共用题干 Eating Potatoes Gives Your Immune System a BoostEating potatoes is not only good for bowel health,but also for the whole immune system,especially when they come in the form of a potato salad or eaten cold.In a study on an animal model,researchers in

共用题干
Tiny Invaders
The human body is truly amazing.It allows us to sense the world around us,to do work and have fun,and to move from place to place.In fact,the human body does its work so well that most people don't think about it very much一until they get sick.
The germs（致病菌）that make people sick are everywhere.You can't see them, but they're there.They're sitting on your desk.They're hiding on your computer's keyboard.They're even in the air that you are breathing.There are two types of germs:viruses and bacteria（细菌）.Viruses are germs that can only live inside animals or plants.Viruses cause illnesses such as flu and measles（麻疹）.Bacteria are tiny creatures.Some bacteria are good.They can help your stomach break down food.Other bacteria aren't so good.They can make you sick.Bacteria can cause sore throats（喉痛）and ear infections.
How can you stop these tiny invaders from making you sick?Your skin is the first de-fense against germs.You can prevent some illnesses simply by washing,with soap and wa-ter.But germs can still enter the body through small cuts in the skin or through the mouth, eyes,and nose.
Once germs are inside your body, your immune（免疫的）system tries to protect you.It looks for and destroys germs.How does it do that?Special cells patrol your body.Some of these cells actually eat germs!Other cells make antibodies.An antibody sticks to a germ.There is a different antibody for each kind of germ.Some antibodies keep germs from making you sick.Others help your body find and kill germs.After a germ is destroyed,the antibodies stay in your body.They protect you if the same kind of germ comes back.That way you will not get the same illness twice.
You can keep your body healthy by eating a nutritious（有营养的）diet to make your immune system strong.You can also help your immune system fight germs by getting vaccinated（接种）.Vaccines are medicines.They contain germs that have been killed or weakened.
The dead germs can't make you sick.Instead,they cause your body to make antibodies.If the same germ ever shows up again,then your antibodies attack it.

Viruses can only live inside people or animals.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

共用题干
Eating Potatoes Gives Your Immune System a Boost
Eating potatoes is not only good for bowel health,but also for the whole immune system,especially when they come in the form of a potato salad or eaten cold.In a study on an animal model,researchers in Spain found that pigs fed large quantities of raw potato starch(RPS)not only had a healthier bowel,but also decreased levels of white blood cells,such as leucocytes and lymphocytes in their blood .White blood cells are produced as a result of inflammation or disease, generally when the body is challenged.
The general down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the Spanish researchers suggests an overali beneficial effect,a generally more healthy body.The reduction in leucocyte levels was about 15 percent. Lower lymphocyte levels are also indicative of reduced levels of inflammation, but the observed reduction in both lymphocyte density and lymphocyte apoptosis is surprising.
In what was the longest study of its kind,pigs were fed RPS over 14 weeks to find out the effect of starch on bowel health."The use of raw potato starch in this experiment is designed to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch,"said study leader Jose Francisco Perez at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona,Spain.
Humans do not eat raw potatoes,but they do eat a lot of foods that contain resistant starch,
such as cold boiled potatoes,legumes,grains,green bananas,pasta and cereals.About 1 0 percent of the starch eaten by human is resistant starch-starch that is not digested in the small intestine and so is shunted into the large intestine where it ferments .Starch consumption is thought to reduce the risk of large bowel cancer and may also have an effect on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
Immunology expert Lena Ohman's team previously found that the overall lymphocyte levels do not vary for IBS patients,but that lymphocytes are transferred from the peripheral blood to the gut,which support the hypothesis of IBS being at least partially an inflammatory disorder. She says the decrease in lymphocytes observed by the Spanish is therefore interesting,and a diet of resistant starch may be worth trying in lBS patients.Ohman is currently at the Department of Internal Medicine,Goteborg University,Sweden.The study is published in the journal Chemistry and Industry,the magazine of the SCI.

What a kind of starch is resistant starch after all?
A: It cannot be digested in the small intestine and ferments in the large intestine.
B: It may raise leucocyte and lymphocyte levels in the body.
C: It may bring about at least partially inflammatory disorder.
D: It may cause irritable bowel syndrome.

