共用题干 第一篇Why Don ' t Babies Talk Like Adults?Over the past half-century,scientists have settled on two reasonable theories related to babytalk.One states that a young child's brain needs time to master language,in the same way that it does to master other
题目
共用题干
第一篇
Why Don ' t Babies Talk Like Adults?
Over the past half-century,scientists have settled on two reasonable theories related to babytalk.One
states that a young child's brain needs time to master language,in the same way that it does to master other
abilities such as physical movement. The second theory states that a child's vocabulary level is the key fac-
tor. According to this theory,some key steps have to occur in a logical sequence before sentence formation
occurs.Children's mathematical knowledge develops in the same way.
In 2007,researchers at Harvard University,who were studying the two theories,found a clever way to
test them.More than 20,000 internationally adopted children enter the U.S.each year. Many of them no lon-
ger hear their birth language after they arrive,and they must learn English more or less the same way infants
do一that is,by listening and by trial and error. International adoptees don't take classes or use a dictionary
when they are learning their new tongue and most of them don't have a well-developed first language.All of
these factors make them an ideal population in which to test these competing hypotheses about how language
is learned.
Neuroscientists Jesse Snedeker,Joy Geren and Carissa Shafto studied the language development of 27
children adopted from China between the ages of two and five years.These children began learning English
at an older age than US natives and had more mature brains with which to tackle the task.Even so,just as
with American-born infants,their first English sentences consisted of single words and were largely bereft（缺
乏的）of function words , word endings and verbs. The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical
American-born children,though at a faster clip.The adoptees and native children started combining words in
sentences when their vocabulary reached the same sizes,further suggesting that what matters is not how old
you are or how mature your brain is,but the number of words you know.
This finding一that having more mature brains did not help the adoptees avoid the toddler-talk stage一
suggests that babies speak in babytalk not because they have baby brains,but because they have only just
started learning and need time to gain enough vocabulary to be able to expand their conversations.Before
long,the one-word stage will give way to the two-word stage and so on. Learning how to chat like an adult is
a gradual process.
But this potential answer also raises an even older and more difficult question.Adult immigrants who
learn a second language rarely achieve the same proficiency in a foreign language as the average child raised
as a native speaker. Researchers have long suspected there is a"critical period"for language development,
after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency.Yet we still do not understand this critical period or
know why it ends.
第一篇
Why Don ' t Babies Talk Like Adults?
Over the past half-century,scientists have settled on two reasonable theories related to babytalk.One
states that a young child's brain needs time to master language,in the same way that it does to master other
abilities such as physical movement. The second theory states that a child's vocabulary level is the key fac-
tor. According to this theory,some key steps have to occur in a logical sequence before sentence formation
occurs.Children's mathematical knowledge develops in the same way.
In 2007,researchers at Harvard University,who were studying the two theories,found a clever way to
test them.More than 20,000 internationally adopted children enter the U.S.each year. Many of them no lon-
ger hear their birth language after they arrive,and they must learn English more or less the same way infants
do一that is,by listening and by trial and error. International adoptees don't take classes or use a dictionary
when they are learning their new tongue and most of them don't have a well-developed first language.All of
these factors make them an ideal population in which to test these competing hypotheses about how language
is learned.
Neuroscientists Jesse Snedeker,Joy Geren and Carissa Shafto studied the language development of 27
children adopted from China between the ages of two and five years.These children began learning English
at an older age than US natives and had more mature brains with which to tackle the task.Even so,just as
with American-born infants,their first English sentences consisted of single words and were largely bereft（缺
乏的）of function words , word endings and verbs. The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical
American-born children,though at a faster clip.The adoptees and native children started combining words in
sentences when their vocabulary reached the same sizes,further suggesting that what matters is not how old
you are or how mature your brain is,but the number of words you know.
This finding一that having more mature brains did not help the adoptees avoid the toddler-talk stage一
suggests that babies speak in babytalk not because they have baby brains,but because they have only just
started learning and need time to gain enough vocabulary to be able to expand their conversations.Before
long,the one-word stage will give way to the two-word stage and so on. Learning how to chat like an adult is
a gradual process.
But this potential answer also raises an even older and more difficult question.Adult immigrants who
learn a second language rarely achieve the same proficiency in a foreign language as the average child raised
as a native speaker. Researchers have long suspected there is a"critical period"for language development,
after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency.Yet we still do not understand this critical period or
know why it ends.
What does the Harvard finding show?
A:Not all toddlers use babytalk.
B:Some children need more conversation than others.
C:Language learning takes place in ordered steps.
D:Not all brains work in the same way.
