共用题干 第二篇CT Scans and Lung CancerSmall or slow-growing nodules（小结节）discovered on a lung scan are unlikely to develop into tumors over the next two years,researchers reported on Wednesday.The findings,reported in the New England Journal of Medicine,could he
题目
共用题干
第二篇
CT Scans and Lung Cancer
Small or slow-growing nodules（小结节）discovered on a lung scan are unlikely to develop into tumors
over the next two years,researchers reported on Wednesday.
The findings,reported in the New England Journal of Medicine,could help doctors decide when to do
more aggressive testing for lung cancer. They could also help patients avoid unnecessarily aggressive and
potentially harmful testing when lesions（损伤）are found.
Lung cancer,the biggest cancer killer in the United States and globally,is often not diagnosed until it
has spread. It kills 159,000 people a year in the United States alone.
The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide what to do when such
growths,often discovered by accident,appear in a scan.
High-tech（高技术的）X-rays called CT scans can detect tumors一but they see all sorts of other blobs
（模糊的一团）that are not tumors , and often the only way to tell the difference is to take a biopsy（活检）,
a dangerous procedure.
At the moment,routine lung cancer screening is considered impractical because of its high cost and
because too many healthy people are called back for further testing.
Good guidelines could help make lung cancer screening practical,Dr. Rob van Kiaveren of the Erasmus
Medical Center in Rotterdam,the Netherlands,who led the new study,said in a telephone interview.
The team looked at 7,557 people at high risk for lung cancer because they were current or former
smokers. All received multidetector（多层螺旋）CT scans that measured the size of any suspicious-looking
nodules.
Volunteers who had nodules over 9.7 mm in width,or had growth of 4. 6 mm that grew fast enough to more
than double in volume every 400 days,were sent for further testing. Of the 196 people who fell into that category,
70 were found to have lung cancer;10 additional cases were found years later.
But of the 7 ,361 who tested negative during screening,only 20 lung cancer cases later developed.
In a second round of screening done one year after the first,1.8 percent were sent to the doctor because they
had a nodule that was large or fast-growing. More than half turned out to have lung cancer.
The result means that if the screening test says you don't have lung cancer,you probably don't,the re-
searchers said."The chances of finding lung cancer one or two years after a negative first-round test were
1 in 1,000 and 3 in 1,000 respectively,"they concluded.
第二篇
CT Scans and Lung Cancer
Small or slow-growing nodules（小结节）discovered on a lung scan are unlikely to develop into tumors
over the next two years,researchers reported on Wednesday.
The findings,reported in the New England Journal of Medicine,could help doctors decide when to do
more aggressive testing for lung cancer. They could also help patients avoid unnecessarily aggressive and
potentially harmful testing when lesions（损伤）are found.
Lung cancer,the biggest cancer killer in the United States and globally,is often not diagnosed until it
has spread. It kills 159,000 people a year in the United States alone.
The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide what to do when such
growths,often discovered by accident,appear in a scan.
High-tech（高技术的）X-rays called CT scans can detect tumors一but they see all sorts of other blobs
（模糊的一团）that are not tumors , and often the only way to tell the difference is to take a biopsy（活检）,
a dangerous procedure.
At the moment,routine lung cancer screening is considered impractical because of its high cost and
because too many healthy people are called back for further testing.
Good guidelines could help make lung cancer screening practical,Dr. Rob van Kiaveren of the Erasmus
Medical Center in Rotterdam,the Netherlands,who led the new study,said in a telephone interview.
The team looked at 7,557 people at high risk for lung cancer because they were current or former
smokers. All received multidetector（多层螺旋）CT scans that measured the size of any suspicious-looking
nodules.
Volunteers who had nodules over 9.7 mm in width,or had growth of 4. 6 mm that grew fast enough to more
than double in volume every 400 days,were sent for further testing. Of the 196 people who fell into that category,
70 were found to have lung cancer;10 additional cases were found years later.
But of the 7 ,361 who tested negative during screening,only 20 lung cancer cases later developed.
In a second round of screening done one year after the first,1.8 percent were sent to the doctor because they
had a nodule that was large or fast-growing. More than half turned out to have lung cancer.
The result means that if the screening test says you don't have lung cancer,you probably don't,the re-
searchers said."The chances of finding lung cancer one or two years after a negative first-round test were
1 in 1,000 and 3 in 1,000 respectively,"they concluded.
The new study indicates that in case of small or slow-growing lung nodules__________.
A:you cannot be too careful
B:cancer is just a matter of time
C:a biopsy is unnecessary
D:more aggressive testing is a must
A:you cannot be too careful
B:cancer is just a matter of time
C:a biopsy is unnecessary
D:more aggressive testing is a must
相似考题
更多“共用题干 第二篇CT Scans and Lung CancerSmall or slow-growing nodules（小结节）discovered on a lung scan are unlikely to develop into tumors over the next two years,researchers reported on Wednesday.The findings,reported in the New England Journal of Medicine,could he”相关问题
-
第1题：
共用题干
Lung Cancer
1 The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years.It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts.There are many possible causes,but it is still controversial which are most blameworthy.Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air(smoke particles,smog,exhaust fumes),and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.
2 Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits.Among heavy smokers-21 to 30 cigarettes per day-the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers.It is expected the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.
3 Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time an X-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis.Too often,however,a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation from x-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer.Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained.Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger,at least to those over 40 years of age,that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be completely removed.
4 A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma,so-called because the malignancy originates in a bronchus.The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked,cutting off the supply of air to that lung.The lung then collapses,and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected,with a resulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess.Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body.The only treatment that offers a possibility of cure,before secondary growths have had time to form,is to remove the lung completely.This operation is called pneumonectomy.
5 Malignant tumors of the stomach,the breast,the prostate gland and other organs may spread to the lungs,causing secondary growths.Paragraph 3______
A:Common Secondary Lung Cancers
B:The Advantages Brought About by Routine Chest Checkup
C:Relationship Between Mortality Rate From Lung Cancer and Smoking Habits
D:Operable and Inoperable Lung Cancers
E:The Increasing Death Rate From Lung Cancer and Possible Causes
F:An Ordinary Type of Lung Cancer答案：B解析：文章第一段主要陈述了过去25年里男性中患肺癌的死亡率上升了8倍，女性中的死亡率也增加了一倍，并且在城市和工业区的死亡率比农村地区高。接着文中陈述了引起此种情况的原因，观察选项可知，E项符合题意。
第二段的第一句便是该段的中心句，即抽烟与肺癌死亡率之间有着紧密的关系。接下来又通过举例证明该论点。故本题选C。
第三段开头的内容指出了肺癌是在进行x射线检查结核病时被发现的，然后分析了常规x射线检查利大于弊。由此可知，本题应选B项。
第四段第一句指出支气管癌是一种常见的肺癌，接着又描述了该癌症的形成过程及对身体产生的危害等内容。整段都是对支气管癌的介绍。故本题选F。
由文章第三段最后一句的内容可知，现代x射线机在合格技师的操作下所产生的危害微乎其微，并不像通常人们想象的那样危险，故选D。
由文章第四段第五句可知，在继发肿瘤出现之前将肺完全切除是治愈肺癌的唯一方法，故选A。
由文章第一段第三句的内容可知，有很多原因可以导致肺癌，但关于最主要的原因仍存在争论，故选C。
由文章第二段第二句的内容可知，平均每天抽21到30支烟的重度吸烟者患肺癌的几率是不抽烟者的17倍。故本题选E。 -
第2题：
共用题干
Cloning（克隆）:Future Perlect?
1 A clone is an exact copy of a plant or animal produced from any one cell.Since Scottish
scientists reported that they had managed to clone a sheep named Dolly in 1997,research
into cloning has grown rapidly.In May 1998,scientists in Massachusetts managed to
create two identical calves（牛犊）using cloning technology. A mouse has also been
cloned successfully.But the debate over cloning humans really started when Chicago
physicist Richard Seed made a surprising announcement:"We will have managed to clone
a human being within the next two years."he told the world.
