩猩）will soon be extinct（灭绝）.If the present rate of hunting and habitat（栖息地）destruction continues, then within 20 years, there will be no chimpanzees living in the wild. But this is more than an environmental or moral tragedy（悲剧）.Chimpan-zee extinction may also have profound implications（含意）for the survival of their distant relatives一human beings.
2 In 1975 the biologist Marie-Claire King and Allan Wilson discovered that the human and chimpanzee genomes（基因组）match by ovet 98%. Compare this to the mouse, used as model for human disease in lab tests,which shares only 60% of its DNA with us.In fact, chimpanzees are far more similar to humans than they are to any other species of monkey. As well as resembling us genetically,chimps are highly intelligent and able to use tools.These facts alone should be enough to make protection of chimps an urgent priority（优先）.But there is another,more selfish reason to preserve the chimp.
3 The chimpanzees' trump card（王牌）comes in the field of medical research. Chimpanzees are so similar to humans that veterinarians（兽医）often refer to human medical text-books when treating them. Yet chimpanzees do show differences in several key areas.In parti-cular,chimps are much more resistant to a number of major diseases.It is this ability that is so interesting.
4 For example,chimps seem to show a much higher resistance than humans to HIV,the virus that causes AIDS. Indeed,their use as experimental animals in AIDS research has de-dlined because they are so resistant.
5 By sequencing the chimp genome and pinpointing（找到）the place where the chimpanzee DNA sequence differs from that of humans,scientists hope to be able to discover which part of the genetic code gives chimps their increased resistance to some diseases. This,they hope,will allow them to develop new and more effective treatments for the human forms of these diseases. Such treatments could include the production of new drugs or even the alteration（改变）of the human genetic sequence. The recently completed human genome sequencing project has shown that such an effort is now well within our reach.Chimpanzee extinction may affect______.
A: some human disease treatments
B: some diseases
C: human survival
D: human genomes
E: key areas
F: healthier lifestyle答案：C解析：段落中出现了一个明显的段落主题词chimpanzees“黑猩猩”，除此以外，还 有一个词extinct或extinction也可能是该段主题词，因为这个段落只有四个句子，而其中有两个句子分别含有extinct和extinction。备选项中选项B同时包含了这个词，而且选项B中的其他实义词implications , humans也在该段中出现了，因此B可能是答案。该段的主题句是段落最后一句，该句是个观点句，该句意为“黑猩猩的灭绝也可能对它们的远亲——人类的生存有着深远的意义”。这与选项B的意义一致：选项B意为“黑猩猩的灭绝对于人类的意 义”，由此可以进一步确认答案为B。
段落中出现了一个明显的段落主题词chimpanzees“黑猩猩”，除此以外，还有一个词humans也可能是该段主题词，因为这个段落只有6个句子，而其中有3个句子都含有human。既含有human又含有chimpanzee（即chimp）的选项是D项“黑猩猩和人在遗传上的相似性”和F项“黑猩猩和人在遗传上的不同之处”，因此推测答案可能来自这两个选项（提示：备选项中如果出现了有关系的选项，如：正反意义项，意义相近项，结构相似项，则这些有关系的选项中通常会出现答案选项。）这两个选项的不同之处在于一个说相似，一个说不同。因此关注段落中主要谈的是相似还是不同。很容易在段落中注意到这样的结构：human and chimpanzee genomes（基因组）match by over 98%“人和黑猩猩的基因组相似度达到 98%以上”,chimpanzees are far more similar to humans than…“黑猩猩比……更像人”,resembling us geneticall广在遗传上与我们相似”，由此可知该段主要谈人和黑猩猩在遗传上的 相似性，因此该题答案为D。
段落中出现了一个明显的段落主题词chimpanzees“黑猩猩”，但是依据该词并不能判断出答案。段落中出现了一个转折句（段落第三句），该句意为“然而，黑猩猩的确在几个重要的领域中呈现出不同”。（提示：段首处及段尾处出现的转折句可能就是该段主题句）该句意思与F项“黑猩猩和人在遗传上的不同之处”在意义呼应，因此F可能是答案。从该段主要内容来看，段落第二句提到黑猩猩与人类相似，甚至兽医为它们治疗时常常会参考人类的医学书籍，接下来用转折词yet(然而）话锋一转，对比性的提出该段的主题：黑猩猩和人确实有重要的不同之外。提出这个主题（也是该段的观点）之后，接下来对黑猩猩和人之间的不同进行了举例论证。接下来的句子提到“黑猩猩对许多重大疾病更具有抵杭力”，由此可进 一步判断出该题答案为F。
段落中出现了一个明显的段落主题词AIDS“艾滋病”，选项C中含有 AIDS，但是选项C中的其他实义词effective“有效的”, treatment“治疗”没有在该段中直接地及间接地出现，因此选项C成为答案的可能性较小。其实该段中还有一个段落主题词resist-ance“抵杭力”或resistant“有抵抗力的”，选项A和选项E分别含有这两个词中的一个，因此这两个选项中可能出现答案选项。选项A意为“对艾滋病病毒有抵杭力的原因”，选项E意为 “黑猩猩对艾滋病病毒的抵抗力”。从该段主要内容来看，该段第一句提到黑猩猩对艾滋病病毒有更强的抵抗力，该段第二句（也是最后一句）说明因为黑猩猩对艾滋病病毒有很强的抵杭力，因此现在在艾滋病的研究实验中已经减少了对黑猩猩的使用。可见该段主要谈及的是黑 程猩对艾滋病病毒的抵抗力，因此答案为E。
题干意为“黑猩程的灭绝可能会影响……”。利用题干中的细节信息短语 chimpanzee extinction“黑猩猩灭绝”作为定位线索，这样在第一段找到相关句：Chimpanzees （黑猩猩）will soon be extinct（灭绝）. If the present rate of hunting and habitat destruction continues,then within 20 years,there will be no chimpanzees living in the wild. But this is more than an environmental or moral tragedy. Chimpanzee extinction may also have profound implications for the survival of their distant relatives-human beings．相关句为第一段最后一句，该句意为“黑猩猩的灭绝也可能对它们的远亲―人类的生存有着深远的意义”。这表明黑猩猩的灭绝可能会对人类的生存产生影响，因此答案为C项“人类的生存”。
题干意为“在黑猩猩与……之间有不到2%的差异”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语difference“差异”,less than 2%作为定位线索，这样在第二段找到相关句：In 1975 the biologists Marie-Claire King and Allan Wilson discovered that the human and chimpanzee genomes match（与difference呼应）by over 98%（与低于2%呼应）.Compare this to the mouse, used as model for human disease in lab tests,which shares only 60%of its DNA with us. In fact,chimpanzees are far more similar to humans than they are to any other species of monkey. As well as resembling us genetically,chimps are highly intelligent and able to use tools. These facts alone should be enough to make protection of chimps an urgent priority. But there is another,more selfish reason to preserve the chimp．相关句（第二段第一句）意为“1975年，生物学家Marie-Claire King和Allan Wilson发现人和黑猩猩的基因组匹配度达到了98%以上”，这意味着人和黑猩猩基因组之间的差异不到2%，因此答案为D项“人的基因组”。
题干意为“科学家们猜想基因在预防黑猩猩患……（疾病）方面起着显著的作用”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语scientists“科学家”,genes“基因”,significant role“显 著的作用”作为定位线索，这样在第五段找到相关句：By sequencing the chimp genome and pinpointing（找到）the place where the chimpanzee DNA sequence differs from that of humans, scientists hope to be able to discover which part of the genetic code（与gene呼应） gives chimps their increased resistance to some diseases.This,they hope,will allow them to develop new and more effective treatments for the human forms of these diseases.Such treat-ments could include the production of new drugs or even the alteration of the human genetic sequence. The recently completed human genome sequencing project has shown that such an effort is now well within our reach．相关句（第五段第一句）意为“通过对黑猩猩的基因组坝d序并找到黑猩猩的DNA序列与人类的DNA序列不同之处，科学家们希望能够发现哪部分遗传代码增强了黑猩猩抵御一些疾病的能力”，由此判断出B项“一些疾病”是答案。
题千意为“发现黑猩猩的遗传代码将有助于……”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语discovery“发现”,genetic code“遗传代码”作为定位线索，这样在第五段找到相关句： By sequencing the chimp genome and pinpointing（找到）the place where the chimpanzee DNA sequencing differs from that of humans,scientists hope to be able to discover which part of the genetic code gi -
第7题：