A:Not all toddlers use babytalk.
B:Some children need more conversation than others.
C:Language learning takes place in ordered steps.
D:Not all brains work in the same way.
相似考题
参考答案和解析
答案：C
解析：
本题是推理判断题。第二段意思是：通过把被收养的国际儿童作为实验对象，采取不 同的培训方法来解释儿童语言习得的特殊途径。故选D。
由文章第三段第二句话可知这些儿童开始学习英语时要比美国本土学说话的孩子年龄大。
由文章第三段后半部分可知，与美国本土唯呀学语的儿童相比，被收养的中国儿童的 语言发展在其最初开口所说的单词，学习语言的方法和开始造句的阶段都相同。由该段倒数 第二句话“The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical American-born children, though at a faster clip.”该句中at a faster clip意思是“以更快的速度”。由此可知他们学习语言 的速度比本土的孩子快。故选A。
文章第四段讲述了哈佛大学研究人员的实验结果表明儿童说话时只能使用儿童话语 是因为他们需要时间来获得更多的词汇从而扩展对话形式。而从儿童话语过渡到成人话语形 式是一个渐进的过程。从最后两句话“Before long , the one-word stage will give way to the two-word stage and so on.Learning how to chat like an adult is a gradual process.”可以看出选C。
由文章最后一段倒数第二句话“Researchers have long suspected there is a ' critical period ' for language development , after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency.”可知 研究者猜想在人的语言发展过程中有一“关键期”，过了这一“关键期”，人的语言发展就不可 能达到流利的程度。故选C。
由文章第三段第二句话可知这些儿童开始学习英语时要比美国本土学说话的孩子年龄大。
由文章第三段后半部分可知，与美国本土唯呀学语的儿童相比，被收养的中国儿童的 语言发展在其最初开口所说的单词，学习语言的方法和开始造句的阶段都相同。由该段倒数 第二句话“The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical American-born children, though at a faster clip.”该句中at a faster clip意思是“以更快的速度”。由此可知他们学习语言 的速度比本土的孩子快。故选A。
文章第四段讲述了哈佛大学研究人员的实验结果表明儿童说话时只能使用儿童话语 是因为他们需要时间来获得更多的词汇从而扩展对话形式。而从儿童话语过渡到成人话语形 式是一个渐进的过程。从最后两句话“Before long , the one-word stage will give way to the two-word stage and so on.Learning how to chat like an adult is a gradual process.”可以看出选C。
由文章最后一段倒数第二句话“Researchers have long suspected there is a ' critical period ' for language development , after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency.”可知 研究者猜想在人的语言发展过程中有一“关键期”，过了这一“关键期”，人的语言发展就不可 能达到流利的程度。故选C。
更多“共用题干 第一篇Why Don ' t Babies Talk Like Adults?Over the past half-century,scientists have settled on two reasonable theories related to babytalk.One states that a young child's brain needs time to master language,in the same way that it does to master other ”相关问题
-
第1题：
共用题干
The Bilingual Brain
When Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea as a teenager,he had a hard time learning English.Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language.As a graduate student, Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch, a neuroscientist in New York Their work led to an important discovery.They found evidence that children and adults don't use the same parts ofthe brain when they learn a second language.
The researchers used an instrument called an MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people.One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children.The other consisted of people who,like Kim,learned their second language later in lite.Peoplefrom both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner ,This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of thebrain were getting more blood and were more active.They asked people from both groups to think about whatthey had done the day before ,first in one language and then the other.They couldn't speak out loudbecause any movement would disrupt（干扰）the scanning.
Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain-Broca' s area, which isbelieved to control speech production,and Wernicke's area,which is thought to process meaning.Kim andHirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernicke's area no matter what language theywere speaking.But their use of Broca's area was different.
People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca's area for both tneir first and second languages.People who learned a second language later in life used a different part of Broca's area for their second language.How does Hirsch explain this difference?Hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children,their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area.Once that programming is complete,the processing of a new language must be taken over by adifferent part of the brain.
A second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do asadults.Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch,sound and sight.And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.How did Kim and Hirsch study the brains of two groups of bilingual people?
A:They interviewed them in English and Korean.
B:They asked them to speak the same language.
C:They used an MRI scanner to observe their brains.