2 Seed's announcement provoked a lot of media attention,most of it negative,In Europe,
nineteen nations have already signed an agreement banning human cloning and in the
U.S. the President announced:"We will be introducing a law to ban all human cloning and
many states in the U. S. will have passed anti-cloning laws by the end of the year."
3 Many researchers are not so negative about cloning.They are worried that laws banning
human cloning will threaten important research.In March,The New England Journal of
Medicine called any plan to ban research on cloning humans seriously mistaken.Many
researchers also believe that in spite of attempts to ban it,human cloning will have become
routine by 2010 because it is impossible to stop the progress of science.
4 Is there reason to fear that cloning will lead to a nightmare world?The public has been
bombarded（轰炸）with newspaper articles, television shows and films, as well as
cartoons.Such information is often misleading,and makes people wonder what on earth
the scientists will be doing next.
5 Within the next five to ten years scientists will probably have found a way of cloning
humans.It could be that pretty soon we will be able to choose the person that we want our
child to look like,But how would it feel to be a clone among hundreds,the anti-cloners
ask. Pretty cool, answer the pro-cloners（赞成克隆的人）.Within ten years scientists wil!probably have_______.
A:the nucleus of a cell
B:cloned human beings
C:a human being in two years
D:a law to ban human cloning
E:a report on human cloning
F:heavy media coverage答案：B解析： -
第3题：
共用题干
Cloning（克隆）:Future Perlect?
1 A clone is an exact copy of a plant or animal produced from any one cell.Since Scottish
scientists reported that they had managed to clone a sheep named Dolly in 1997,research
into cloning has grown rapidly.In May 1998,scientists in Massachusetts managed to
create two identical calves（牛犊）using cloning technology. A mouse has also been
cloned successfully.But the debate over cloning humans really started when Chicago
physicist Richard Seed made a surprising announcement:"We will have managed to clone
a human being within the next two years."he told the world.
2 Seed's announcement provoked a lot of media attention,most of it negative,In Europe,
nineteen nations have already signed an agreement banning human cloning and in the
U.S. the President announced:"We will be introducing a law to ban all human cloning and
many states in the U. S. will have passed anti-cloning laws by the end of the year."
3 Many researchers are not so negative about cloning.They are worried that laws banning
human cloning will threaten important research.In March,The New England Journal of
Medicine called any plan to ban research on cloning humans seriously mistaken.Many
researchers also believe that in spite of attempts to ban it,human cloning will have become
routine by 2010 because it is impossible to stop the progress of science.
4 Is there reason to fear that cloning will lead to a nightmare world?The public has been
bombarded（轰炸）with newspaper articles, television shows and films, as well as
cartoons.Such information is often misleading,and makes people wonder what on earth
the scientists will be doing next.
5 Within the next five to ten years scientists will probably have found a way of cloning
humans.It could be that pretty soon we will be able to choose the person that we want our
child to look like,But how would it feel to be a clone among hundreds,the anti-cloners
ask. Pretty cool, answer the pro-cloners（赞成克隆的人）.Paragraph 2________
A:Strong reactions
B:Anxiety about the future if cloning
C:The right to choose
D:What id cloning?
E:Arguments in favor of cloning
F:A common sight答案：A解析： -
第4题：
共用题干
Promising Resnlts from Cancer Study
A new experimental vaccine（疫苗）has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer.In a small Texas-based study,a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.
Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study.Forty一three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in tho advanced stages of the disease.They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months,and were carefully monitored for three years.In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.
This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.It stimulates（刺激）the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful,and attacks and destroys them.
The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general,although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.All the patients were from Dallas.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：C解析：阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了七个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请选择C。
【解析】
题干意为“疫苗治愈了所有参与试验的人。”关键词是cured。依据此关键词，可在文中第一段第二句找到相关叙述：“In a small Texas-based study, a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.”（位于美国达拉斯的贝勒大学医学中心的几位科学家研制出了一种疫苗，这种疫苗在一个基于德克萨斯州的小型研究中治愈了一些肺癌患者，减缓了其他患者的病情发展过程。）由此可见，这种疫苗并没有治愈所有参与实验者，故此题说法为“错误”的。
题干意为“超过四十人参与了这次研究。”关键词是forty。依据此关键词，可在文中第二段第二句找到相关叙述：“Forty-three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.”（四十三个肺癌患者参与到这些试验中。）由此可见参与人数确实超过了四十人，故此题说法为“正确”的。
题干意为“在试验中，处于疾病早期的患者恢复得更快。”关键词是the early stages和recovered。依据此关键词，可在文中第二段最后两句找到相关叙述：“In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.”（晚期患者中有三名患者的疾病消失，其他患者的病情在5 到24个月内没有扩散。然而，处于疾病早期的患者没有出现任何不同。）可见这种疫苗对晚期患者的效果比较明显，故此题说法为“错误”的。
题干意为“所有患者都来自达拉斯。”关键词是Dallas。依据此关键词，可在文中第一段第二句找到相关叙述：“In a small Texas-based study, a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.”（位于美国达拉斯的贝勒大学医学中心的几位科学家研制出了一种疫苗，这种疫苗在一个基于德克萨斯州的小型研究中治愈了一些肺癌患者，减缓了其他患者的病情发展过程。）由此可知，研制疫苗的科学家都来自位于达拉斯的贝勒大学医学中心，而病人是不是都来自达拉斯，这一点文中并没有提到，故此说法为“未提及”的。
题干意为“每一个病人都被注射同样的疫苗。”关键词是the same vaccine。 依据此关键词，可在文中第三段第一句、第二句找到相关叙述：“This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.”（这种新型疫苗使用了人体自身的免疫系统。每个病人的疫苗都是专门制造，然后被注射到手臂或腿上。）由此可见每个患者的疫苗都是不一样的，故此题说法为“错误”的。
题干意为“这种疫苗激活了免疫系统。”关键词是activates。依据此关键词， 可在文中第三段第三句找到相关叙述：“It stimulates the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful, and attacks and destroys them.”(疫苗能刺激人体免疫系统，使免疫系统意识到癌细胞是有害的，从而攻击和破坏它们。）由此可见这种疫苗是通过激活免疫系统发挥作用的，故此题说法为“正确”的。
题干意为“这种疫苗或许可用于治疗其他癌症。”关键词是other cancers。 依据此关键词，可在文中第四段第一句找到相关叙述：“The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.”（这种疫苗或许可以有效地对抗其他癌症。）由此可知，它是可以用于治疗其他癌症的，故此题说法为“正确”的。 -
第5题：
共用题干
Promising Resnlts from Cancer Study
A new experimental vaccine（疫苗）has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer.In a small Texas-based study,a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.
Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study.Forty一three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in tho advanced stages of the disease.They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months,and were carefully monitored for three years.In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.
This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.It stimulates（刺激）the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful,and attacks and destroys them.