共用题干
Eating Potatoes Gives Your Immune System a Boost
Eating potatoes is not only good for bowel health,but also for the whole immune system,especially when they come in the form of a potato salad or eaten cold.In a study on an animal model,researchers in Spain found that pigs fed large quantities of raw potato starch(RPS)not only had a healthier bowel,but also decreased levels of white blood cells,such as leucocytes and lymphocytes in their blood .White blood cells are produced as a result of inflammation or disease, generally when the body is challenged.
The general down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the Spanish researchers suggests an overali beneficial effect,a generally more healthy body.The reduction in leucocyte levels was about 15 percent. Lower lymphocyte levels are also indicative of reduced levels of inflammation, but the observed reduction in both lymphocyte density and lymphocyte apoptosis is surprising.
In what was the longest study of its kind,pigs were fed RPS over 14 weeks to find out the effect of starch on bowel health."The use of raw potato starch in this experiment is designed to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch,"said study leader Jose Francisco Perez at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona,Spain.
Humans do not eat raw potatoes,but they do eat a lot of foods that contain resistant starch,
such as cold boiled potatoes,legumes,grains,green bananas,pasta and cereals.About 1 0 percent of the starch eaten by human is resistant starch-starch that is not digested in the small intestine and so is shunted into the large intestine where it ferments .Starch consumption is thought to reduce the risk of large bowel cancer and may also have an effect on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
Immunology expert Lena Ohman's team previously found that the overall lymphocyte levels do not vary for IBS patients,but that lymphocytes are transferred from the peripheral blood to the gut,which support the hypothesis of IBS being at least partially an inflammatory disorder. She says the decrease in lymphocytes observed by the Spanish is therefore interesting,and a diet of resistant starch may be worth trying in lBS patients.Ohman is currently at the Department of Internal Medicine,Goteborg University,Sweden.The study is published in the journal Chemistry and Industry,the magazine of the SCI.

What does the reduction in leucocyte levels in the body mean?
A: It may mean the reduced levels of inflammation.
B: It may mean somewhere in the body is inflamed.
C: It means that the body is challenged.
D: It means that the body cannot produce leucocytes any more.

共用题干
Tiny Invaders
The human body is truly amazing.It allows us to sense the world around us,to do work and have fun,and to move from place to place.In fact,the human body does its work so well that most people don't think about it very much一until they get sick.
The germs（致病菌）that make people sick are everywhere.You can't see them, but they're there.They're sitting on your desk.They're hiding on your computer's keyboard.They're even in the air that you are breathing.There are two types of germs:viruses and bacteria（细菌）.Viruses are germs that can only live inside animals or plants.Viruses cause illnesses such as flu and measles（麻疹）.Bacteria are tiny creatures.Some bacteria are good.They can help your stomach break down food.Other bacteria aren't so good.They can make you sick.Bacteria can cause sore throats（喉痛）and ear infections.
How can you stop these tiny invaders from making you sick?Your skin is the first de-fense against germs.You can prevent some illnesses simply by washing,with soap and wa-ter.But germs can still enter the body through small cuts in the skin or through the mouth, eyes,and nose.
Once germs are inside your body, your immune（免疫的）system tries to protect you.It looks for and destroys germs.How does it do that?Special cells patrol your body.Some of these cells actually eat germs!Other cells make antibodies.An antibody sticks to a germ.There is a different antibody for each kind of germ.Some antibodies keep germs from making you sick.Others help your body find and kill germs.After a germ is destroyed,the antibodies stay in your body.They protect you if the same kind of germ comes back.That way you will not get the same illness twice.
You can keep your body healthy by eating a nutritious（有营养的）diet to make your immune system strong.You can also help your immune system fight germs by getting vaccinated（接种）.Vaccines are medicines.They contain germs that have been killed or weakened.
The dead germs can't make you sick.Instead,they cause your body to make antibodies.If the same germ ever shows up again,then your antibodies attack it.

All bacteria cause illnesses.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

共用题干
第一篇

Immune Functions

The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system.
The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication net-
work consisting of millions and millions of cells.Organized into sets and subsets,these cells pass information
back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive（蜂巢）.The result is a sensitive system of checks and
balances that produces an immune response that is prompt,appropriate,effective,and self-limiting.
At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune
defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or nonself molecules,the immune troops move quickly
to eliminate the intruders（人侵者）.Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as
self. The body's immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather,immune
cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance.When a normally functioning
immune system attacks a nonself molecule,the system has the ability to"remember"the specifics of the
foreign body.Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules,the immune system reacts
accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies（抗体）passed during lactation（授乳期）, this so
called immune system memory is not inherited.Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family,your immune
system must"learn"from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonseif molecules in the sea of
microbes（微生物）in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match
up with and counteract each nonseif invader.
Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen（抗原）.Antigens are not
to be confused with illergens（过敏原）,which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune
system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy.An antigen can be a virus,a bacte-
rium,or even a portion or product of one of these organisms.Tissues or cells from another individual also act
as antigens,because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign,it rejects them.The body
will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their
primary,nonantigenic building blocks.An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and charac-
teristic shapes called epitopes（抗原表位）, which protrude（突出）from its surface. Most antigens , even the
simplest microbes,carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface;some may even carry several
hundreds.Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response.Only in abnormal
situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.

Which of the following statements is true?
A:Allergens are usually harmful substances.
B:Antigens can trigger an immune response.
C:People with antigens do not suffer from obvious responses.
D:There is no difference between an antigen and an allergen.