Text 2 When people talk about a"north-south divide"in Britain they are usually referring to house prices,employment and the ratio of private-sector to public-sector jobs.The south scores higher on all such measures.But new data from the British Trust for Ornithology（BTO）,a research charity,hints at the growth of another north-south divide-this time to the north's benefit.Every 20 years the BTO produces a superbly detailed atlas of bird life in Britain and Ireland.The 2007 t0 2011 edition is cheery:more species are tallied than in previous atlases,and many birds are increasing in number.Compared with two decades ago,45%of regular native species are ranging more widely while 32%are living in smaller areas;the rest have stayed put.But the most striking news comes from the north.The overall populations of woodland,farmland and migrant perching birds are up in northern England and Scotland but down in the south.The same is true of individual species such as the garden warbler,bullfinch and swallow.The number of cuckoos,a closely-watched species,declined by 63%in England between 1995 and 2010 but by only 5%in Scotland.Raptors are faring especially well in the south,but their numbers are rising in most parts of Britain.Partly this reflects climate change,suggests Simon Gillings of the BTO.Some birds are drawn to warmer winters in Scotland and northem England;visiting migrants may stick around for longer.Hard though it may be to believe during a week of torrential rain,the south is becoming drier,pushing snipe northward.More efficient farming has squeezed some farmland species.Some birds find it harder to make homes in the south,too.Pressure on housing means dilapidated buildings and barns,handy for nesting,have been converted into human dwellings.Between 2006 and 2012 the number of vacant dwellings fell by 17%in London and by 12%in Kent.Over the same period the number of empty houses increased by 16%in Derbyshire and by 10%in Lancashire:Northern mining villages once full of workers are now sparsely populated,points out Ian Bartlett,a birdwatcher in Hartlepool,in north-east England.They have become hot spots for birds and the people who watch them.Culrural difference also plays a part,thinks Mark Cocker,an expert on birds.The"obsession with tidiness"is stronger in the south,he says.Fewer people cultivate gardens;they prefer to cover them in decking and remove weeds from between concrete slabs.Village greens are mowed short.In contrast,Scotland and northern England have more trees,grassland and wind-swept moors.Less popular with humans,rugged parts of the countryside are filling up with a winged population instead.
According to the passage,what is"north-south divide"recently?A.Home prices.
B.Job hunting.
C.Species richness.
D.Benefit plan.答案：C解析：事实细节题。根据题干关键词对应文章前两段，题目问的是新的南北分歧，在第一段的结尾处提到了新分歧的信息即：But new data from the British Trust for Ornithology（BTO），a research charity,hints at the growth of another north-south dividc-this time to the north's benefit．[但慈善研究机构英国鸟类研究信托公司（BTO）提供的新数据表明，英国又出现了新的南北分歧问题，而这一次却对英国北部有益。]由此可见，选项中出现了鸟类的相关信息可以作为备选项，刚好C项Species richness（物种丰富度）体现了原文的意思，故C项为正确选项。【干扰排除】A、B、D项在第一段都有体现，但这些信息都是之前的南北差异的体现，而不是最近的，因此应当排除。 -
第8题：
单选题The skulls and pelvic bones of some species of dinosaur share characteristics with the skulls and pelvic bones of all modern birds. Even though not all dinosaurs have these characteristics, there are scientists who claim that all animals that do have these characteristics are dinosaurs. If the statements above and the claim of the scientists are true, which of the following must also be true?ABirds share more characteristics with dinosaurs than they do with other animals.
BSome ancient dinosaurs were indistinguishable from modern birds.
CAll animals whose skulls share the characteristics of those of modern birds also have pelvic bones that are similar to those of modern birds.
DModern birds are dinosaurs.
EAll dinosaurs are birds.
正确答案： E解析：
由文段可知，科学家根据一些恐龙的头盖骨和骨盆骨与所有现代鸟类的头盖骨和骨盆骨有许多相同特征，得出结论：所有具有这些特征的动物是恐龙，如果这个推理是正确的话，我们可以认为现代鸟类是恐龙，故本题选D项。 -
第9题：
问答题This section consists of one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing no more than three words from the passage for each blank. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage. The giant panda, the creature that has become a symbol of conservation, is facing extinction. The major reason is loss of habitat, which has continued despite the establishment, since 1963, of 14 panda reserves. Deforestation, mainly carried out by farmers clearing land to make way for fields as they move higher into the mountains, has drastically contracted the mammal’s range. The panda has disappeared from much of central and eastern China, and is now restricted to the eastern flank of the Himalayas in Sichuan and Gansu provinces, and the Qinling Mountains in Shanxi province. Fewer than 1, 400 of the animals are believed to remain in the wild. Satellite imagery has shown the seriousness of the situation; almost half of the panda’s habitat has been destroyed or degraded since 1975. Worse, the surviving panda population has also become fragmented; a combination of satellite imagery and ground surveys reveals panda “islands” in patches of forest separated by cleared land. The population of these islands, ranging from fewer than ten to more than 50 pandas, has become isolated because the animals are unwilling to cross open areas. Just putting a road through a panda habitat may be enough to split a population in two. The minuscule size of the panda populations worries conservationists. The smallest groups have too few animals to be viable, and will inevitably die out. The larger populations may be viable in the short term, but will be susceptible to genetic defects as a result of inbreeding.In these circumstances, a more traditional threat to pandas—the cycle of flowering and subsequent withering of the bamboo that is their staple food—can become literally species—threatening. The flowerings prompt pandas to move from one area to another, thus preventing inbreeding in what would otherwise be sedentary populations. In panda islands, however, bamboo flowering could prove catastrophic because the pandas are unable to emigrate. The latest conservation management plan for the panda, prepared by China’s Ministry of Forestry and the World Wide Fund for Nature, aims primarily to maintain panda habitats and to ensure that populations are linked wherever possible. The plan will change some existing reserve boundaries, establish 14 new reserves and protect or replant corridors of forest between panda islands. Other measures include：better control of poaching, which remains a problem despite strict laws, as panda skins fetch high prices; reducing the degradation of habitats outside reserves; and reforestation. The plan is ambitious. Implementation will be expensive—56.6 million yuan(US $12.5 million)will be needed for the development of the panda reserves—and will require participation by individuals ranging from villagers to government officials.Summary The survival of the giant panda is being seriously threatened. Panda numbers have already seriously decreased. This is largely because the overall size of their 1 has been reduced, and habitable areas are now disconnected from each other. Two results are that pandas are more prone to 2 problems and are unable to move around freely to follow the growth cycles of the bamboo that they eat. A new plan aims to 3 existing panda habitats and to join many of them together. This plan also includes reforestation and the creation of 4 To succeed ,everyone ,including both the government and 5 will have to cooperate.正确答案：