The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general,although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.Over forty people participated in the study.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：A解析：阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了七个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请选择C。
【解析】
题干意为“疫苗治愈了所有参与试验的人。”关键词是cured。依据此关键词，可在文中第一段第二句找到相关叙述：“In a small Texas-based study, a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.”（位于美国达拉斯的贝勒大学医学中心的几位科学家研制出了一种疫苗，这种疫苗在一个基于德克萨斯州的小型研究中治愈了一些肺癌患者，减缓了其他患者的病情发展过程。）由此可见，这种疫苗并没有治愈所有参与实验者，故此题说法为“错误”的。
题干意为“超过四十人参与了这次研究。”关键词是forty。依据此关键词，可在文中第二段第二句找到相关叙述：“Forty-three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.”（四十三个肺癌患者参与到这些试验中。）由此可见参与人数确实超过了四十人，故此题说法为“正确”的。
题干意为“在试验中，处于疾病早期的患者恢复得更快。”关键词是the early stages和recovered。依据此关键词，可在文中第二段最后两句找到相关叙述：“In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.”（晚期患者中有三名患者的疾病消失，其他患者的病情在5 到24个月内没有扩散。然而，处于疾病早期的患者没有出现任何不同。）可见这种疫苗对晚期患者的效果比较明显，故此题说法为“错误”的。
题干意为“所有患者都来自达拉斯。”关键词是Dallas。依据此关键词，可在文中第一段第二句找到相关叙述：“In a small Texas-based study, a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.”（位于美国达拉斯的贝勒大学医学中心的几位科学家研制出了一种疫苗，这种疫苗在一个基于德克萨斯州的小型研究中治愈了一些肺癌患者，减缓了其他患者的病情发展过程。）由此可知，研制疫苗的科学家都来自位于达拉斯的贝勒大学医学中心，而病人是不是都来自达拉斯，这一点文中并没有提到，故此说法为“未提及”的。
题干意为“每一个病人都被注射同样的疫苗。”关键词是the same vaccine。 依据此关键词，可在文中第三段第一句、第二句找到相关叙述：“This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.”（这种新型疫苗使用了人体自身的免疫系统。每个病人的疫苗都是专门制造，然后被注射到手臂或腿上。）由此可见每个患者的疫苗都是不一样的，故此题说法为“错误”的。
题干意为“这种疫苗激活了免疫系统。”关键词是activates。依据此关键词， 可在文中第三段第三句找到相关叙述：“It stimulates the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful, and attacks and destroys them.”(疫苗能刺激人体免疫系统，使免疫系统意识到癌细胞是有害的，从而攻击和破坏它们。）由此可见这种疫苗是通过激活免疫系统发挥作用的，故此题说法为“正确”的。
题干意为“这种疫苗或许可用于治疗其他癌症。”关键词是other cancers。 依据此关键词，可在文中第四段第一句找到相关叙述：“The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.”（这种疫苗或许可以有效地对抗其他癌症。）由此可知，它是可以用于治疗其他癌症的，故此题说法为“正确”的。 -
第6题：
共用题干
第二篇
CT Scans and Lung Cancer
Small or slow-growing nodules（小结节）discovered on a lung scan are unlikely to develop into tumors
over the next two years,researchers reported on Wednesday.
The findings,reported in the New England Journal of Medicine,could help doctors decide when to do
more aggressive testing for lung cancer. They could also help patients avoid unnecessarily aggressive and
potentially harmful testing when lesions（损伤）are found.
Lung cancer,the biggest cancer killer in the United States and globally,is often not diagnosed until it
has spread. It kills 159,000 people a year in the United States alone.
The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide what to do when such
growths,often discovered by accident,appear in a scan.
High-tech（高技术的）X-rays called CT scans can detect tumors一but they see all sorts of other blobs
（模糊的一团）that are not tumors , and often the only way to tell the difference is to take a biopsy（活检）,
a dangerous procedure.
At the moment,routine lung cancer screening is considered impractical because of its high cost and
because too many healthy people are called back for further testing.
Good guidelines could help make lung cancer screening practical,Dr. Rob van Kiaveren of the Erasmus
Medical Center in Rotterdam,the Netherlands,who led the new study,said in a telephone interview.
The team looked at 7,557 people at high risk for lung cancer because they were current or former
smokers. All received multidetector（多层螺旋）CT scans that measured the size of any suspicious-looking
nodules.
Volunteers who had nodules over 9.7 mm in width,or had growth of 4. 6 mm that grew fast enough to more
than double in volume every 400 days,were sent for further testing. Of the 196 people who fell into that category,
70 were found to have lung cancer;10 additional cases were found years later.
But of the 7 ,361 who tested negative during screening,only 20 lung cancer cases later developed.
In a second round of screening done one year after the first,1.8 percent were sent to the doctor because they
had a nodule that was large or fast-growing. More than half turned out to have lung cancer.
The result means that if the screening test says you don't have lung cancer,you probably don't,the re-
searchers said."The chances of finding lung cancer one or two years after a negative first-round test were
1 in 1,000 and 3 in 1,000 respectively,"they concluded.Which is probably NOT true of lung cancer?
A:Smokers are usually considered to be at high risk for it.
B:It is the leading cause of cancer deaths around the world.
C:159,000 new cases of it are diagnosed in the U.S.each year.
D:It often goes unnoticed until it has spread.答案：C解析：根据第一段的叙述可知，肺部扫描发现的小的、生长缓慢的结节在接下来的两年里不 会发展成肿瘤，因此活检或进一步的检查是不必要的。
选项A、B、D在文中第三段和第八段中提到过，而选项C所讲的159 000人被确诊为肺 癌不符合第二段中提及的159 000人死于肺癌的事实。
根据文章第四段中“The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide...”可知，专家们正在发展和完善对医生的指导方针。
根据文章第十一段可知，A项正确、B项错误；由第八段中“…7 ,557 people at high risk" 可知C项正确；由第八段“The team looked at 7 , 557 people”和第十段“7 , 361 who tested nega- tive”可知D项正确。
根据最后一段，我们知道这个患病比率在专家眼里是非常小的，如果首次检查表明你 没有患肺癌，你就很可能不会得肺癌。 -
第7题：
共用题干
第二篇
CT Scans and Lung Cancer
Small or slow-growing nodules（小结节）discovered on a lung scan are unlikely to develop into tumors
over the next two years,researchers reported on Wednesday.
The findings,reported in the New England Journal of Medicine,could help doctors decide when to do
more aggressive testing for lung cancer. They could also help patients avoid unnecessarily aggressive and
potentially harmful testing when lesions（损伤）are found.
Lung cancer,the biggest cancer killer in the United States and globally,is often not diagnosed until it
has spread. It kills 159,000 people a year in the United States alone.
The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide what to do when such
growths,often discovered by accident,appear in a scan.
High-tech（高技术的）X-rays called CT scans can detect tumors一but they see all sorts of other blobs
（模糊的一团）that are not tumors , and often the only way to tell the difference is to take a biopsy（活检）,
a dangerous procedure.
At the moment,routine lung cancer screening is considered impractical because of its high cost and
because too many healthy people are called back for further testing.
Good guidelines could help make lung cancer screening practical,Dr. Rob van Kiaveren of the Erasmus
Medical Center in Rotterdam,the Netherlands,who led the new study,said in a telephone interview.
The team looked at 7,557 people at high risk for lung cancer because they were current or former
smokers. All received multidetector（多层螺旋）CT scans that measured the size of any suspicious-looking
nodules.
Volunteers who had nodules over 9.7 mm in width,or had growth of 4. 6 mm that grew fast enough to more
than double in volume every 400 days,were sent for further testing. Of the 196 people who fell into that category,
70 were found to have lung cancer;10 additional cases were found years later.
But of the 7 ,361 who tested negative during screening,only 20 lung cancer cases later developed.
In a second round of screening done one year after the first,1.8 percent were sent to the doctor because they
had a nodule that was large or fast-growing. More than half turned out to have lung cancer.
The result means that if the screening test says you don't have lung cancer,you probably don't,the re-
searchers said."The chances of finding lung cancer one or two years after a negative first-round test were
1 in 1,000 and 3 in 1,000 respectively,"they concluded.According to the passage,good guidelines for lung cancer screening__________.