D:They asked them to talk about what they had done the day before.答案：C解析：由文章第一段最后一句可知，他们发现证据表明儿童和成人在学习第二语言时使用的是大脑的不同区域，故选B。
由文章第二段第一句可知，研究人员使用一种名为MRI扫描仪的设备来研究这两组学习双语人群的大脑活动，故选C。
由文章第三段第一句可知，这两个中枢的作用分别是控制语言产出和处理语言意义，这属于中枢的功能，故选B。
由文章第四段第一句可知，从儿童时期就开始学习第二语言的人在学习第二语言时所使用的大脑布洛卡区域和学母语时相同，故选A。
文章最后一段主要讲的是儿童和成年人学习语言的方式和手段不同，尤其提到了母亲在教授儿童语言时的独特方式：触觉、视觉和听觉等多种手段并用。这与以后学校的语言学习手段有着很大不同。我们可以推断出母亲很擅长教授孩子语言，尤其从“Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch,sound and sight.”这句话更可以看出。选项D是根据我们学习语言的经验得出的推断，但文中并没有这层隐含之意。 -
第2题：
共用题干
How We Form First Impression
We all have first impression of someone we just met.______(46)Why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits? The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world.Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits,even very minor difference in how a person's eyes,ears,nose,or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different.In fact,your brain continuously processes incoming sensory information-the sights and sounds of your world.These incoming"signals"are compared against a host of"memories"stored in the brain areas called the cortex（大脑皮层）system to determine what these new signals "mean".
If you see someone you know and like at school,your brain says"familiar and safe".______(47) Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other"known"memories.The height,weight, dress,ethnicity,gestures,and tone of voice are all matched up.The more unfamiliar the characteristics,the more your brain may say,"This is new.I don't like this person."______(48)Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes,ethnicity,gestures-like your other friends;so your brain says:"I like this person."______(49)
When we stereotype people:we use a less mature form of thinking(not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child)that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others.Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history,interest, values,strengths,and true character-we categorize them as jocks,geeks,or freaks.
______(50)If we spend time with a person,hear about his or her life,hopes,dreams,and become aware of the person's character,we use a different,more mature style of thinking-and the most complex areas of our cortex,which allow us to be humane.______(48)
A:However,if we resist initial stereotypical impressions,we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like.
B:But why?
C:But these preliminary"impressions"can be dead wrong.
D:If you see someone new,it says,"new-potentially threatening".
E:The way we stereotype people is a less mature form of thinking,which is similar to the immature form of a very young child.
F:Or else,"I'm intrigued."答案：F解析：空格后的问句是对空格前一句的提问，选项中只有B项与前后语境联系最为紧密。
空格前一句的大意是：如果你在学校看到你认识且喜欢的人，你的大脑会作出“熟悉且安全”的判断；空格后一句的大意是：紧接着你的大脑会开始将这个陌生人的特征与“已知”的记忆进行比较。由此可知，空格处讲的应该是你见到陌生人时的印象，所以选择D项。
空格前一句话的大意是：你对这些特征越不熟悉，大脑就越会告诫你：“这是个陌生人，我不喜欢”；空格后一句话讲的也是你见到陌生人的一种反应。由此可见空格处也是见到陌生人的一种反应，F项符合题意。
结合语境可知，第三段讲的主要是见到陌生人的第一印象，最后一句应是总括句，第四段又讲到第一印象的弊端，所以可以推测出空格处应得出结论，即第一印象或许会完全错误，所以选择C项。
根据最后一段第二句可知，如果我们摒弃第一印象，跟陌生人多多相处的话，会更加了解这个人，也会让我们变得更人性。由此可知，空格处应该与此相照应，说明抵制第一印象的好处，所以选择A项。 -
第3题：
共用题干
第一篇
Why Don ' t Babies Talk Like Adults?
Over the past half-century,scientists have settled on two reasonable theories related to babytalk.One
states that a young child's brain needs time to master language,in the same way that it does to master other
abilities such as physical movement. The second theory states that a child's vocabulary level is the key fac-
tor. According to this theory,some key steps have to occur in a logical sequence before sentence formation
occurs.Children's mathematical knowledge develops in the same way.
In 2007,researchers at Harvard University,who were studying the two theories,found a clever way to
test them.More than 20,000 internationally adopted children enter the U.S.each year. Many of them no lon-
ger hear their birth language after they arrive,and they must learn English more or less the same way infants
do一that is,by listening and by trial and error. International adoptees don't take classes or use a dictionary
when they are learning their new tongue and most of them don't have a well-developed first language.All of
these factors make them an ideal population in which to test these competing hypotheses about how language
is learned.
Neuroscientists Jesse Snedeker,Joy Geren and Carissa Shafto studied the language development of 27
children adopted from China between the ages of two and five years.These children began learning English
at an older age than US natives and had more mature brains with which to tackle the task.Even so,just as
with American-born infants,their first English sentences consisted of single words and were largely bereft（缺
乏的）of function words , word endings and verbs. The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical
American-born children,though at a faster clip.The adoptees and native children started combining words in
sentences when their vocabulary reached the same sizes,further suggesting that what matters is not how old
you are or how mature your brain is,but the number of words you know.