1.habitat 第一段第二句提到the major reason is loss of habitat熊猫数量减少的原因是栖息地的消失。
2.genetic 由于熊猫的居住地分散,所以在一个居住地中可生育的熊猫数量少。第三段提到,因此,熊猫will be susceptible to genetic defects,容易遭受基因缺陷的问题。
3.protect/maintain 倒数第二段,新的保护计划aims primarily to maintain panda habitats。
4.new reserves 最后一段提到会投资development of the panda reserves。
5.individuals 最后一句话,计划的实施需要individuals的参与。解析： 暂无解析 -
第10题：
单选题It can be concluded from the passage that ______.Alarge families may be considered as a heavy burden by the rural poor
Bthe actions of national and international power brokers have an important effect upon the decision made by the rural poor
Cthe actions of those with the highest fertility, the rural poor, ultimately determine the rate of population growth
Dhaving large families had more advantages than disadvantages in those poor areas
正确答案： C解析：
该篇文章主要介绍了人口增长过快的问题，并且指出国内和国际上的政治掮客（power brokers）解决不了这个问题，该问题的解决只能依赖全体个人的行为。末段第二句指出更确切来说，贫穷地区大多是人口增长率很高的乡村地区，那里的夫妻必须把孩子的数量控制到三个以内。因此C项的推理正确。 -
第11题：
问答题Practice 2 Until recently, scientists knew little about life in the deep sea, nor had they reason to believe that it was being threatened. Now, with the benefit of technology that allows for deeper exploration, researchers have uncovered a remarkable array of species inhabiting the ocean floor at depths of more than 660 feet, or about 200 meters. At the same time, however, technology has also enabled fishermen to reach far deeper than ever before, into areas where bottom trawls can destroy in minutes what has taken nature hundreds and in some cases thousands of years to build. Many of the world's coral species, for example, are found at depths of more than 200 meters. It is also estimated that roughly half of the world's highest seamounts - areas that rise from the ocean floor and are particularly rich in marine life - are also found in the deep ocean. These deep sea ecosystems provide shelter, spawning and breeding areas for fish and other creatures, as well as protection from strong currents and predators. Moreover, they are believed to harbor some of the most extensive reservoirs of life on earth, with estimates ranging from 500,000 to 100 million species inhabiting these largely unexplored and highly fragile ecosystems.正确答案： 【参考译文】
前不久,科学家们对深海生物还知之甚少,也不太相信它们正受到威胁。现在,随着深海探测技术的发展,研究人员发现660多英尺,即200米深的海底生存着大量多种多样的物种。但与此同时,渔业人员也可以依靠技术到达以前更深的地方,进行海底拖网捕捞,而此种深海捕捞则可在几分钟内就把大自然几百年乃至几千年的一切毁灭。
例如,世界上的许多种珊瑚在二百多米深的海底才能找到。此外,据估计世界上一些最高的海底山约有一半位于深海海底。这些海底隆起的地方,海洋生物特别丰富。
这些深海生态系统为鱼类和其他生物提供生存、产卵、繁殖的场所,保护它们免遭大海流和猎食者的侵袭。此外,据信这些深海生态系统蕴藏着世界上最丰富的生命宝库,估计有五十万至一亿种生物生活在这些大体上未经勘探极脆弱的生态系统中。解析： 暂无解析 -
第12题：
单选题It may be concluded from this passage that _____.AIslamic artists have had to create architectural decoration with images of flowers or geometric forms
Bhistory teachers are more objective than artists
Cit is more difficult to study art history than general history
Dpeople and stories from the Bible were painted on churches and other Buildings in order to popularize the Bible
正确答案： C解析：
B、C、D在文中均未提及或暗示，故可排除。文章末段最后两句讲，中东艺术的主要特点之一是缺乏人和动物图像，这反映了伊斯兰教认为雕像是邪恶的信仰。由此我们可以得出结论，伊斯兰教的艺术家必须创造花、几何图案的建筑装饰。 -
第13题：
Prehistoric men and women enjoyed a more varied diet than people do now, since they ate species of plant and several hundreds thousands types of living things. But only a tiny percentage of these were ever domesticated. Modern shops have hastened a trend towards specialization which began in the earliest days of agriculture. The food of the rich countries has become cheaper relative to wages. It is speedily distributed in supermarkets. But the choice annually becomes less and less great. Even individual foods themselves become more standardized. We live in the world of carrot specially blunted in order to avoid making a hole in the bag, and the tomato grown to meet a demand for a standard weight of weighting tomatoes to a kilo. Siri von Reis asks: "Only the three major cereals (谷物类食物) and perhaps ten other widely cultivated species stand between famine and survival for the world's human population and a handful of drug plants has served Western civilization for several thousand years. A rather obvious question arises: Are we missing something?" After all, there are 800 000 species of plant on earth.
1、In prehistoric times people____.
A、ate much more than we do today
B、lived mainly on plant food
C、had a wide-ranging diet
D、were more fussy about what they ate
2、Most of us have come to expect____.
A、no variation in our diet
B、a reduction in food supplies
C、a specialist diet
D、food conforming to a set standard
3、The specialization of food was started by____.
A、the emergence of supermarkets
B、the rise of agriculture
C、the rich countries
D、the modern shops
4、According to the passage, people in the West today survive on____.
A、carrots and tomatoes
B、several thousand types of plants and cereals
C、a very small number of cultivated foods
D、special species planted one thousand years ago
5、The conclusion seems to be that we____.
A、could make use of more natural species
B、don't cultivate the right kind of food
C、produce more food than we need
D、cultivate too many different species
正确答案：1C 2D 3B 4C 5A
-
第14题：
共用题干
Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures
The vultures（秃鹰）in question may look ugly and threatening , but the sudden sharp decline in three
species of India'S vultures is producing alarm rather than celebration,and it presents the world with a new
kind of environmental problem.The dramatic__________(51)in vulture numbers is causing widespread
disruption to people living in the__________(52)areas as the birds.It is also causing serious public health
problems__________(53)the Indian sub-continent.
While their reputation and appearance may be unpleasant to many Indians,vultures have___________(54)
played a very important role in keeping towns and villages all over India___________(55).It is because they
feed on dead cows.In India,cows are sacred animals and are___________(56) left in the open when they
die in thousands upon thousands every year.
The disappearance of the vultures has___________(57)an explosion in the numbers of wild dogs
feeding on the remains of these___________(58)animals. There are fears that rabies（狂犬症）may increase as
a result. And this terrifying disease may ultimately（最终）affect humans in the region,___________(59)wild
dogs are its main carriers.Rabies could also spread to other animal species, __________(60)an even
greater problem in the future.
The need for action is___________(61),so an emergency project has been launched to find a solution
to this serious vulture problem?Scientists are trying to___________(62)the disease causing the birds'
deaths and,if possible,develop a cure.