A:are a little bit too costly
B:do not exist yet
C:are being implemented
D:have been developed答案：C解析：根据第一段的叙述可知，肺部扫描发现的小的、生长缓慢的结节在接下来的两年里不 会发展成肿瘤，因此活检或进一步的检查是不必要的。
选项A、B、D在文中第三段和第八段中提到过，而选项C所讲的159 000人被确诊为肺 癌不符合第二段中提及的159 000人死于肺癌的事实。
根据文章第四段中“The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide...”可知，专家们正在发展和完善对医生的指导方针。
根据文章第十一段可知，A项正确、B项错误；由第八段中“…7 ,557 people at high risk" 可知C项正确；由第八段“The team looked at 7 , 557 people”和第十段“7 , 361 who tested nega- tive”可知D项正确。
根据最后一段，我们知道这个患病比率在专家眼里是非常小的，如果首次检查表明你 没有患肺癌，你就很可能不会得肺癌。 -
第8题：
共用题干
Cloning（克隆）:Future Pertect?
1 A clone is an exact copy of a plant or animal produced from any one cell.Since Scottish
scientists reported that they had managed to clone a sheep named Dolly in 1997,research
into cloning has grown rapidly.In May 1998,scientists in Massachusetts managed to
create two identical calves（牛犊）using cloning technology. A mouse has also been
cloned successfully.But the debate over cloning humans really started when Chicago
physicist Richard Seed made a surprising announcement:"We will have managed to clonen
a human being within the next two years."he told the world.
2 Seed's announcement provoked a lot of media attention,most of it negative.In Europe,
nineteen nations have already signed an agreement banning human cloning and in the U.S.
the President announced:"We will be introducing a law to ban all human cloning and many
states in the U.S. will have passed anti-cloning laws by the end of the year."
3 Many researchers are not so negative about cloning.They are worried that laws banning
human cloning will threaten important research.In March,The New England
Joumal of
Medicine called any plan to ban research on cloning humans seriously mistaken.Many
researchers also believe that in spite of attempts to ban it,human cloning will have become
routine by 2010 because it is impossible to stop the progress of science.
4 Is there reason to fear that cloning will lead to a nightmare world?The public has been
bombarded（轰炸）with newspaper articles , television shows and films , as well as
cartoons.Such information is often misleading,and makes people wonder what on earth
the scientists will be doing next.
5 Within the next five to ten years scientists will probably have found a way of cioning
humans.It could be that pretty soon we will be able to choose the person that we want our
child to look like.But how would it feel to be a clone among hundreds,the anti-cloners
ask. Pretty cool , answer the pro-cloners（赞成克隆的人）.Richard Seed's announcement received_________.
A:the nucleus of a cell
B:cloned human beings
C:a human being in two years
D:a law to ban human cloning
E:a report on human cloning
F:heavy media coverage答案：F解析： -
第9题：
共用题干
Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay
Staying positive through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill,new study findings suggest.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus,researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition were less likely to fall ill.
The findings,published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine,build on evidence that a"positive emotional style"can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses.Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat or runny nose?
"People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus,"explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh."And when they do get a cold,they may interpret their illness as being less severe."
Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to catching a cold,but some questions remained as to whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.
For the new study,the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits,self-perceived health and emotional"style".Those who tended to be happy,energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style,while those who were often unhappy,tense and hostile had a negative style.
The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.Over the next six days,the volunteers reported on any aches,pains,sneezing or congestion they had,while the researchers collected objective data,like daily mucus production.Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes,happy people were less likely to develop a cold.The reasons that happy people were less likely to develop a cold are based on subjective measure.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：B解析：由文章第一段第二句的后半部分“…researchersfoundthatpeoplewithagenerallysunnydispositionwerelesslikelytofallill.”可知，性格阳光的人不太容易生病，但不是对疾病免疫。
由文章第四段，"…happierpeopleseemedlesssusceptibletocatchingacold…”可知，快乐的人更不易感冒。
由文章第六段最后一句可知，科恩和同事根据由鼻涕化验结果而得出的客观的测验数据而非主观测验发现，乐观的人患感冒的几率更小。
由文章第五段第二句可知，这些研究对象中既包括积极乐观的人，也包括悲观的人。
由文章第二段第一句可知，积极的情绪类型有助于预防感冒和其他疾病。
由文章第二段第二句可知，研究者相信快乐能够增强人的免疫系统。
文章中并未提及家庭和个人情绪类型的关系，因此本题答案为C。 -
第10题：
共用题干
Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay
Staying positive through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill,new study findings suggest.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus,researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition were less likely to fall ill.
The findings,published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine,build on evidence that a"positive emotional style"can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses.Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat or runny nose?
"People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus,"explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh."And when they do get a cold,they may interpret their illness as being less severe."
Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to catching a cold,but some questions remained as to whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.
For the new study,the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits,self-perceived health and emotional"style".Those who tended to be happy,energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style,while those who were often unhappy,tense and hostile had a negative style.
The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.Over the next six days,the volunteers reported on any aches,pains,sneezing or congestion they had,while the researchers collected objective data,like daily mucus production.Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes,happy people were less likely to develop a cold.The study inferred that there's no relations between positive emotional style and getting cold.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：B解析：由文章第一段第二句的后半部分“…researchersfoundthatpeoplewithagenerallysunnydispositionwerelesslikelytofallill.”可知，性格阳光的人不太容易生病，但不是对疾病免疫。
由文章第四段，"…happierpeopleseemedlesssusceptibletocatchingacold…”可知，快乐的人更不易感冒。
由文章第六段最后一句可知，科恩和同事根据由鼻涕化验结果而得出的客观的测验数据而非主观测验发现，乐观的人患感冒的几率更小。
由文章第五段第二句可知，这些研究对象中既包括积极乐观的人，也包括悲观的人。
由文章第二段第一句可知，积极的情绪类型有助于预防感冒和其他疾病。
由文章第二段第二句可知，研究者相信快乐能够增强人的免疫系统。
文章中并未提及家庭和个人情绪类型的关系，因此本题答案为C。 -
第11题：
共用题干
Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay
Staying positive through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill,new study findings suggest.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus,researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition were less likely to fall ill.
The findings,published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine,build on evidence that a"positive emotional style"can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses.Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat or runny nose?
"People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus,"explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh."And when they do get a cold,they may interpret their illness as being less severe."
Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to catching a cold,but some questions remained as to whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.
For the new study,the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits,self-perceived health and emotional"style".Those who tended to be happy,energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style,while those who were often unhappy,tense and hostile had a negative style.
The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.Over the next six days,the volunteers reported on any aches,pains,sneezing or congestion they had,while the researchers collected objective data,like daily mucus production.Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes,happy people were less likely to develop a cold.Researchers believed that people who were happy, energetic and easy一going had stronger immune function.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：A解析：由文章第一段第二句的后半部分“…researchersfoundthatpeoplewithagenerallysunnydispositionwerelesslikelytofallill.”可知，性格阳光的人不太容易生病，但不是对疾病免疫。
由文章第四段，"…happierpeopleseemedlesssusceptibletocatchingacold…”可知，快乐的人更不易感冒。
由文章第六段最后一句可知，科恩和同事根据由鼻涕化验结果而得出的客观的测验数据而非主观测验发现，乐观的人患感冒的几率更小。
由文章第五段第二句可知，这些研究对象中既包括积极乐观的人，也包括悲观的人。
由文章第二段第一句可知，积极的情绪类型有助于预防感冒和其他疾病。
由文章第二段第二句可知，研究者相信快乐能够增强人的免疫系统。
文章中并未提及家庭和个人情绪类型的关系，因此本题答案为C。 -
第12题：
共用题干
Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay
Staying positive through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill,new study findings suggest.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus,researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition were less likely to fall ill.
The findings,published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine,build on evidence that a"positive emotional style"can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses.Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat or runny nose?
"People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus,"explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh."And when they do get a cold,they may interpret their illness as being less severe."
Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to catching a cold,but some questions remained as to whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.
For the new study,the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits,self-perceived health and emotional"style".Those who tended to be happy,energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style,while those who were often unhappy,tense and hostile had a negative style.