This finding一that having more mature brains did not help the adoptees avoid the toddler-talk stage一
suggests that babies speak in babytalk not because they have baby brains,but because they have only just
started learning and need time to gain enough vocabulary to be able to expand their conversations.Before
long,the one-word stage will give way to the two-word stage and so on. Learning how to chat like an adult is
a gradual process.
But this potential answer also raises an even older and more difficult question.Adult immigrants who
learn a second language rarely achieve the same proficiency in a foreign language as the average child raised
as a native speaker. Researchers have long suspected there is a"critical period"for language development,
after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency.Yet we still do not understand this critical period or
know why it ends.When the writer says"critical period",he means a period when________.
A:studies produce useful results
B:adults need to be taught like children
C:language learning takes place effectively
D:immigrants want to learn another language答案：C解析：本题是推理判断题。第二段意思是：通过把被收养的国际儿童作为实验对象，采取不 同的培训方法来解释儿童语言习得的特殊途径。故选D。
由文章第三段第二句话可知这些儿童开始学习英语时要比美国本土学说话的孩子年龄大。
由文章第三段后半部分可知，与美国本土唯呀学语的儿童相比，被收养的中国儿童的 语言发展在其最初开口所说的单词，学习语言的方法和开始造句的阶段都相同。由该段倒数 第二句话“The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical American-born children, though at a faster clip.”该句中at a faster clip意思是“以更快的速度”。由此可知他们学习语言 的速度比本土的孩子快。故选A。
文章第四段讲述了哈佛大学研究人员的实验结果表明儿童说话时只能使用儿童话语 是因为他们需要时间来获得更多的词汇从而扩展对话形式。而从儿童话语过渡到成人话语形 式是一个渐进的过程。从最后两句话“Before long , the one-word stage will give way to the two-word stage and so on.Learning how to chat like an adult is a gradual process.”可以看出选C。
由文章最后一段倒数第二句话“Researchers have long suspected there is a ' critical period ' for language development , after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency.”可知 研究者猜想在人的语言发展过程中有一“关键期”，过了这一“关键期”，人的语言发展就不可 能达到流利的程度。故选C。 -
第4题：
共用题干
第一篇
Why Don ' t Babies Talk Like Adults?
Over the past half-century,scientists have settled on two reasonable theories related to babytalk.One
states that a young child's brain needs time to master language,in the same way that it does to master other
abilities such as physical movement. The second theory states that a child's vocabulary level is the key fac-
tor. According to this theory,some key steps have to occur in a logical sequence before sentence formation
occurs.Children's mathematical knowledge develops in the same way.
In 2007,researchers at Harvard University,who were studying the two theories,found a clever way to
test them.More than 20,000 internationally adopted children enter the U.S.each year. Many of them no lon-
ger hear their birth language after they arrive,and they must learn English more or less the same way infants
do一that is,by listening and by trial and error. International adoptees don't take classes or use a dictionary
when they are learning their new tongue and most of them don't have a well-developed first language.All of
these factors make them an ideal population in which to test these competing hypotheses about how language
is learned.
Neuroscientists Jesse Snedeker,Joy Geren and Carissa Shafto studied the language development of 27
children adopted from China between the ages of two and five years.These children began learning English
at an older age than US natives and had more mature brains with which to tackle the task.Even so,just as
with American-born infants,their first English sentences consisted of single words and were largely bereft（缺
乏的）of function words , word endings and verbs. The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical
American-born children,though at a faster clip.The adoptees and native children started combining words in
sentences when their vocabulary reached the same sizes,further suggesting that what matters is not how old
you are or how mature your brain is,but the number of words you know.
This finding一that having more mature brains did not help the adoptees avoid the toddler-talk stage一
suggests that babies speak in babytalk not because they have baby brains,but because they have only just
started learning and need time to gain enough vocabulary to be able to expand their conversations.Before
long,the one-word stage will give way to the two-word stage and so on. Learning how to chat like an adult is
a gradual process.
But this potential answer also raises an even older and more difficult question.Adult immigrants who
learn a second language rarely achieve the same proficiency in a foreign language as the average child raised
as a native speaker. Researchers have long suspected there is a"critical period"for language development,
after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency.Yet we still do not understand this critical period or
know why it ends.What aspect of the adopted children's language development differed from that of US-born children?
A:The rate at which they acquired language.
B:Their first words.