Text 4 Consuming high-quality plant foods such as whole grains,fruits,vegetables,nuts and legumes may substantially lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes,researchers including one of Indian-origin have claimed."This study highlights that even moderate dietary changes in the direction of a healthful plant-based diet can play a significant role in the prevention of type 2 diabetes,"said Ambika Satija from Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health in the US."These findings provide further evidence to support current dietary recommendations for chronic disease prevention,"she said.While previous studies have found links between vegetarian diets and improved health outcomes,including reduced risk of type 2 diabetes,this new study is the first to make distinctions between healthy plant-based diets and less healthy ones that include things like sweetened foods and beverages,which may be detrimental for health.The study also considered the effect of including some animal foods in the diet.Researchers followed more than 200,000 male and female health professionals in the US for more than 20 years who had regularly filled out questionnaires on their diet,lifestyle,medical history,and ncw disease diagnoses as part of three large long-term studies.They evaluated participants'diets using a plant-based diet index in which they assigned plant-derived foods higher scores and animal-derived foods lower scores.The study found that high adherence to a plant-based diet that was low in animal foods was associated with a 20 percent reduced risk of type 2 diabetes compared with low adherence to such a diet,researchers said.Eating a healthy version of a plant-based diet was linked with a 34 per cent lower diabetes risk,while a less healthy version-including foods such as refrned grains,potatoes,and sugar-sweetened beverages-was linked with a 16 per cent increased risk,they said.Even modestly lowering animal food consumption-for example,from 5-6 servings per day to about 4 servings per day-was linked with lower diabetes incidence,the study found."A shift to a dietary pattern higher in healthful plant-based foods,such as vegetables,fruits,whole grains,legumes,nuts,and seeds,and lower in animal-based foods,especially red and processed meats,can confer substantial health benefits in reducing risk of type 2 diabetes,"said Frank Hu from Harvard Chan School.Researchers suggest that healthful plant-based diets could be lowering type 2 diabetes risk because such diets are high in fiber,antioxidants,unsaturated fatty acids,and micronutrients such as magnesium,and are low in saturated fat.Healthy plant foods may also be contributing to a healthy gut microbiome,they said.
The author's attitude towards refined grains is_____.

A.supportive
B.indifferent
C.negative
D.critical

Text 4 Consuming high-quality plant foods such as whole grains,fruits,vegetables,nuts and legumes may substantially lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes,researchers including one of Indian-origin have claimed."This study highlights that even moderate dietary changes in the direction of a healthful plant-based diet can play a significant role in the prevention of type 2 diabetes,"said Ambika Satija from Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health in the US."These findings provide further evidence to support current dietary recommendations for chronic disease prevention,"she said.While previous studies have found links between vegetarian diets and improved health outcomes,including reduced risk of type 2 diabetes,this new study is the first to make distinctions between healthy plant-based diets and less healthy ones that include things like sweetened foods and beverages,which may be detrimental for health.The study also considered the effect of including some animal foods in the diet.Researchers followed more than 200,000 male and female health professionals in the US for more than 20 years who had regularly filled out questionnaires on their diet,lifestyle,medical history,and ncw disease diagnoses as part of three large long-term studies.They evaluated participants'diets using a plant-based diet index in which they assigned plant-derived foods higher scores and animal-derived foods lower scores.The study found that high adherence to a plant-based diet that was low in animal foods was associated with a 20 percent reduced risk of type 2 diabetes compared with low adherence to such a diet,researchers said.Eating a healthy version of a plant-based diet was linked with a 34 per cent lower diabetes risk,while a less healthy version-including foods such as refrned grains,potatoes,and sugar-sweetened beverages-was linked with a 16 per cent increased risk,they said.Even modestly lowering animal food consumption-for example,from 5-6 servings per day to about 4 servings per day-was linked with lower diabetes incidence,the study found."A shift to a dietary pattern higher in healthful plant-based foods,such as vegetables,fruits,whole grains,legumes,nuts,and seeds,and lower in animal-based foods,especially red and processed meats,can confer substantial health benefits in reducing risk of type 2 diabetes,"said Frank Hu from Harvard Chan School.Researchers suggest that healthful plant-based diets could be lowering type 2 diabetes risk because such diets are high in fiber,antioxidants,unsaturated fatty acids,and micronutrients such as magnesium,and are low in saturated fat.Healthy plant foods may also be contributing to a healthy gut microbiome,they said.
The best title for the text should be_____

A.Plant-Based Diet May Lower Risk ofType 2 Diabetes
B.Better Not to Eat Too Many Animal Foods
C.We Should Eat Vegetable Foods to Prevent Chronic Diseases
D.Plant-Based Diet with High Fiber and Low Fat Is Beneficial