The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.Over the next six days,the volunteers reported on any aches,pains,sneezing or congestion they had,while the researchers collected objective data,like daily mucus production.Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes,happy people were less likely to develop a cold.People with a sunny disposition are immune to illness.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：B解析：由文章第一段第二句的后半部分“…researchersfoundthatpeoplewithagenerallysunnydispositionwerelesslikelytofallill.”可知，性格阳光的人不太容易生病，但不是对疾病免疫。
由文章第四段，"…happierpeopleseemedlesssusceptibletocatchingacold…”可知，快乐的人更不易感冒。
由文章第六段最后一句可知，科恩和同事根据由鼻涕化验结果而得出的客观的测验数据而非主观测验发现，乐观的人患感冒的几率更小。
由文章第五段第二句可知，这些研究对象中既包括积极乐观的人，也包括悲观的人。
由文章第二段第一句可知，积极的情绪类型有助于预防感冒和其他疾病。
由文章第二段第二句可知，研究者相信快乐能够增强人的免疫系统。
文章中并未提及家庭和个人情绪类型的关系，因此本题答案为C。 -
第13题：
共用题干
Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay
Staying positive through the cold season could be your best defense.against getting ill,new study findings suggest.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus,researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition were less likely to fall ill.
The findings,published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine,build on evidence that a"positive emotional style"can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses.Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less trou- bled by a scratchy throat or runny nose.
"People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus,"explained lead study author Dr.Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh."And when they do get a cold,they may interpret their illness as being less severe."
Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to catching a cold,but some questions remained as to whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.
For the new study,the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits,self-perceived health and emotional"style".Those who tended to be happy,energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style,while those who were often unhappy,tense and hostile had a negative style.
The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.Over the next six days,the volunteers reported on any aches,pains,sneezing or congestion they had,while the researchers collected objective data,like daily mucus production.Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes,happy people were less likely to develop a cold.The researchers test their volunteers by giving everyone a medicine that help lessen the probability of catching cold.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：B解析：由文章第一段第二句的后半部分“… researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition were less likely to fall ill.”可知，性格阳光的人不太容易生病，但并不等于对疾病免疫。
由文章第四段的“…happier people seemed less susceptible to catching a cold…”可知，快乐的人更加不容易患感冒。
由文章的最后一句可知，Cohen和他的同事是依据客观数据得出的实验结论，而非主观测验。
由文章第五段第二句可知，这些研究对象中既包括积极乐观的人，也包括悲观的人。
第六段第一句中提到，研究者给这些志愿者一些含有感冒病毒或某种流感病毒的滴鼻剂，而不是预防感冒的药品，故选B。
由文章第五段第二句可知，那些快乐、有活力且随和的人被认为具有积极的情绪。故本题正确。
关于家庭和个人情绪类型的关系在文章中并未提及，因此本题答案为C。 -
第14题：
共用题干
Cloning（克隆）:Future Perlect?
1 A clone is an exact copy of a plant or animal produced from any one cell.Since Scottish
scientists reported that they had managed to clone a sheep named Dolly in 1997,research
into cloning has grown rapidly.In May 1998,scientists in Massachusetts managed to
create two identical calves（牛犊）using cloning technology. A mouse has also been
cloned successfully.But the debate over cloning humans really started when Chicago
physicist Richard Seed made a surprising announcement:"We will have managed to clone
a human being within the next two years."he told the world.
2 Seed's announcement provoked a lot of media attention,most of it negative,In Europe,
nineteen nations have already signed an agreement banning human cloning and in the
U.S. the President announced:"We will be introducing a law to ban all human cloning and
many states in the U. S. will have passed anti-cloning laws by the end of the year."
3 Many researchers are not so negative about cloning.They are worried that laws banning
human cloning will threaten important research.In March,The New England Journal of
Medicine called any plan to ban research on cloning humans seriously mistaken.Many
researchers also believe that in spite of attempts to ban it,human cloning will have become
routine by 2010 because it is impossible to stop the progress of science.
4 Is there reason to fear that cloning will lead to a nightmare world?The public has been
bombarded（轰炸）with newspaper articles, television shows and films, as well as
cartoons.Such information is often misleading,and makes people wonder what on earth
the scientists will be doing next.
5 Within the next five to ten years scientists will probably have found a way of cloning
humans.It could be that pretty soon we will be able to choose the person that we want our
child to look like,But how would it feel to be a clone among hundreds,the anti-cloners
ask. Pretty cool, answer the pro-cloners（赞成克隆的人）.Richard Seed's announcement received_______.
A:the nucleus of a cell
B:cloned human beings
C:a human being in two years
D:a law to ban human cloning
E:a report on human cloning
F:heavy media coverage答案：F解析： -
第15题：
共用题干
Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor
The leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking,said medical experts after a five-year research study.
Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer. They said patients are younger,especially women.
According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute,more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else.Following breast cancer,it has the second-highest incidence rate.
“An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer,”said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center.
He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years.Among them,1,483 were male.
Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke,according to the report.
However,more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term,close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about irritated eyes and throat.
About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women's bedrooms were adjacent to the kitchen.
However,local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer.
Some claimed they may change food preparation methods.
“Unless my family and I don't eat at home every day,I must stay in the kitchen to cook,”said Xu Li,a 45-year-old local woman. “I know the fumes are bad for the skin,but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer. I have already started frying less.”
Doctors said women's lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition,but was closely related to family cancer history,unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems.
Other experts agreed with him.
“Smoking is by far the biggest cause of lung cancer for men,”said Dr Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University's Medical College.“It's true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women.”
His research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.
The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time,6 experts said.What a new tendency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers?
A: Men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women.
B: Women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men.
C: Patients with lung cancer become older,especially males.
D: Patients with lung cancer become younger,especially females.答案：D解析：题干意为“研究者总结出的一种肺癌的新趋势是什么？”利用题干中的细节信息词/短语a new tendency, lung cancer, researchers作为定位线索，在短文第二段中找到 相关句：Doctors（与researchers呼应）announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer. They said patients are younger , especially women．第二段提到 “医生们昨天宣布这一结果，并对肺癌患病的一些新趋势做出了分析。他们认为病人越来越年轻化，尤其是女性患者”。由此可知D项“肺癌患者越来越年轻化，尤其是女性患者”。
题干意为“下面哪种疾病在上海居民中最常见？”利用题干中的细节信息词/短语local residents , Shanghai作为定位线索，同时关注题干中的修饰短语the most common 在短文中的出现情况，这样在短文第三段中找到相关句：According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute,more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else. Fol-lowing breast cancer,it has the second-highest incidence rate．定位线索词集中出现在第三段 中，该段提到“依据上海肿瘤研究所统计显示，上海死于肺癌的居民多于死于其他疾病的人。 肺癌排在乳腺癌之后，为第二高发病率的疾病”，可见乳腺癌是上海本地居民中最常见的疾病。因此答案为B项“乳腺癌”。
题干意为“大多数长期与厨房油烟接触的妇女可能会诉说什么症状？”利 用题干中的细节信息词/短语symptoms , most women , lung cancer , long term close contact作为定位线索，在第七段中找到相关句：However, more than 60 percent of women（与most women呼应）with the disease had long term close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about irritated eyes and throat．相关句意为“然而，60%以上患肺癌的女性都长期接触厨房油烟并诉说眼睛和喉咙疼痛难受”，因此答案为A项“眼睛和喉呢疼痛难受”。
题干意为“当地妇女了解到厨房油烟会导致癌症时，她们的反应是什么？”利用题干中的细节信息词/短语local women's reaction,cancer作为定位线索，在第九段中找 到相关句：However,local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer. Some claimed they may change food preparation methods．第九段提到“但是，当妇女们 知道厨房油烟可以致癌时都很惊讶，其中一些人表示要改变烹饪方法”。由此判断答案为B 项“吃惊的”。
题干意为“下面哪个选项的内容与女性肺癌的关联性很小？”利用题干中的细节信息词/短语relatively little connection,women's lung cancer作为定位线索，这样在倒数第五段中找到相关句：Doctors said women's lung cancer had few links to（与 relatively little connection呼应）personal health and physical condition, but was closely related to family cancer history,unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems．该段意为“医生们认为， 女性患肺癌和个人健康及身体状况联系极少，但是和肿瘤家族病史，不健康的饮食习惯和脆 弱的免疫系统联系紧密”。由此可知答案为D项“个人健康及身体状况”。 -
第16题：
共用题干
第二篇
CT Scans and Lung Cancer
Small or slow-growing nodules（小结节）discovered on a lung scan are unlikely to develop into tumors
over the next two years,researchers reported on Wednesday.