Large-scale vulture___________(63)were first noticed at the end of the l980s in India. A population
survey at that time showed that the three species of vultures had declined___________(64)over 90 per
cent. All three species are now listed as"critically endangered".As most vultures lay only single eggs and
___________(65)about five years to reach maturity,reversing their population decline will be a long and dif-
ficult exercise._________(63)
A:deaths
B:injuries
C:arnvals
D:attacks答案：A解析：由本段第一句“… but the sudden sharp decline in three species of India ' s vultures...”可缸 此处是说秃鹰数量急剧下降。
由空后的"as”可知此处是考查固定搭配hte same as (和……相同的）。这里是说“和这些鸟住在同一地区的 人。
此处只能填across(在……各处，遍及），此处across the Indian sub-continent 表示"整个 印度次大陆"。above（在……上方）with (伴随，和……一起），through（穿越）用在此处均不合适。
第一段说秃鹰的急剧减少是一种警示而非值得庆贺的事，这给当地居民的生活带来了 很大的不便并造成了新的环境问题。这说明秃鹰在保护该区的环境上作用很大，所以秃鹰 不会是很少（rarely/seldom）起作用，或最近（recently)才起作用。只有选long（长期以来一直） 起作用才合乎上下文的意思。
下文说秃鹰以牛的尸体为食，秃鹰的急剧减少，导致同样以牛的尸体为实物的野狗大量繁殖，而狗是狂犬病毒的主要携带者，所以说秃鹰的存在对整个印度城乡环境的清洁起了很 大的作用。其他选项均不符合题意。smelly意为“难闻的，有臭味的”。
文章说，在印度，牛是一种神圣的动物，每年有成千上万头牛死亡后尸体暴露在野外。既然是这样，这些牛的尸体就不会是偶尔（occasionally)、立即（immediately）或几乎不（hardly) 暴露在野外。所以traditionally（历来，传统上）是正确答案。
本段第一句表达的是因果关系。"The disappearance of the vultures”是因，"an explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the remains of...”是果。lead to（导致）可以表达因果关 系，所以选A。
联系上文可知此处的“these…animals”指的是前边的死去的牛。这里是说，以牛的尸体 为食的秃鹰大量减少后，同样以此为食的野狗数量激增。
前边讲这种可怕的疾病最终可能会影响人类，空后说野狗是这种疾病病毒的主要携带 者，可见前后为因果关系，前边为果，后边是因。since可以表示“因为”，符合语境。
由后边的“an even greater problem”并联系前文即可确定答案为D。
从后面的“an emergency project has been launched（已启动了应急方案）”可以推断出要 选的形容词是urgent (紧迫的）。
科学家们是在寻找引起秃鹰死亡的疾病，如果可能的话找到治愈方法。identify表示 “找到，发现”，符合语境。prove（证明）,test (测试）,check(核实，检查）不合语境。
本段说秃鹰数量急剧减少，其中三种已被列为濒危物种。本题选deaths，正好与本段后 面一句“All three species are now listed as 'critically endangered'.”所表达的意思相照应。本句 的意思是，大规模的秃鹰死亡于19世纪80年代末在印度首次被注意到。
在四个选项中，along, on,in明显不合适。by有“到……的程度”的意思。"...the three species of vultures had declined by over 90 per cent”的意思是“……三种秃鹰的数量减少了 90％以上”。
“花费或用多少时间”英语的常用表达法是“……take＋时间＋其他”。故take是正确答 案。consume指“消耗”，虽也可指消耗时间，但用在这儿不如take合适。 -
第15题：
共用题干
Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures
The vultures（秃鹰）in question may look ugly and threatening , but the sudden sharp decline in three
species of India'S vultures is producing alarm rather than celebration,and it presents the world with a new
kind of environmental problem.The dramatic__________(51)in vulture numbers is causing widespread
disruption to people living in the__________(52)areas as the birds.It is also causing serious public health
problems__________(53)the Indian sub-continent.
While their reputation and appearance may be unpleasant to many Indians,vultures have___________(54)
played a very important role in keeping towns and villages all over India___________(55).It is because they
feed on dead cows.In India,cows are sacred animals and are___________(56) left in the open when they
die in thousands upon thousands every year.
The disappearance of the vultures has___________(57)an explosion in the numbers of wild dogs
feeding on the remains of these___________(58)animals. There are fears that rabies（狂犬症）may increase as
a result. And this terrifying disease may ultimately（最终）affect humans in the region,___________(59)wild
dogs are its main carriers.Rabies could also spread to other animal species, __________(60)an even
greater problem in the future.
The need for action is___________(61),so an emergency project has been launched to find a solution
to this serious vulture problem?Scientists are trying to___________(62)the disease causing the birds'
deaths and,if possible,develop a cure.
Large-scale vulture___________(63)were first noticed at the end of the l980s in India. A population
survey at that time showed that the three species of vultures had declined___________(64)over 90 per
cent. All three species are now listed as"critically endangered".As most vultures lay only single eggs and
___________(65)about five years to reach maturity,reversing their population decline will be a long and dif-
ficult exercise._________(57)
A:ledto
B:acted as
C:come from
D:slowed down答案：A解析：由本段第一句“… but the sudden sharp decline in three species of India ' s vultures...”可缸 此处是说秃鹰数量急剧下降。
由空后的"as”可知此处是考查固定搭配hte same as (和……相同的）。这里是说“和这些鸟住在同一地区的 人。
此处只能填across(在……各处，遍及），此处across the Indian sub-continent 表示"整个 印度次大陆"。above（在……上方）with (伴随，和……一起），through（穿越）用在此处均不合适。
第一段说秃鹰的急剧减少是一种警示而非值得庆贺的事，这给当地居民的生活带来了 很大的不便并造成了新的环境问题。这说明秃鹰在保护该区的环境上作用很大，所以秃鹰 不会是很少（rarely/seldom）起作用，或最近（recently)才起作用。只有选long（长期以来一直） 起作用才合乎上下文的意思。
下文说秃鹰以牛的尸体为食，秃鹰的急剧减少，导致同样以牛的尸体为实物的野狗大量繁殖，而狗是狂犬病毒的主要携带者，所以说秃鹰的存在对整个印度城乡环境的清洁起了很 大的作用。其他选项均不符合题意。smelly意为“难闻的，有臭味的”。
文章说，在印度，牛是一种神圣的动物，每年有成千上万头牛死亡后尸体暴露在野外。既然是这样，这些牛的尸体就不会是偶尔（occasionally)、立即（immediately）或几乎不（hardly) 暴露在野外。所以traditionally（历来，传统上）是正确答案。
本段第一句表达的是因果关系。"The disappearance of the vultures”是因，"an explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the remains of...”是果。lead to（导致）可以表达因果关 系，所以选A。
联系上文可知此处的“these…animals”指的是前边的死去的牛。这里是说，以牛的尸体 为食的秃鹰大量减少后，同样以此为食的野狗数量激增。
前边讲这种可怕的疾病最终可能会影响人类，空后说野狗是这种疾病病毒的主要携带 者，可见前后为因果关系，前边为果，后边是因。since可以表示“因为”，符合语境。
由后边的“an even greater problem”并联系前文即可确定答案为D。
从后面的“an emergency project has been launched（已启动了应急方案）”可以推断出要 选的形容词是urgent (紧迫的）。
科学家们是在寻找引起秃鹰死亡的疾病，如果可能的话找到治愈方法。identify表示 “找到，发现”，符合语境。prove（证明）,test (测试）,check(核实，检查）不合语境。
本段说秃鹰数量急剧减少，其中三种已被列为濒危物种。本题选deaths，正好与本段后 面一句“All three species are now listed as 'critically endangered'.”所表达的意思相照应。本句 的意思是，大规模的秃鹰死亡于19世纪80年代末在印度首次被注意到。
在四个选项中，along, on,in明显不合适。by有“到……的程度”的意思。"...the three species of vultures had declined by over 90 per cent”的意思是“……三种秃鹰的数量减少了 90％以上”。
“花费或用多少时间”英语的常用表达法是“……take＋时间＋其他”。故take是正确答 案。consume指“消耗”，虽也可指消耗时间，但用在这儿不如take合适。 -
第16题：
共用题干
Chimpanzees
1 Chimpanzees（黑猩猩）will soon be extinct（灭绝）.If the present rate of hunting and habitat（栖息地）destruction continues, then within 20 years, there will be no chimpanzees living in the wild. But this is more than an environmental or moral tragedy（悲剧）.Chimpan-zee extinction may also have profound implications（含意）for the survival of their distant relatives一human beings.