共用题干
Eating Potatoes Gives Your Immune System a Boost
Eating potatoes is not only good for bowel health,but also for the whole immune system,espe- cially when they come in the form of a potato salad or eaten cold.In a study on an animal model, researchers in Spain found that pigs fed large_________(51)of raw potato starch(RPS)not on-ly had a healthier bowel,but also decreased levels of white blood cells,________(52)as leuco- cytes and lymphocytes in their blood.White blood cells are produced as a_________(53)of in-fEammation or disease,generally when the body is challenged.
The general down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the Spanish researchers suggests an overall beneficial effect,a generally more_________(54)body.The reduction in leucocyte levels was about 15 percent.Lower lymphocyte levels are also indicative of_________(55)levels of in-flammation,but the observed reduction in both lymphocyte density_________(56)lymphocyte apoptosis is surprising.
In_________(57)was the longest study of its kind,pigs were fed RPS over 14 weeks to _________(58)the effect of starch on bowel health.“The use of raw potato starch in this experi-ment is_________(59)to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch,”said study leader Jose Francisco Perez at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona,Spain.
Humans do not eat_________(60)potatoes,but they do eat a lot of foods that contain resist-ant starch,such as cold boiled potatoes,legumes,grains,green bananas,pasta and cereals.About 10 percent of the starch eaten by human is resistant starch—starch that is not_________(61)in the small intestine and so is shunted into the large intestine where it ferments.Starch consumption is thought to reduce the_________(62)of large bowel cancer and may also have an effect on irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).
Immunology expert Lena Ohman' s team_________(63)found that the overall lymphocyte levels do not vary for IBS patients,but that lymphocytes are transferred from the peripheral blood to the gut,which support the hypothesis of lBS being_________(64)least partially an inflammato- ry disorder. She says the decrease in lymphocytes observed by the Spanish is therefore interest-ing,and a diet of resistant starch may be worth_________(65)in lBS patients.Ohman is cur-rently at the Department of Internal Medicine,Goteborg University,Sweden.The study is pub-lished in the Journal Chemistry and Industry,the magazine of the SCI.

62._________
A:.position
B: effect
C:.risk
D:.safety

共用题干
Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay
Staying positive through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill,new study findings suggest.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus,researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition were less likely to fall ill.
The findings,published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine,build on evidence that a"positive emotional style"can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses.Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat or runny nose?
"People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus,"explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh."And when they do get a cold,they may interpret their illness as being less severe."
Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to catching a cold,but some questions remained as to whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.
For the new study,the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits,self-perceived health and emotional"style".Those who tended to be happy,energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style,while those who were often unhappy,tense and hostile had a negative style.
The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.Over the next six days,the volunteers reported on any aches,pains,sneezing or congestion they had,while the researchers collected objective data,like daily mucus production.Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes,happy people were less likely to develop a cold.

Researchers believed that people who were happy, energetic and easy一going had stronger immune function.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

共用题干
Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay
Staying positive through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill,new study findings suggest.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus,researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition were less likely to fall ill.
The findings,published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine,build on evidence that a"positive emotional style"can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses.Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat or runny nose?
"People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus,"explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh."And when they do get a cold,they may interpret their illness as being less severe."
Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to catching a cold,but some questions remained as to whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.
For the new study,the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits,self-perceived health and emotional"style".Those who tended to be happy,energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style,while those who were often unhappy,tense and hostile had a negative style.
The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.Over the next six days,the volunteers reported on any aches,pains,sneezing or congestion they had,while the researchers collected objective data,like daily mucus production.Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes,happy people were less likely to develop a cold.

People with a sunny disposition are immune to illness.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

共用题干
第一篇

Eating Potatoes Gives Your Immune System a Boost

Eating potatoes is not only good for bowel health,but also for the whole immune system,especially
when they come in the form of a potato salad or eaten cold.In a study on an animal model,researchers in
Spain found that pigs fed large quantities of raw potato starch(RPS)not only had a healthier bowel,but also
decreased levels of white blood cells, such as leucocytes and lymphocytes（淋巴细胞）in their blood. White
blood cells are produced as a result of inflammation or disease,generally when the body is challenged.
The general down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the Spanish researchers suggests an overall
beneficial effect,a generally healthier body.The reduction in leucocyte levels was about 15 percent.Lower
lymphocyte levels are also indicative of reduce levels of inflammation,but the observed reduction in both
lymphocyte density and lymphocyte apoptosis is surprising.
In what was the longest study of its kind,pigs were fed RPS over 14 weeks to find out the effect of
starch on bowel health."The use of raw potato starch in this experiment is designed to simulate the effects of
a diet high in resistant starch,"said study leader Jose Francisco Perez at the Universitat Aut6noma de
Barcelona,Spain.
Humans do not eat raw potatoes,but they do eat a lot of foods that contain resistant starch,such as cold
boiled potatoes,legumes,grains,green bananas,pasta and cereals.About 10 percent of the starch eaten by
human is resistant starch一starch that is not digested in the small intestine and so is shunted into the large
intestine where it ferments.Starch consumption is thought to reduce the risk of large bowel cancer and may
also have an effect on irritable bowel syndrome(lBS).
Immunology expert Lena Ohman's team previously found that the overall lymphocyte levels do not vary
for lBS patients,but that lymphocytes are transferred from the peripheral blood to the gut,which supports
the hypothesis of lBS being at least partially an inflammatory disorder. She says the decrease in lymphocytes
observed by the Spanish is therefore interesting,and a diet of resistant starch may be worth trying in IBS
patients.Ohman is currently at the Department of Internal Medicine,Goteborg University,Sweden.The
study is published in the journal Chemistry and Industry，the magazine of the SCI.