The findings,reported in the New England Journal of Medicine,could help doctors decide when to do
more aggressive testing for lung cancer. They could also help patients avoid unnecessarily aggressive and
potentially harmful testing when lesions（损伤）are found.
Lung cancer,the biggest cancer killer in the United States and globally,is often not diagnosed until it
has spread. It kills 159,000 people a year in the United States alone.
The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide what to do when such
growths,often discovered by accident,appear in a scan.
High-tech（高技术的）X-rays called CT scans can detect tumors一but they see all sorts of other blobs
（模糊的一团）that are not tumors , and often the only way to tell the difference is to take a biopsy（活检）,
a dangerous procedure.
At the moment,routine lung cancer screening is considered impractical because of its high cost and
because too many healthy people are called back for further testing.
Good guidelines could help make lung cancer screening practical,Dr. Rob van Kiaveren of the Erasmus
Medical Center in Rotterdam,the Netherlands,who led the new study,said in a telephone interview.
The team looked at 7,557 people at high risk for lung cancer because they were current or former
smokers. All received multidetector（多层螺旋）CT scans that measured the size of any suspicious-looking
nodules.
Volunteers who had nodules over 9.7 mm in width,or had growth of 4. 6 mm that grew fast enough to more
than double in volume every 400 days,were sent for further testing. Of the 196 people who fell into that category,
70 were found to have lung cancer;10 additional cases were found years later.
But of the 7 ,361 who tested negative during screening,only 20 lung cancer cases later developed.
In a second round of screening done one year after the first,1.8 percent were sent to the doctor because they
had a nodule that was large or fast-growing. More than half turned out to have lung cancer.
The result means that if the screening test says you don't have lung cancer,you probably don't,the re-
searchers said."The chances of finding lung cancer one or two years after a negative first-round test were
1 in 1,000 and 3 in 1,000 respectively,"they concluded.All the following statements are true EXCEPT__________.
A:a relatively small number of the volunteers had large or fast-growing nodules
B:almost all those with large or fast-growing nodules were found to have lung cancer
C:all the volunteers were at high risk for lung cancer
D:most of the volunteers tested negative during screening答案：B解析：根据第一段的叙述可知，肺部扫描发现的小的、生长缓慢的结节在接下来的两年里不 会发展成肿瘤，因此活检或进一步的检查是不必要的。
选项A、B、D在文中第三段和第八段中提到过，而选项C所讲的159 000人被确诊为肺 癌不符合第二段中提及的159 000人死于肺癌的事实。
根据文章第四段中“The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide...”可知，专家们正在发展和完善对医生的指导方针。
根据文章第十一段可知，A项正确、B项错误；由第八段中“…7 ,557 people at high risk" 可知C项正确；由第八段“The team looked at 7 , 557 people”和第十段“7 , 361 who tested nega- tive”可知D项正确。
根据最后一段，我们知道这个患病比率在专家眼里是非常小的，如果首次检查表明你 没有患肺癌，你就很可能不会得肺癌。 -
第17题：
共用题干
Promising Resnlts from Cancer Study
A new experimental vaccine（疫苗）has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer.In a small Texas-based study,a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.
Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study.Forty一three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in tho advanced stages of the disease.They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months,and were carefully monitored for three years.In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.
This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.It stimulates（刺激）the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful,and attacks and destroys them.
The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general,although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.The vaccine may be useful for treating other cancers.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：A解析：阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了七个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请选择C。
【解析】
题干意为“疫苗治愈了所有参与试验的人。”关键词是cured。依据此关键词，可在文中第一段第二句找到相关叙述：“In a small Texas-based study, a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.”（位于美国达拉斯的贝勒大学医学中心的几位科学家研制出了一种疫苗，这种疫苗在一个基于德克萨斯州的小型研究中治愈了一些肺癌患者，减缓了其他患者的病情发展过程。）由此可见，这种疫苗并没有治愈所有参与实验者，故此题说法为“错误”的。
题干意为“超过四十人参与了这次研究。”关键词是forty。依据此关键词，可在文中第二段第二句找到相关叙述：“Forty-three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.”（四十三个肺癌患者参与到这些试验中。）由此可见参与人数确实超过了四十人，故此题说法为“正确”的。
题干意为“在试验中，处于疾病早期的患者恢复得更快。”关键词是the early stages和recovered。依据此关键词，可在文中第二段最后两句找到相关叙述：“In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.”（晚期患者中有三名患者的疾病消失，其他患者的病情在5 到24个月内没有扩散。然而，处于疾病早期的患者没有出现任何不同。）可见这种疫苗对晚期患者的效果比较明显，故此题说法为“错误”的。
题干意为“所有患者都来自达拉斯。”关键词是Dallas。依据此关键词，可在文中第一段第二句找到相关叙述：“In a small Texas-based study, a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.”（位于美国达拉斯的贝勒大学医学中心的几位科学家研制出了一种疫苗，这种疫苗在一个基于德克萨斯州的小型研究中治愈了一些肺癌患者，减缓了其他患者的病情发展过程。）由此可知，研制疫苗的科学家都来自位于达拉斯的贝勒大学医学中心，而病人是不是都来自达拉斯，这一点文中并没有提到，故此说法为“未提及”的。
题干意为“每一个病人都被注射同样的疫苗。”关键词是the same vaccine。 依据此关键词，可在文中第三段第一句、第二句找到相关叙述：“This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.”（这种新型疫苗使用了人体自身的免疫系统。每个病人的疫苗都是专门制造，然后被注射到手臂或腿上。）由此可见每个患者的疫苗都是不一样的，故此题说法为“错误”的。
题干意为“这种疫苗激活了免疫系统。”关键词是activates。依据此关键词， 可在文中第三段第三句找到相关叙述：“It stimulates the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful, and attacks and destroys them.”(疫苗能刺激人体免疫系统，使免疫系统意识到癌细胞是有害的，从而攻击和破坏它们。）由此可见这种疫苗是通过激活免疫系统发挥作用的，故此题说法为“正确”的。
题干意为“这种疫苗或许可用于治疗其他癌症。”关键词是other cancers。 依据此关键词，可在文中第四段第一句找到相关叙述：“The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.”（这种疫苗或许可以有效地对抗其他癌症。）由此可知，它是可以用于治疗其他癌症的，故此题说法为“正确”的。 -
第18题：
共用题干
第二篇
CT Scans and Lung Cancer
Small or slow-growing nodules（小结节）discovered on a lung scan are unlikely to develop into tumors
over the next two years,researchers reported on Wednesday.
The findings,reported in the New England Journal of Medicine,could help doctors decide when to do
more aggressive testing for lung cancer. They could also help patients avoid unnecessarily aggressive and
potentially harmful testing when lesions（损伤）are found.
Lung cancer,the biggest cancer killer in the United States and globally,is often not diagnosed until it
has spread. It kills 159,000 people a year in the United States alone.
The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide what to do when such
growths,often discovered by accident,appear in a scan.