2 In 1975 the biologist Marie-Claire King and Allan Wilson discovered that the human and chimpanzee genomes（基因组）match by ovet 98%. Compare this to the mouse, used as model for human disease in lab tests,which shares only 60% of its DNA with us.In fact, chimpanzees are far more similar to humans than they are to any other species of monkey. As well as resembling us genetically,chimps are highly intelligent and able to use tools.These facts alone should be enough to make protection of chimps an urgent priority（优先）.But there is another,more selfish reason to preserve the chimp.
3 The chimpanzees' trump card（王牌）comes in the field of medical research. Chimpanzees are so similar to humans that veterinarians（兽医）often refer to human medical text-books when treating them. Yet chimpanzees do show differences in several key areas.In parti-cular,chimps are much more resistant to a number of major diseases.It is this ability that is so interesting.
4 For example,chimps seem to show a much higher resistance than humans to HIV,the virus that causes AIDS. Indeed,their use as experimental animals in AIDS research has de-dlined because they are so resistant.
5 By sequencing the chimp genome and pinpointing（找到）the place where the chimpanzee DNA sequence differs from that of humans,scientists hope to be able to discover which part of the genetic code gives chimps their increased resistance to some diseases. This,they hope,will allow them to develop new and more effective treatments for the human forms of these diseases. Such treatments could include the production of new drugs or even the alteration（改变）of the human genetic sequence. The recently completed human genome sequencing project has shown that such an effort is now well within our reach.Paragraph 4______
A: Reasons for HIV Resistance
B: Implications of Chimpanzee Extinction for Humans
C: Effective AIDS Treatment
D: Genetic Similarities Between Chimps and Humans
E: Chimps'Resistance to HIV
F: Genetic Differences Between Chimps and Humans答案：E解析：段落中出现了一个明显的段落主题词chimpanzees“黑猩猩”，除此以外，还 有一个词extinct或extinction也可能是该段主题词，因为这个段落只有四个句子，而其中有两个句子分别含有extinct和extinction。备选项中选项B同时包含了这个词，而且选项B中的其他实义词implications , humans也在该段中出现了，因此B可能是答案。该段的主题句是段落最后一句，该句是个观点句，该句意为“黑猩猩的灭绝也可能对它们的远亲——人类的生存有着深远的意义”。这与选项B的意义一致：选项B意为“黑猩猩的灭绝对于人类的意 义”，由此可以进一步确认答案为B。
段落中出现了一个明显的段落主题词chimpanzees“黑猩猩”，除此以外，还有一个词humans也可能是该段主题词，因为这个段落只有6个句子，而其中有3个句子都含有human。既含有human又含有chimpanzee（即chimp）的选项是D项“黑猩猩和人在遗传上的相似性”和F项“黑猩猩和人在遗传上的不同之处”，因此推测答案可能来自这两个选项（提示：备选项中如果出现了有关系的选项，如：正反意义项，意义相近项，结构相似项，则这些有关系的选项中通常会出现答案选项。）这两个选项的不同之处在于一个说相似，一个说不同。因此关注段落中主要谈的是相似还是不同。很容易在段落中注意到这样的结构：human and chimpanzee genomes（基因组）match by over 98%“人和黑猩猩的基因组相似度达到 98%以上”,chimpanzees are far more similar to humans than…“黑猩猩比……更像人”,resembling us geneticall广在遗传上与我们相似”，由此可知该段主要谈人和黑猩猩在遗传上的 相似性，因此该题答案为D。
段落中出现了一个明显的段落主题词chimpanzees“黑猩猩”，但是依据该词并不能判断出答案。段落中出现了一个转折句（段落第三句），该句意为“然而，黑猩猩的确在几个重要的领域中呈现出不同”。（提示：段首处及段尾处出现的转折句可能就是该段主题句）该句意思与F项“黑猩猩和人在遗传上的不同之处”在意义呼应，因此F可能是答案。从该段主要内容来看，段落第二句提到黑猩猩与人类相似，甚至兽医为它们治疗时常常会参考人类的医学书籍，接下来用转折词yet(然而）话锋一转，对比性的提出该段的主题：黑猩猩和人确实有重要的不同之外。提出这个主题（也是该段的观点）之后，接下来对黑猩猩和人之间的不同进行了举例论证。接下来的句子提到“黑猩猩对许多重大疾病更具有抵杭力”，由此可进 一步判断出该题答案为F。
段落中出现了一个明显的段落主题词AIDS“艾滋病”，选项C中含有 AIDS，但是选项C中的其他实义词effective“有效的”, treatment“治疗”没有在该段中直接地及间接地出现，因此选项C成为答案的可能性较小。其实该段中还有一个段落主题词resist-ance“抵杭力”或resistant“有抵抗力的”，选项A和选项E分别含有这两个词中的一个，因此这两个选项中可能出现答案选项。选项A意为“对艾滋病病毒有抵杭力的原因”，选项E意为 “黑猩猩对艾滋病病毒的抵抗力”。从该段主要内容来看，该段第一句提到黑猩猩对艾滋病病毒有更强的抵抗力，该段第二句（也是最后一句）说明因为黑猩猩对艾滋病病毒有很强的抵杭力，因此现在在艾滋病的研究实验中已经减少了对黑猩猩的使用。可见该段主要谈及的是黑 程猩对艾滋病病毒的抵抗力，因此答案为E。
题干意为“黑猩程的灭绝可能会影响……”。利用题干中的细节信息短语 chimpanzee extinction“黑猩猩灭绝”作为定位线索，这样在第一段找到相关句：Chimpanzees （黑猩猩）will soon be extinct（灭绝）. If the present rate of hunting and habitat destruction continues,then within 20 years,there will be no chimpanzees living in the wild. But this is more than an environmental or moral tragedy. Chimpanzee extinction may also have profound implications for the survival of their distant relatives-human beings．相关句为第一段最后一句，该句意为“黑猩猩的灭绝也可能对它们的远亲―人类的生存有着深远的意义”。这表明黑猩猩的灭绝可能会对人类的生存产生影响，因此答案为C项“人类的生存”。
题干意为“在黑猩猩与……之间有不到2%的差异”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语difference“差异”,less than 2%作为定位线索，这样在第二段找到相关句：In 1975 the biologists Marie-Claire King and Allan Wilson discovered that the human and chimpanzee genomes match（与difference呼应）by over 98%（与低于2%呼应）.Compare this to the mouse, used as model for human disease in lab tests,which shares only 60%of its DNA with us. In fact,chimpanzees are far more similar to humans than they are to any other species of monkey. As well as resembling us genetically,chimps are highly intelligent and able to use tools. These facts alone should be enough to make protection of chimps an urgent priority. But there is another,more selfish reason to preserve the chimp．相关句（第二段第一句）意为“1975年，生物学家Marie-Claire King和Allan Wilson发现人和黑猩猩的基因组匹配度达到了98%以上”，这意味着人和黑猩猩基因组之间的差异不到2%，因此答案为D项“人的基因组”。
题干意为“科学家们猜想基因在预防黑猩猩患……（疾病）方面起着显著的作用”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语scientists“科学家”,genes“基因”,significant role“显 著的作用”作为定位线索，这样在第五段找到相关句：By sequencing the chimp genome and pinpointing（找到）the place where the chimpanzee DNA sequence differs from that of humans, scientists hope to be able to discover which part of the genetic code（与gene呼应） gives chimps their increased resistance to some diseases.This,they hope,will allow them to develop new and more effective treatments for the human forms of these diseases.Such treat-ments could include the production of new drugs or even the alteration of the human genetic sequence. The recently completed human genome sequencing project has shown that such an effort is now well within our reach．相关句（第五段第一句）意为“通过对黑猩猩的基因组坝d序并找到黑猩猩的DNA序列与人类的DNA序列不同之处，科学家们希望能够发现哪部分遗传代码增强了黑猩猩抵御一些疾病的能力”，由此判断出B项“一些疾病”是答案。
题千意为“发现黑猩猩的遗传代码将有助于……”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语discovery“发现”,genetic code“遗传代码”作为定位线索，这样在第五段找到相关句： By sequencing the chimp genome and pinpointing（找到）the place where the chimpanzee DNA sequencing differs from that of humans,scientists hope to be able to discover which part of the genetic code gi -
第17题：
共用题干
Chimpanzees
1 Chimpanzees（黑猩猩）will soon be extinct（灭绝）.If the present rate of hunting and habitat（栖息地）destruction continues, then within 20 years, there will be no chimpanzees living in the wild. But this is more than an environmental or moral tragedy（悲剧）.Chimpan-zee extinction may also have profound implications（含意）for the survival of their distant relatives一human beings.