What does the reduction in leucocyte levels in the body mean?
A:It may mean the reduced levels of inflammation.
B:It may mean somewhere in the body is inflamed.
C:It means that the body is challenged.
D:It means that the body cannot produce leucocytes any more.

The answers to the problem，the scientists say，is to build up the immune system，which not only will give greater( )to disease but will boost cellular regeneration and improve the skin.

A.persistence
B.insistence
C.resistance
D.instance

共用题干
第一篇

Immune Functions

The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system.
The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication net-
work consisting of millions and millions of cells.Organized into sets and subsets,these cells pass information
back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive（蜂巢）.The result is a sensitive system of checks and
balances that produces an immune response that is prompt,appropriate,effective,and self-limiting.
At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune
defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or nonself molecules,the immune troops move quickly
to eliminate the intruders（人侵者）.Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as
self. The body's immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather,immune
cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance.When a normally functioning
immune system attacks a nonself molecule,the system has the ability to"remember"the specifics of the
foreign body.Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules,the immune system reacts
accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies（抗体）passed during lactation（授乳期）, this so
called immune system memory is not inherited.Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family,your immune
system must"learn"from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonseif molecules in the sea of
microbes（微生物）in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match
up with and counteract each nonseif invader.
Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen（抗原）.Antigens are not
to be confused with illergens（过敏原）,which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune
system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy.An antigen can be a virus,a bacte-
rium,or even a portion or product of one of these organisms.Tissues or cells from another individual also act
as antigens,because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign,it rejects them.The body
will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their
primary,nonantigenic building blocks.An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and charac-
teristic shapes called epitopes（抗原表位）, which protrude（突出）from its surface. Most antigens , even the
simplest microbes,carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface;some may even carry several
hundreds.Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response.Only in abnormal
situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.

What is used to describe the communication network consisting of cells in the immune system?
A:The immune system's memory.
B:Immune troops sliminating intruders.
C:Bees flying around a hive.
D:A sea of microbes.

共用题干
第一篇

Immune Functions

The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system.
The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication net-
work consisting of millions and millions of cells.Organized into sets and subsets,these cells pass information
back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive（蜂巢）.The result is a sensitive system of checks and
balances that produces an immune response that is prompt,appropriate,effective,and self-limiting.
At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune
defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or nonself molecules,the immune troops move quickly
to eliminate the intruders（人侵者）.Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as
self. The body's immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather,immune
cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance.When a normally functioning
immune system attacks a nonself molecule,the system has the ability to"remember"the specifics of the
foreign body.Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules,the immune system reacts
accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies（抗体）passed during lactation（授乳期）, this so
called immune system memory is not inherited.Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family,your immune
system must"learn"from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonseif molecules in the sea of
microbes（微生物）in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match
up with and counteract each nonseif invader.
Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen（抗原）.Antigens are not
to be confused with illergens（过敏原）,which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune
system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy.An antigen can be a virus,a bacte-
rium,or even a portion or product of one of these organisms.Tissues or cells from another individual also act
as antigens,because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign,it rejects them.The body
will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their
primary,nonantigenic building blocks.An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and charac-
teristic shapes called epitopes（抗原表位）, which protrude（突出）from its surface. Most antigens , even the
simplest microbes,carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface;some may even carry several
hundreds.Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response.Only in abnormal
situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.

The immune cells and other cells in the body coexist peaceably in a state known as________.
A:self-tolerance
B:balance
C:harmony
D:tolerance

共用题干
Promising Resnlts from Cancer Study
A new experimental vaccine（疫苗）has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer.In a small Texas-based study,a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.
Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study.Forty一three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in tho advanced stages of the disease.They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months,and were carefully monitored for three years.In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.
This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.It stimulates（刺激）the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful,and attacks and destroys them.
The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general,although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.