High-tech（高技术的）X-rays called CT scans can detect tumors一but they see all sorts of other blobs
（模糊的一团）that are not tumors , and often the only way to tell the difference is to take a biopsy（活检）,
a dangerous procedure.
At the moment,routine lung cancer screening is considered impractical because of its high cost and
because too many healthy people are called back for further testing.
Good guidelines could help make lung cancer screening practical,Dr. Rob van Kiaveren of the Erasmus
Medical Center in Rotterdam,the Netherlands,who led the new study,said in a telephone interview.
The team looked at 7,557 people at high risk for lung cancer because they were current or former
smokers. All received multidetector（多层螺旋）CT scans that measured the size of any suspicious-looking
nodules.
Volunteers who had nodules over 9.7 mm in width,or had growth of 4. 6 mm that grew fast enough to more
than double in volume every 400 days,were sent for further testing. Of the 196 people who fell into that category,
70 were found to have lung cancer;10 additional cases were found years later.
But of the 7 ,361 who tested negative during screening,only 20 lung cancer cases later developed.
In a second round of screening done one year after the first,1.8 percent were sent to the doctor because they
had a nodule that was large or fast-growing. More than half turned out to have lung cancer.
The result means that if the screening test says you don't have lung cancer,you probably don't,the re-
searchers said."The chances of finding lung cancer one or two years after a negative first-round test were
1 in 1,000 and 3 in 1,000 respectively,"they concluded.In the eyes of the researchers,the percentages given in the last paragraph__________.
A:are somewhat inaccurate
B:are pretty small
C:are rather high
D:are quite unbelievable答案：B解析：根据第一段的叙述可知，肺部扫描发现的小的、生长缓慢的结节在接下来的两年里不 会发展成肿瘤，因此活检或进一步的检查是不必要的。
选项A、B、D在文中第三段和第八段中提到过，而选项C所讲的159 000人被确诊为肺 癌不符合第二段中提及的159 000人死于肺癌的事实。
根据文章第四段中“The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide...”可知，专家们正在发展和完善对医生的指导方针。
根据文章第十一段可知，A项正确、B项错误；由第八段中“…7 ,557 people at high risk" 可知C项正确；由第八段“The team looked at 7 , 557 people”和第十段“7 , 361 who tested nega- tive”可知D项正确。
根据最后一段，我们知道这个患病比率在专家眼里是非常小的，如果首次检查表明你 没有患肺癌，你就很可能不会得肺癌。 -
第19题：
共用题干
Cloning（克隆）:Future Pertect?
1 A clone is an exact copy of a plant or animal produced from any one cell.Since Scottish
scientists reported that they had managed to clone a sheep named Dolly in 1997,research
into cloning has grown rapidly.In May 1998,scientists in Massachusetts managed to
create two identical calves（牛犊）using cloning technology. A mouse has also been
cloned successfully.But the debate over cloning humans really started when Chicago
physicist Richard Seed made a surprising announcement:"We will have managed to clonen
a human being within the next two years."he told the world.
2 Seed's announcement provoked a lot of media attention,most of it negative.In Europe,
nineteen nations have already signed an agreement banning human cloning and in the U.S.
the President announced:"We will be introducing a law to ban all human cloning and many
states in the U.S. will have passed anti-cloning laws by the end of the year."
3 Many researchers are not so negative about cloning.They are worried that laws banning
human cloning will threaten important research.In March,The New England
Joumal of
Medicine called any plan to ban research on cloning humans seriously mistaken.Many
researchers also believe that in spite of attempts to ban it,human cloning will have become
routine by 2010 because it is impossible to stop the progress of science.
4 Is there reason to fear that cloning will lead to a nightmare world?The public has been
bombarded（轰炸）with newspaper articles , television shows and films , as well as
cartoons.Such information is often misleading,and makes people wonder what on earth
the scientists will be doing next.
5 Within the next five to ten years scientists will probably have found a way of cioning
humans.It could be that pretty soon we will be able to choose the person that we want our
child to look like.But how would it feel to be a clone among hundreds,the anti-cloners
ask. Pretty cool , answer the pro-cloners（赞成克隆的人）.Within ten years scientists will probably have______.
A:the nucleus of a cell
B:cloned human beings
C:a human being in two years
D:a law to ban human cloning
E:a report on human cloning
F:heavy media coverage答案：B解析： -
第20题：
共用题干
Lung Cancer
The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years.It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts._________(46)Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air(smoke particles, smog,exhaust fumes),and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.
_________(47)Among heavy smokers—21 to 30 cigarettes per day—the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers.It is expected the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.
Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time an X-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis._________(48)Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained.Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger, at least to those over 40 years of age,that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be completely removed.
_________(49)The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked,cutting off the supply of air to that lung.The lung then collapses,and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become in-fected,with a resulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess._________(50)The only treatment that offers a possibility of cure,before secondary growths have had time to form,is to re-move the lung completely.This operation is called pneumonectomy.
Malignant tumors of the stomach,the breast,the prostate gland and other organs may spread to the lungs,causing secondary growths._________(46)
A: A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma,so-called because the malig-nancy originates in a bronchus.
B: Lung cancer,also known as carcinoma of the lung or pulmonary carcinoma,is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung.
C: Too often,however,a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an ear-ly diagnosis of lung cancer.
D: Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits.
E: Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body.
F:.There are many possible causes,but it is still controversial which are most blameworthy.答案：F解析：空格前讲的是过去25年肺癌死亡率男士增加了八倍女士翻倍的情况；空格后讲的是“频繁提到的因素是接触异质颗粒和空气中其他刺激物（烟尘、烟雾、废气），以及抽烟和吸雪茄”，也就是引起肺癌的因素。由此可知，空格处也应谈及引起肺癌的原因。选项F“有许多种诱因，但具体哪种影响最大仍有争议”符合题意，故选F。
空格后的“Among heavy smokers—2 1 to 30 cigarettes per day—the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers”讲的是每天抽二三十支香烟的烟民是不吸烟人患肺癌的几率的17倍，这是吸烟与肺癌死亡率之间的关系的例子，选项 D“一系列研究表明，肺癌的死亡率与吸烟的习惯之间存在着明显的关系”是空格后内容的主旨，是本段的主旨句，符合题意。故选D。
空格前一句提到“Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time an X-ray”, 即有时肺癌是在进行X射线检查结核病时发现的；空格后提到，如果想要治愈，尽早发现绝对重要，所以空格处也应介绍肺癌的检查。选项C“但是，当前强调接触X射线机的放射线的危险常常使得人们不敢去做常规的胸部X射线检查，从而不能及早对肺癌做出诊断”，与前后街接紧密，符合题意。故选C。
空格后提到，肿瘤会一直长到支气管堵塞，切断了空气向肺的供给，所以空格处的内容应提到肿瘤与支气管。选项A“肺癌的常见类型为支气管癌，之所以这样称呼是因为恶性肿瘤产生于支气管内”符合题意，且前后内容街接紧密，故选A。
空格后提到，可能治愈的唯一方法（The only treatment that offers a possibility of cure) 就是在继发肿瘤出现之前将肺全部切除，由此可知，空格处也应介绍继发肿瘤的情况。选项E“这种肺癌也会扩散，在胸部和颈部淋巴结、脑部以及身体的其他部位继发再生”符合题意，且与前后街接紧密。故选E。 -
第21题：
共用题干
Lung Cancer
1 The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years.It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts.There are many possible causes,but it is still controversial which are most blamewor-thy.Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air(smoke particles,smog,exhaust fumes),and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.
2 Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits.Among heavy smokers-21 to 30 cigarettes per day-the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers.It is expected that the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.
3 Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time when an X-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis.Too often,however,a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer.Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained.Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger,at least to those over 40 years of age,that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be com-pletely removed.