2 In 1975 the biologist Marie-Claire King and Allan Wilson discovered that the human and chimpanzee genomes（基因组）match by ovet 98%. Compare this to the mouse, used as model for human disease in lab tests,which shares only 60% of its DNA with us.In fact, chimpanzees are far more similar to humans than they are to any other species of monkey. As well as resembling us genetically,chimps are highly intelligent and able to use tools.These facts alone should be enough to make protection of chimps an urgent priority（优先）.But there is another,more selfish reason to preserve the chimp.
3 The chimpanzees' trump card（王牌）comes in the field of medical research. Chimpanzees are so similar to humans that veterinarians（兽医）often refer to human medical text-books when treating them. Yet chimpanzees do show differences in several key areas.In parti-cular,chimps are much more resistant to a number of major diseases.It is this ability that is so interesting.
4 For example,chimps seem to show a much higher resistance than humans to HIV,the virus that causes AIDS. Indeed,their use as experimental animals in AIDS research has de-dlined because they are so resistant.
5 By sequencing the chimp genome and pinpointing（找到）the place where the chimpanzee DNA sequence differs from that of humans,scientists hope to be able to discover which part of the genetic code gives chimps their increased resistance to some diseases. This,they hope,will allow them to develop new and more effective treatments for the human forms of these diseases. Such treatments could include the production of new drugs or even the alteration（改变）of the human genetic sequence. The recently completed human genome sequencing project has shown that such an effort is now well within our reach.There is a difference of. less than 2% between the chimp and______.
A: some human disease treatments
B: some diseases
C: human survival
D: human genomes
E: key areas
F: healthier lifestyle答案：D解析：段落中出现了一个明显的段落主题词chimpanzees“黑猩猩”，除此以外，还 有一个词extinct或extinction也可能是该段主题词，因为这个段落只有四个句子，而其中有两个句子分别含有extinct和extinction。备选项中选项B同时包含了这个词，而且选项B中的其他实义词implications , humans也在该段中出现了，因此B可能是答案。该段的主题句是段落最后一句，该句是个观点句，该句意为“黑猩猩的灭绝也可能对它们的远亲——人类的生存有着深远的意义”。这与选项B的意义一致：选项B意为“黑猩猩的灭绝对于人类的意 义”，由此可以进一步确认答案为B。
段落中出现了一个明显的段落主题词chimpanzees“黑猩猩”，除此以外，还有一个词humans也可能是该段主题词，因为这个段落只有6个句子，而其中有3个句子都含有human。既含有human又含有chimpanzee（即chimp）的选项是D项“黑猩猩和人在遗传上的相似性”和F项“黑猩猩和人在遗传上的不同之处”，因此推测答案可能来自这两个选项（提示：备选项中如果出现了有关系的选项，如：正反意义项，意义相近项，结构相似项，则这些有关系的选项中通常会出现答案选项。）这两个选项的不同之处在于一个说相似，一个说不同。因此关注段落中主要谈的是相似还是不同。很容易在段落中注意到这样的结构：human and chimpanzee genomes（基因组）match by over 98%“人和黑猩猩的基因组相似度达到 98%以上”,chimpanzees are far more similar to humans than…“黑猩猩比……更像人”,resembling us geneticall广在遗传上与我们相似”，由此可知该段主要谈人和黑猩猩在遗传上的 相似性，因此该题答案为D。
段落中出现了一个明显的段落主题词chimpanzees“黑猩猩”，但是依据该词并不能判断出答案。段落中出现了一个转折句（段落第三句），该句意为“然而，黑猩猩的确在几个重要的领域中呈现出不同”。（提示：段首处及段尾处出现的转折句可能就是该段主题句）该句意思与F项“黑猩猩和人在遗传上的不同之处”在意义呼应，因此F可能是答案。从该段主要内容来看，段落第二句提到黑猩猩与人类相似，甚至兽医为它们治疗时常常会参考人类的医学书籍，接下来用转折词yet(然而）话锋一转，对比性的提出该段的主题：黑猩猩和人确实有重要的不同之外。提出这个主题（也是该段的观点）之后，接下来对黑猩猩和人之间的不同进行了举例论证。接下来的句子提到“黑猩猩对许多重大疾病更具有抵杭力”，由此可进 一步判断出该题答案为F。
段落中出现了一个明显的段落主题词AIDS“艾滋病”，选项C中含有 AIDS，但是选项C中的其他实义词effective“有效的”, treatment“治疗”没有在该段中直接地及间接地出现，因此选项C成为答案的可能性较小。其实该段中还有一个段落主题词resist-ance“抵杭力”或resistant“有抵抗力的”，选项A和选项E分别含有这两个词中的一个，因此这两个选项中可能出现答案选项。选项A意为“对艾滋病病毒有抵杭力的原因”，选项E意为 “黑猩猩对艾滋病病毒的抵抗力”。从该段主要内容来看，该段第一句提到黑猩猩对艾滋病病毒有更强的抵抗力，该段第二句（也是最后一句）说明因为黑猩猩对艾滋病病毒有很强的抵杭力，因此现在在艾滋病的研究实验中已经减少了对黑猩猩的使用。可见该段主要谈及的是黑 程猩对艾滋病病毒的抵抗力，因此答案为E。
题干意为“黑猩程的灭绝可能会影响……”。利用题干中的细节信息短语 chimpanzee extinction“黑猩猩灭绝”作为定位线索，这样在第一段找到相关句：Chimpanzees （黑猩猩）will soon be extinct（灭绝）. If the present rate of hunting and habitat destruction continues,then within 20 years,there will be no chimpanzees living in the wild. But this is more than an environmental or moral tragedy. Chimpanzee extinction may also have profound implications for the survival of their distant relatives-human beings．相关句为第一段最后一句，该句意为“黑猩猩的灭绝也可能对它们的远亲―人类的生存有着深远的意义”。这表明黑猩猩的灭绝可能会对人类的生存产生影响，因此答案为C项“人类的生存”。
题干意为“在黑猩猩与……之间有不到2%的差异”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语difference“差异”,less than 2%作为定位线索，这样在第二段找到相关句：In 1975 the biologists Marie-Claire King and Allan Wilson discovered that the human and chimpanzee genomes match（与difference呼应）by over 98%（与低于2%呼应）.Compare this to the mouse, used as model for human disease in lab tests,which shares only 60%of its DNA with us. In fact,chimpanzees are far more similar to humans than they are to any other species of monkey. As well as resembling us genetically,chimps are highly intelligent and able to use tools. These facts alone should be enough to make protection of chimps an urgent priority. But there is another,more selfish reason to preserve the chimp．相关句（第二段第一句）意为“1975年，生物学家Marie-Claire King和Allan Wilson发现人和黑猩猩的基因组匹配度达到了98%以上”，这意味着人和黑猩猩基因组之间的差异不到2%，因此答案为D项“人的基因组”。
题干意为“科学家们猜想基因在预防黑猩猩患……（疾病）方面起着显著的作用”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语scientists“科学家”,genes“基因”,significant role“显 著的作用”作为定位线索，这样在第五段找到相关句：By sequencing the chimp genome and pinpointing（找到）the place where the chimpanzee DNA sequence differs from that of humans, scientists hope to be able to discover which part of the genetic code（与gene呼应） gives chimps their increased resistance to some diseases.This,they hope,will allow them to develop new and more effective treatments for the human forms of these diseases.Such treat-ments could include the production of new drugs or even the alteration of the human genetic sequence. The recently completed human genome sequencing project has shown that such an effort is now well within our reach．相关句（第五段第一句）意为“通过对黑猩猩的基因组坝d序并找到黑猩猩的DNA序列与人类的DNA序列不同之处，科学家们希望能够发现哪部分遗传代码增强了黑猩猩抵御一些疾病的能力”，由此判断出B项“一些疾病”是答案。
题千意为“发现黑猩猩的遗传代码将有助于……”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语discovery“发现”,genetic code“遗传代码”作为定位线索，这样在第五段找到相关句： By sequencing the chimp genome and pinpointing（找到）the place where the chimpanzee DNA sequencing differs from that of humans,scientists hope to be able to discover which part of the genetic code gi -
第18题：
Every year gray whales migrate from the Bering Sea in Alaska to the Baja Peninsula in Mexico.