The vaccine activates the immune system.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

共用题干
Eating Potatoes Gives Your Immune System a Boost
Eating potatoes is not only good for bowel health,but also for the whole immune system,especially when they come in the form of a potato salad or eaten cold.In a study on an animal model,researchers in Spain found that pigs fed large quantities of raw potato starch(RPS)not only had a healthier bowel,but also decreased levels of white blood cells,such as leucocytes and lymphocytes in their blood .White blood cells are produced as a result of inflammation or disease, generally when the body is challenged.
The general down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the Spanish researchers suggests an overali beneficial effect,a generally more healthy body.The reduction in leucocyte levels was about 15 percent. Lower lymphocyte levels are also indicative of reduced levels of inflammation, but the observed reduction in both lymphocyte density and lymphocyte apoptosis is surprising.
In what was the longest study of its kind,pigs were fed RPS over 14 weeks to find out the effect of starch on bowel health."The use of raw potato starch in this experiment is designed to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch,"said study leader Jose Francisco Perez at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona,Spain.
Humans do not eat raw potatoes,but they do eat a lot of foods that contain resistant starch,
such as cold boiled potatoes,legumes,grains,green bananas,pasta and cereals.About 1 0 percent of the starch eaten by human is resistant starch-starch that is not digested in the small intestine and so is shunted into the large intestine where it ferments .Starch consumption is thought to reduce the risk of large bowel cancer and may also have an effect on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
Immunology expert Lena Ohman's team previously found that the overall lymphocyte levels do not vary for IBS patients,but that lymphocytes are transferred from the peripheral blood to the gut,which support the hypothesis of IBS being at least partially an inflammatory disorder. She says the decrease in lymphocytes observed by the Spanish is therefore interesting,and a diet of resistant starch may be worth trying in lBS patients.Ohman is currently at the Department of Internal Medicine,Goteborg University,Sweden.The study is published in the journal Chemistry and Industry,the magazine of the SCI.

What form of potato is the most nutrient to the human body?
A: Potato soup.
B: Potato cake.
C: Potato salad.
D: Hot boiled potato.

Text 4 Consuming high-quality plant foods such as whole grains,fruits,vegetables,nuts and legumes may substantially lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes,researchers including one of Indian-origin have claimed."This study highlights that even moderate dietary changes in the direction of a healthful plant-based diet can play a significant role in the prevention of type 2 diabetes,"said Ambika Satija from Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health in the US."These findings provide further evidence to support current dietary recommendations for chronic disease prevention,"she said.While previous studies have found links between vegetarian diets and improved health outcomes,including reduced risk of type 2 diabetes,this new study is the first to make distinctions between healthy plant-based diets and less healthy ones that include things like sweetened foods and beverages,which may be detrimental for health.The study also considered the effect of including some animal foods in the diet.Researchers followed more than 200,000 male and female health professionals in the US for more than 20 years who had regularly filled out questionnaires on their diet,lifestyle,medical history,and ncw disease diagnoses as part of three large long-term studies.They evaluated participants'diets using a plant-based diet index in which they assigned plant-derived foods higher scores and animal-derived foods lower scores.The study found that high adherence to a plant-based diet that was low in animal foods was associated with a 20 percent reduced risk of type 2 diabetes compared with low adherence to such a diet,researchers said.Eating a healthy version of a plant-based diet was linked with a 34 per cent lower diabetes risk,while a less healthy version-including foods such as refrned grains,potatoes,and sugar-sweetened beverages-was linked with a 16 per cent increased risk,they said.Even modestly lowering animal food consumption-for example,from 5-6 servings per day to about 4 servings per day-was linked with lower diabetes incidence,the study found."A shift to a dietary pattern higher in healthful plant-based foods,such as vegetables,fruits,whole grains,legumes,nuts,and seeds,and lower in animal-based foods,especially red and processed meats,can confer substantial health benefits in reducing risk of type 2 diabetes,"said Frank Hu from Harvard Chan School.Researchers suggest that healthful plant-based diets could be lowering type 2 diabetes risk because such diets are high in fiber,antioxidants,unsaturated fatty acids,and micronutrients such as magnesium,and are low in saturated fat.Healthy plant foods may also be contributing to a healthy gut microbiome,they said.
From the new study,we can infer that_____

A.sweet fruit juice and beverages are beneficial to our health
B.animal foods should not be included in our diet for the sake of health
C.fried potatoes are healthy food comparing with animal foods
D.eating less meat is helpful to reduce the diabetes incidence