4 A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma,so-called because the malignancy originates in a bronchus.The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked,cutting off the supply of air to that lung.The lung then collapses,and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected,with a re-sulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess.Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body.The on-ly treatment that offers a possibility of cure,before secondary growths have time to form,is to remove the lung completely.This operation is called pneumonectomy.
5 Malignant tumors of the stomach,the breast,the prostate gland and other organs may spread to the lungs,causing secondary growths.Paragraph2______
A:Common Secondary Lung Cancers
B:The Adwintages Brought About by Routine Chest Checkup
C:Relationship Between Mortality Rate From Lung Cancer and Smoking Habits
D:Operable and Inoperable Lung Cancers
E:The Increasing Death Rate From Lung Cancer and Possible Causes
F:An Ordinary Type of Lung Cancer答案：C解析：文章第一段主要陈述了在过去的25年中男性肺癌患者的死亡率上升了8倍多，女性肺癌患者的死亡率也增加了一倍，并且城市和工业区的肺癌死亡率比农村地区的高。接着又陈述了引起此种情况的原因。故本题选E。
第二段的第一句便引出了该段的主题，即抽烟与肺癌死亡率之间有着紧密的关系。接下来举例证明该论点。故本题选C。
第三段开头指出有时肺癌是在用x射线检查结核病时被发现的，然后通过分析指出常规x射线检查利大于弊。由此可知，本题应选B项。
第四段第一句指出支气管癌是常见的一种肺癌，接着又描述了该癌症的形成过程及其在身体的其他部位引起的并发症等内容。整段都是对支气管癌这种常见肺癌的介绍。故本题选F。
由文章第三段第二、四句的内容可知，人们常因怕被辐射到而不做胸部x射线检查，但现代x射线机在合格技师的操作下所产生的危险微乎其微，并不像通常人们想象的那样，故选D。
由文章第四段第五句可知，在继发肿瘤出现之前将肺切除是治愈肺癌的唯一方法，故选A。
由文章第一段第三句的内容可知，导致肺癌的原因很多，但关于什么是最主要的原因仍存在争议，故选C。
由文章第二段第二句的内容可知，每天抽21到30支烟的重度吸烟者因患肺癌而死亡的几率是不抽烟者的17倍。故本题选E。第4音肠分：阅读理解第一篇本篇文章主要介绍了大脑在人睡眠过程中进行记忆整理的科学发现，以及两个相关实验。 -
第22题：
共用题干
Lung Cancer
1 The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years.It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts.There are many possible causes,but it is still controversial which are most blamewor-thy.Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air(smoke particles,smog,exhaust fumes),and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.
2 Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits.Among heavy smokers-21 to 30 cigarettes per day-the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers.It is expected that the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.
3 Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time when an X-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis.Too often,however,a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer.Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained.Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger,at least to those over 40 years of age,that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be com-pletely removed.
4 A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma,so-called because the malignancy originates in a bronchus.The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked,cutting off the supply of air to that lung.The lung then collapses,and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected,with a re-sulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess.Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body.The on-ly treatment that offers a possibility of cure,before secondary growths have time to form,is to remove the lung completely.This operation is called pneumonectomy.
5 Malignant tumors of the stomach,the breast,the prostate gland and other organs may spread to the lungs,causing secondary growths.Routine X-ray chest examination is not so dangerous______.
A:before the cancer cells spread elsewhere
B:the more chances of dying of X-ray radiation he will have
C:what is most responsible for lung cancer
D:as some people imagine
E:the more chances of getting lung cancer he will have
F:which form of lung cancer is a common one答案：D解析：文章第一段主要陈述了在过去的25年中男性肺癌患者的死亡率上升了8倍多，女性肺癌患者的死亡率也增加了一倍，并且城市和工业区的肺癌死亡率比农村地区的高。接着又陈述了引起此种情况的原因。故本题选E。
第二段的第一句便引出了该段的主题，即抽烟与肺癌死亡率之间有着紧密的关系。接下来举例证明该论点。故本题选C。
第三段开头指出有时肺癌是在用x射线检查结核病时被发现的，然后通过分析指出常规x射线检查利大于弊。由此可知，本题应选B项。
第四段第一句指出支气管癌是常见的一种肺癌，接着又描述了该癌症的形成过程及其在身体的其他部位引起的并发症等内容。整段都是对支气管癌这种常见肺癌的介绍。故本题选F。
由文章第三段第二、四句的内容可知，人们常因怕被辐射到而不做胸部x射线检查，但现代x射线机在合格技师的操作下所产生的危险微乎其微，并不像通常人们想象的那样，故选D。
由文章第四段第五句可知，在继发肿瘤出现之前将肺切除是治愈肺癌的唯一方法，故选A。
由文章第一段第三句的内容可知，导致肺癌的原因很多，但关于什么是最主要的原因仍存在争议，故选C。
由文章第二段第二句的内容可知，每天抽21到30支烟的重度吸烟者因患肺癌而死亡的几率是不抽烟者的17倍。故本题选E。第4音肠分：阅读理解第一篇本篇文章主要介绍了大脑在人睡眠过程中进行记忆整理的科学发现，以及两个相关实验。 -
第23题：
共用题干
Lung Cancer
1 The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years.It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts.There are many possible causes,but it is still controversial which are most blamewor-thy.Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air(smoke particles,smog,exhaust fumes),and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.
2 Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits.Among heavy smokers-21 to 30 cigarettes per day-the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers.It is expected that the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.
3 Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time when an X-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis.Too often,however,a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer.Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained.Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger,at least to those over 40 years of age,that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be com-pletely removed.
4 A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma,so-called because the malignancy originates in a bronchus.The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked,cutting off the supply of air to that lung.The lung then collapses,and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected,with a re-sulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess.Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body.The on-ly treatment that offers a possibility of cure,before secondary growths have time to form,is to remove the lung completely.This operation is called pneumonectomy.
5 Malignant tumors of the stomach,the breast,the prostate gland and other organs may spread to the lungs,causing secondary growths.A primary lung cancer patient may be cured by removing the lung completely______.
A:before the cancer cells spread elsewhere
B:the more chances of dying of X-ray radiation he will have
C:what is most responsible for lung cancer
D:as some people imagine
E:the more chances of getting lung cancer he will have
F:which form of lung cancer is a common one答案：A解析：文章第一段主要陈述了在过去的25年中男性肺癌患者的死亡率上升了8倍多，女性肺癌患者的死亡率也增加了一倍，并且城市和工业区的肺癌死亡率比农村地区的高。接着又陈述了引起此种情况的原因。故本题选E。
第二段的第一句便引出了该段的主题，即抽烟与肺癌死亡率之间有着紧密的关系。接下来举例证明该论点。故本题选C。
第三段开头指出有时肺癌是在用x射线检查结核病时被发现的，然后通过分析指出常规x射线检查利大于弊。由此可知，本题应选B项。
第四段第一句指出支气管癌是常见的一种肺癌，接着又描述了该癌症的形成过程及其在身体的其他部位引起的并发症等内容。整段都是对支气管癌这种常见肺癌的介绍。故本题选F。
由文章第三段第二、四句的内容可知，人们常因怕被辐射到而不做胸部x射线检查，但现代x射线机在合格技师的操作下所产生的危险微乎其微，并不像通常人们想象的那样，故选D。
由文章第四段第五句可知，在继发肿瘤出现之前将肺切除是治愈肺癌的唯一方法，故选A。
由文章第一段第三句的内容可知，导致肺癌的原因很多，但关于什么是最主要的原因仍存在争议，故选C。
由文章第二段第二句的内容可知，每天抽21到30支烟的重度吸烟者因患肺癌而死亡的几率是不抽烟者的17倍。故本题选E。第4音肠分：阅读理解第一篇本篇文章主要介绍了大脑在人睡眠过程中进行记忆整理的科学发现，以及两个相关实验。