Eleven gray whales have died in the San Francisco Bay in the last three weeks．No one knows why the whales are dying.
Last year 270 whales died along the whales'migration route．Many people think starvation is the cause．This year the dead whales seem to have more blubber(fat)on them.
Twenty years ago,the gray whale was listed as an endangered species.
Some scientists think that the larger number of whales makes it hard to find enough food．More whales create more pressure on the food supply,a supply that some scientists say may have dwindled as a result of the warm waters of El Nino.
Most of the whales have been dead for many days before they are found and studied．This makes it hard to find the reason for death.
65 whales have been seen in the San Francisco Bay Area this year compared to 17 last year．The whales could be dying from many diseases,but it may be over-population．
One reason it is difficult to know why the whales are dying is that__.A.the whales travel such a long distance
B.there are more whales than there used to be
C.the whale bodies are too old to study by the time they are found
D.the whales are endangered答案：C解析：由倒数第二段可知。 -
第19题：
Text 2 When people talk about a"north-south divide"in Britain they are usually referring to house prices,employment and the ratio of private-sector to public-sector jobs.The south scores higher on all such measures.But new data from the British Trust for Ornithology（BTO）,a research charity,hints at the growth of another north-south divide-this time to the north's benefit.Every 20 years the BTO produces a superbly detailed atlas of bird life in Britain and Ireland.The 2007 t0 2011 edition is cheery:more species are tallied than in previous atlases,and many birds are increasing in number.Compared with two decades ago,45%of regular native species are ranging more widely while 32%are living in smaller areas;the rest have stayed put.But the most striking news comes from the north.The overall populations of woodland,farmland and migrant perching birds are up in northern England and Scotland but down in the south.The same is true of individual species such as the garden warbler,bullfinch and swallow.The number of cuckoos,a closely-watched species,declined by 63%in England between 1995 and 2010 but by only 5%in Scotland.Raptors are faring especially well in the south,but their numbers are rising in most parts of Britain.Partly this reflects climate change,suggests Simon Gillings of the BTO.Some birds are drawn to warmer winters in Scotland and northem England;visiting migrants may stick around for longer.Hard though it may be to believe during a week of torrential rain,the south is becoming drier,pushing snipe northward.More efficient farming has squeezed some farmland species.Some birds find it harder to make homes in the south,too.Pressure on housing means dilapidated buildings and barns,handy for nesting,have been converted into human dwellings.Between 2006 and 2012 the number of vacant dwellings fell by 17%in London and by 12%in Kent.Over the same period the number of empty houses increased by 16%in Derbyshire and by 10%in Lancashire:Northern mining villages once full of workers are now sparsely populated,points out Ian Bartlett,a birdwatcher in Hartlepool,in north-east England.They have become hot spots for birds and the people who watch them.Culrural difference also plays a part,thinks Mark Cocker,an expert on birds.The"obsession with tidiness"is stronger in the south,he says.Fewer people cultivate gardens;they prefer to cover them in decking and remove weeds from between concrete slabs.Village greens are mowed short.In contrast,Scotland and northern England have more trees,grassland and wind-swept moors.Less popular with humans,rugged parts of the countryside are filling up with a winged population instead.
According to the text,more species are found in the north Britain,because____A.climate change plays a major role
B.some birds enjoy making home in the forest
C.there is little space for birds in the south
D.many distinctive birds are killed in the south答案：C解析：事实细节题。根据定位词定位到文章第三段，通读第三段之后发现，整个段落都是在说北方鸟的种类多，而提到原因是在第四至六段，第五段首句提到Some birds find it harder to make homes in the south，too．（另外，鸟类在南部栖息变得更难了。）而与这个信息相对应的为C项there is little space for birds in the south“英国南部鸟类栖息空间较小”，故C项为正确选项。【干扰排除】A项为最大干扰项，但是文中是说部分原因是天气，但不是最主要的原因，因此应当排除：B项和D项在段落中没有提及，因此排除。 -
第20题：
单选题Some paleontologists claim that the discovery of what appear to be feathers in the fossil of an Archosaur could force a revision of current theories on the phylogeny of Archosaurs, alter conceptions of dinosaur skin surfaces, and require scholars to credit birds with a far earlier orion than previously thought.Arequire scholars to credit birds with a far earlier origin than previously thought
Bscholars may be required to credit birds with a far earlier origin than previously thought
Crequire a crediting by scholars of birds with a far earlier origin than previously thought
Dcompared to what was previously thought, require scholars to credit birds with a far earlier origin
Ecrediting birds with a far earlier origin than scholars had previously though
正确答案： A解析：
几个选项相比来看，A项在语法和句法上都比较合适，故本题选A项。 -
第21题：
单选题The speaker of the passage is of the opinion that ______.Aprotecting the farmland is more important than protecting wild animal
Bprotecting endangered species is more important than protecting the interests of the farmers
Cprotecting the farmland and the wild animals are equally important
Done can rely more on bees than mice to frighten beasts off the farm
正确答案： B解析：
录音开头讲到在非洲很多地方，大象的拜访使农民苦不堪言，农民不得已采取极端措施，而说话者提到“In this case, therefore, prevention is better than cure for both sides”，可见说话者认为保护农田和野生动物同等重要。
【录音原文】
Elephants, proverbially, are afraid of mice. Well, it’s a nice story, but don’t rely on it to frighten the beasts from your smallholding. Poachers aside, the most dangerous thing an elephant is likely to meet is a disgruntled farmer with a rifle. And farmers have good reason to be disgruntled. In many parts of Africa, farms are routinely trashed by visiting elephants. In this case, therefore, prevention is better than cure for both sides. And some recently published research may point the way, using tiny creatures that elephants really are afraid of: bees.