Text 4 Consuming high-quality plant foods such as whole grains,fruits,vegetables,nuts and legumes may substantially lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes,researchers including one of Indian-origin have claimed."This study highlights that even moderate dietary changes in the direction of a healthful plant-based diet can play a significant role in the prevention of type 2 diabetes,"said Ambika Satija from Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health in the US."These findings provide further evidence to support current dietary recommendations for chronic disease prevention,"she said.While previous studies have found links between vegetarian diets and improved health outcomes,including reduced risk of type 2 diabetes,this new study is the first to make distinctions between healthy plant-based diets and less healthy ones that include things like sweetened foods and beverages,which may be detrimental for health.The study also considered the effect of including some animal foods in the diet.Researchers followed more than 200,000 male and female health professionals in the US for more than 20 years who had regularly filled out questionnaires on their diet,lifestyle,medical history,and ncw disease diagnoses as part of three large long-term studies.They evaluated participants'diets using a plant-based diet index in which they assigned plant-derived foods higher scores and animal-derived foods lower scores.The study found that high adherence to a plant-based diet that was low in animal foods was associated with a 20 percent reduced risk of type 2 diabetes compared with low adherence to such a diet,researchers said.Eating a healthy version of a plant-based diet was linked with a 34 per cent lower diabetes risk,while a less healthy version-including foods such as refrned grains,potatoes,and sugar-sweetened beverages-was linked with a 16 per cent increased risk,they said.Even modestly lowering animal food consumption-for example,from 5-6 servings per day to about 4 servings per day-was linked with lower diabetes incidence,the study found."A shift to a dietary pattern higher in healthful plant-based foods,such as vegetables,fruits,whole grains,legumes,nuts,and seeds,and lower in animal-based foods,especially red and processed meats,can confer substantial health benefits in reducing risk of type 2 diabetes,"said Frank Hu from Harvard Chan School.Researchers suggest that healthful plant-based diets could be lowering type 2 diabetes risk because such diets are high in fiber,antioxidants,unsaturated fatty acids,and micronutrients such as magnesium,and are low in saturated fat.Healthy plant foods may also be contributing to a healthy gut microbiome,they said.
About type 2 diabetes,which of the following statement is true?

A.Eating vegetables,fruits and refined grains could decrease its risk.
B.The dietary pattern including vegetables,legumes etc.is beneficiaL
C.Diets having less animal foods could decrease its risks t0 30 percent
D.Plant-based diet could make its risk decrease t0 34 percent.

Feed the World with Potatoes
　　1. As food prices continue to rise rapidly,there is growing concern about the effect it will have among the world’s poor.
　　2. Increasingly, experts are looking to thepotato as a possible low-cost solution to feeding the hungry. To emphasize the issue, the United Nations has called the potato “a hidden treasure” and named 2008 the International Year of the Potato. Here’s how potatoes could end the food crisis.
　　3. The potato matures more quickly, on less land and in harsher climate than most other major crops. Up to 85 percent of the plant is eatable, compared with around 50 percent of cereals. Its broad adaptability to a wide variety of farming systems is also note worthy.
　　4. Potatoes are an excellent source of complex carbohydrates, which is release their energy slowly, and have only 5 percent of wheat’ s fat content. They contain only a quarter of the calories of bread and,according to the Potato Center, when boiled, potatoes have more protein and nearly twice the calcium as corn. Additionally, they are good source of vitamin C, iron, potassium(钾)and zinc(锌).
　　5. The food and Agriculture Organization recently surveyed food price inflation in over 70 of the poor countries. Cereal price inflation was much higher and far more widespread than for potatoes. A significant factor behind the potato’ s affordability is the fact that unlike other agriculture products, the potato is not yet a global commodity, and has therefore not attracted speculative investors. Raw potatoes are heavy and carrot during transmit, so global trade has been show to take off. Also, potatoes are susceptible(易受影响的) to infection with disease, hindering(阻碍) export. According to analysts’ estimates, less than 5 percent of potatoes are traded internationally, with prices driven primarily by local tastes instead of international demand.
文章(8~15)

Paragraph 2_____

A. Potatoes’ Lower Inflation
B. Major Food Crops
C. Healthy Food
D. Higher Output
E. Growing Importance of Potatoes
F. High Price

共用题干
Eating Potatoes Gives Your Immune System a Boost
Eating potatoes is not only good for bowel health,but also for the whole immune system,espe- cially when they come in the form of a potato salad or eaten cold.In a study on an animal model, researchers in Spain found that pigs fed large_________(51)of raw potato starch(RPS)not on-ly had a healthier bowel,but also decreased levels of white blood cells,________(52)as leuco- cytes and lymphocytes in their blood.White blood cells are produced as a_________(53)of in-fEammation or disease,generally when the body is challenged.
The general down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the Spanish researchers suggests an overall beneficial effect,a generally more_________(54)body.The reduction in leucocyte levels was about 15 percent.Lower lymphocyte levels are also indicative of_________(55)levels of in-flammation,but the observed reduction in both lymphocyte density_________(56)lymphocyte apoptosis is surprising.
In_________(57)was the longest study of its kind,pigs were fed RPS over 14 weeks to _________(58)the effect of starch on bowel health.“The use of raw potato starch in this experi-ment is_________(59)to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch,”said study leader Jose Francisco Perez at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona,Spain.
Humans do not eat_________(60)potatoes,but they do eat a lot of foods that contain resist-ant starch,such as cold boiled potatoes,legumes,grains,green bananas,pasta and cereals.About 10 percent of the starch eaten by human is resistant starch—starch that is not_________(61)in the small intestine and so is shunted into the large intestine where it ferments.Starch consumption is thought to reduce the_________(62)of large bowel cancer and may also have an effect on irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).
Immunology expert Lena Ohman' s team_________(63)found that the overall lymphocyte levels do not vary for IBS patients,but that lymphocytes are transferred from the peripheral blood to the gut,which support the hypothesis of lBS being_________(64)least partially an inflammato- ry disorder. She says the decrease in lymphocytes observed by the Spanish is therefore interest-ing,and a diet of resistant starch may be worth_________(65)in lBS patients.Ohman is cur-rently at the Department of Internal Medicine,Goteborg University,Sweden.The study is pub-lished in the Journal Chemistry and Industry,the magazine of the SCI.

64._________
A: on
B: at
C:in
D: of

共用题干
Tiny Invaders

The human body is truly amazing. It allows us to sense the world around us,to do work and have fun,
and to move from place to place.In fact,the human body does its work so well that most people don't think
about it very much一until they get sick.
The germs（致病菌）that make people sick are everywhere. You can ' t see them , but they ' re there.
They're sitting on your desk.They're hiding on your computer's keyboard.They're even in the air that you
are breathing. There are two types of germs : viruses and bacteria（细菌）.Viruses are germs that can only
live inside animals or plants. Viruses cause illnesses such as flu and measles（麻疹）.Bacteria are tiny
creatures.Some bacteria are good.They can help your stomach break down food.Other bacteria aren't so
good. They can make you sick. Bacteria can cause sore throats（喉痛）and ear infections.
How can you stop these tiny invaders from making you sick?Your skin is the first defense against
germs.You can prevent some illnesses simply by washing,with soap and water. But germs can still enter the
body through small cuts in the skin or through the mouth,eyes,and nose.
Once germs are inside your body, your immune（免疫的）system tries to protect you. It looks for and
destroys germs.How does it do that?Special cells patrol your body.Some of these cells actually eat germs!
Other cells make antibodies.An antibody sticks to a germ.There is a different antibody for each kind of
germ. Some antibodies keep germs from making you sick.Others help your body find and kill germs.After a
germ is destroyed,the antibodies stay in your body.They protect you if the same kind of germ comes back.
That way you will not get the same illness twice.
You can keep your body healthy by eating a nutritious（有营养的）diet to make your immune system
strong. You can also help your immune system fight germs by getting vaccinated（接种）.Vaccines are
medicines.They contain germs that have been killed or weakened.The dead germs can't make you sick.
Instead,they cause your body to make antibodies.If the same germ ever shows up again,then your
antibodies attack it.

Viruses can only live inside people or animals.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

共用题干
Tiny Invaders

The human body is truly amazing. It allows us to sense the world around us,to do work and have fun,
and to move from place to place.In fact,the human body does its work so well that most people don't think
about it very much一until they get sick.
The germs（致病菌）that make people sick are everywhere. You can ' t see them , but they ' re there.
They're sitting on your desk.They're hiding on your computer's keyboard.They're even in the air that you
are breathing. There are two types of germs : viruses and bacteria（细菌）.Viruses are germs that can only
live inside animals or plants. Viruses cause illnesses such as flu and measles（麻疹）.Bacteria are tiny
creatures.Some bacteria are good.They can help your stomach break down food.Other bacteria aren't so
good. They can make you sick. Bacteria can cause sore throats（喉痛）and ear infections.
How can you stop these tiny invaders from making you sick?Your skin is the first defense against
germs.You can prevent some illnesses simply by washing,with soap and water. But germs can still enter the
body through small cuts in the skin or through the mouth,eyes,and nose.
Once germs are inside your body, your immune（免疫的）system tries to protect you. It looks for and
destroys germs.How does it do that?Special cells patrol your body.Some of these cells actually eat germs!
Other cells make antibodies.An antibody sticks to a germ.There is a different antibody for each kind of
germ. Some antibodies keep germs from making you sick.Others help your body find and kill germs.After a
germ is destroyed,the antibodies stay in your body.They protect you if the same kind of germ comes back.
That way you will not get the same illness twice.
You can keep your body healthy by eating a nutritious（有营养的）diet to make your immune system
strong. You can also help your immune system fight germs by getting vaccinated（接种）.Vaccines are
medicines.They contain germs that have been killed or weakened.The dead germs can't make you sick.
Instead,they cause your body to make antibodies.If the same germ ever shows up again,then your
antibodies attack it.

Washing your skin can prevent some illnesses.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

A similar wrong idea is that fish andice cream when ______ at the same time form a poisonous combination.

A.eating
B.being eaten
C.eaten
D.to be eaten