Although elephants are thick-skinned, they have sensitive patches behind their ears, under their trunks and around their eyes. Sometimes, according to bee-keepers, an entire herd can be stampeded by a swarm of bees. Researchers from Wild Animal Protection Institutes based in Kenya have tested the idea that elephants’ visits to farms might be discouraged by strategically placed bee hives. It seems they are—and that the hives do not necessarily even have to be occupied. -
第22题：
单选题Which of the following is an appropriate title for this passage?APoor Sleep May Lead to Too Much Stored Fat and Disease
BSleep Experts Had Exciting Findings in a Fat Study
CAmericans Should Have More Than Six Hours of Sleep
DBad Things Happen if Fat Cells Become Our Friend
正确答案： A解析：
本文中心思想是睡眠，文章开篇提到a new study（一项新研究）发现睡眠缺乏将导致脂肪细胞对胰岛素的反应能力降低，从而引起健康方面的疾病，包括糖尿病、脂肪肝及身体肥胖。之后便对该项研究的过程，结果进行了一个详细的说明。到最后提到脂肪细胞的重要性。只有A项中提到了睡眠缺乏及其影响，故选择A项。 -
第23题：
问答题The Truth about Genetically Modified Food At almost every public lecture I give, someone asks me my opinion on genetic modification—whatever be the topic of the lecture. Genetic modification (GM) has the power to save lives through its use in medicine, such as the production of insulin for diabetics or the treatment of genetic disorders. The current outcry comes when it is used to produce food. Some of these public concerns reflect real problems, but others are fuelled by misinformation and overdramatisation. There is nothing new about crop modification; plant breeders have been doing it since agriculture began. The wonderful range of apples or potatoes we now enjoy is the result of crossing different varieties. Cabbages, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, kohlrabi, kale and broccoli all originated from one botanical species. Modern molecular biology has enabled us to go much further. We can now isolate the gene for a particular characteristic of an organism and transfer it to another species. It is this practice of transforming a plant with alien genes—perhaps from an animal or bacterium—that is causing all the controversy. There are three main concerns. Scientists can now take a gene for resistance to a particular herbicide and transfer it to a crop: when these plants are sprayed with weed-killer, the weeds are destroyed while the crop is unharmed. A prime concern is the harmful effect this could have on the biodiversity of farmland, where so many insects, birds and other animals depend upon “weed” species. Another fear is that alien genes from a GM plant could escape into a wild population of a related species. Since plants are fertilized by pollen that is carried through their, often for great distances, this is entirely possible. A wild species modified in this way with pesticide resistance could become a “super-weed”, while a species that becomes unnaturally resistant to animals that feed on it could disrupt the food chain. The third worry concerns a proposal to produce seeds for cereals that cannot germinate to produce next year’s seeds. This “terminator technology” would be of obvious advantage to seed companies, since farms would be forced to buy new weed annually. But the same technology could be devastating to some farmers in the developing world who depend upon saving some seeds for next year’s crop. Fortunately this technology is not yet in use and there has been strong pressure to abandon it. I would not hesitate to eat a GM vegetable—it is most unlikely that the current modifications are harmful to the consumer, despite what we read in the press. However, the introduction of animal genes into food plants presents considerable ethical difficulties to vegetarinsarians and member of religious that forbid the eating of certain animals. This is one of the reasons people are demanding that tall genetically modified food products be clearly labeled. The public have a fight to know what they are eating and a fight to choose. I believe that in my own nation GM is well regulated, but this cannot be said for some other countries. One of the problems is that at the moment this technology is commercially motivated. Because the compositions developing GM food want to introduce it as quickly as possible, in my opinion, it is being rushed into without adequate research or precautions. Genetic’ modification is here to stay, and there is no doubt it will save lives. But ,like so many other scientific discoveries, such as splitting the atom, it can be seriously misused. Instead of condemning the technique, we, should ensure it is used wisely. We need to evaluate each application carefully, from environmental and ethical standpoints, and we must urge governments and companies to use it for good rather than for greed.正确答案： 【参考译文】
基因食品的真实面目 几乎每次公开演讲时,无论演讲题目是什么,都会有人问我对转基因技术的态度。“转基因”功能强大:运用在医药上,它可以拯救生命。例如,制造治疗糖尿病的胰岛素,以及治疗基因紊乱。但是日前,在我们打算将转基因技术应用于食品生产时,却遭到了一些人的强烈反对。
公众的担忧反映出许多现实存在的问题,但也有些强烈的不满是由于错误的信息和过分渲染而造成的。
农作物的转化已不是新鲜事,有史以来,农民们就已经一直在进行着嫁接。我们现在食用的各种苹果和马铃薯就是不同种类的交叉品。卷心菜、汤菜、花椰菜、芥蓝、甘蓝、西兰花在植物学中都属于同一物种。
现代分子生物学使得我们更进一步。如今,我们可以把某一生物的独特基因分离出来,转移到另一物种中去。而正是这个通过植入外来基因——可能是动物或细菌的基因,来改变植物的做法引起了普遍争议。
人们的担心主要来自以下三个方面。
科学家们可以取一种抵抗除草剂的基因移植到农作物中去。当洒上除草剂时,杂草被杀死,而农作物可以不受损害。令人担心的是,这样做会损害到庄稼地里物种的多样性——因为许多昆虫,鸟类及其他动物是以这些“杂草”为生的。
另一个担心是,转基因农作物中的外来基因可以形成许多相关物种。由于植物是由空气传播花粉来繁殖的,花粉在长距离的飞行过程中就可能引起新物种的生成。当一个野生品种被这种含有抗杀虫剂的外来基因转变时,就有可能会成为“超级野草”。如果一个物种具有抵抗以它为食的动物的能力,就违反了自然法则,也会破坏食物链。
第三点令人担忧的是有可能为下一年无法繁殖的谷物制造种子。此项“终结者技术”当然对种子公司大有好处,这样农民们就被迫得每年买种子。
但是同样的技术对发展中国家的某些农民来说却是灾难性的。他们每年都需要储存庄稼的种子以备来年耕种。幸好这项技术还没有应用到实践中,它面临着来自反对者的巨大的压力。
我会毫不犹豫地食用转基因蔬菜。不管报纸杂志怎么说,现代的基因转换都不大可能伤害消费者。然而,在素食主义者和那些因为信仰而禁食某些动物的宗教人士看来,把动物基因引入到食用植物的做法存在很大的伦理问题。
这也是人们为何要求清楚地标明所有转基因食品的原因之一。公众有权知道他们吃的什么,他们有权选择吃还是不吃。
我相信在我们国家,转基因食品已经受到了严格的规范,但是其他国家并不一定如此。问题之一是,当今这项技术是以商业利益为动机的。因为商家们要尽可能快地开发转基因食品,依我看,这项技术在没有进行充分研究和采取预防措施的情况下发展得过快。
转基因将继续存在,无疑它还能拯救生命。但是正如分裂原子等许多其他的科学发现一样,它也可能被过度滥用。我们不该谴责技术本身,而是应该确保其被明智地利用。我们需要从环境和伦理角度来对每项应用进行仔细评估。我们必须督促政府及商家确保人们从中受益,而不是为了满足他们的贪心。解析： 暂无解析