C:The way they learnt English.
D:The point at which they started producing sentences.答案：A解析：本题是推理判断题。第二段意思是：通过把被收养的国际儿童作为实验对象，采取不 同的培训方法来解释儿童语言习得的特殊途径。故选D。
由文章第三段第二句话可知这些儿童开始学习英语时要比美国本土学说话的孩子年龄大。
由文章第三段后半部分可知，与美国本土唯呀学语的儿童相比，被收养的中国儿童的 语言发展在其最初开口所说的单词，学习语言的方法和开始造句的阶段都相同。由该段倒数 第二句话“The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical American-born children, though at a faster clip.”该句中at a faster clip意思是“以更快的速度”。由此可知他们学习语言 的速度比本土的孩子快。故选A。
文章第四段讲述了哈佛大学研究人员的实验结果表明儿童说话时只能使用儿童话语 是因为他们需要时间来获得更多的词汇从而扩展对话形式。而从儿童话语过渡到成人话语形 式是一个渐进的过程。从最后两句话“Before long , the one-word stage will give way to the two-word stage and so on.Learning how to chat like an adult is a gradual process.”可以看出选C。
由文章最后一段倒数第二句话“Researchers have long suspected there is a ' critical period ' for language development , after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency.”可知 研究者猜想在人的语言发展过程中有一“关键期”，过了这一“关键期”，人的语言发展就不可 能达到流利的程度。故选C。 -
第5题：
共用题干
The Biology of Music
Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate.It may also play an important role in love.But what is music,and how does it work its magic?Science does not yet have all the answers.
What are two things that make humans different from animals?One is language,and the other is music.It is true that some animals can sing(and many birds sing better than a lot of people).However,the songs of animals,such as birds and whales,are very limited.It is also true that humans,not animals,have developed musical instruments.
Music is strange stuff.It is clearly different from language.However,people can use music to communicate things-especially their emotions.When music is combined with speech in a song,it is a very powerful form of communication.But,biologically speaking,what is music?
If music is truly different from speech,then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain.The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.
Sometimes people who , suffer brain damage lose their ability to process language.However,they don't automatically（自动地）lose their musical abilities.For example , Vissarion Shebalin , a Russian composer , had a stroke（中风）in 1953.It injured the left side of his brain.He could no longer speak or understand speech.He could,however,still compose music until his death ten years later.On the other hand,sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability,but they can still speak and understand speech.This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.
By studying the physical effects of music on the body,scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions.But why does music have such a strong effect on us?That is a harder question to answer.Geoffrey Miller,a researcher at University College,London,thinks that music and love have a strong connection.Music requires special talent,practice,and physical ability.That's why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someone's mate.For example,singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control.You also need a good memory to remember the notes（音符）.And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition.Finally,when a man sings to the woman he loves(or vice versa),it may be a way of showing off.
However,Miller's theory still doesn't explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply.For scientists,this is clearly an area that needs further research.Humans are different from animals because______.
A:they have different languages and music
B:they have different languages and communications
C:they have different songs and languages
D:they have different music and songs答案：A解析：根据第一段第一句可知，音乐可以作为高效的交流方式；根据第六段第六、十句可知，音乐可以作为一种有用的求爱工具；根据第六段第一句可知，音乐可以影响情绪。虽然第一段第三句出现了“magic”这个词，但并没有提到音乐可以用来表演魔术，故选B项。
根据第二段第一、二句可知，导致动物与人类不同的因素有两个，分别是语言和音乐。
根据第五段第一、二句可知，丧失处理语言能力的人不会自动丧失音乐才能，所以A项错误；根据第五段第三、四、五、六句可知，Vissarion Shebalin在1953年患了中风，中风损伤了他的左脑，他便不能说话或理解话语了，却依然能够作曲，可知BC两项错误。根据第五段最后一句可知，大脑对音乐和语言分别进行处理，D项正确，故选D项。
根据第六段第五句可知，作者认为学习音乐需要特殊的天赋、练习以及体能。文章中并没有提到学习音乐需要某种心理素养。
文章第一段提出了什么是音乐这个问题，然后指出音乐是人与动物区别的因素之一。第三段最后一句又再次提出了从生物学上来说音乐是什么这个问题，然后对此进行了分析。由此可知，本篇文章主要讲的是如何从生物学的角度来理解音乐。 -
第6题：
共用题干
The Biology of Music
Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate.It may also play an important role in love.But what is music,and how does it work its magic?Science does not yet have all the answers.
What are two things that make humans different from animals?One is language,and the other is music.It is true that some animals can sing(and many birds sing better than a lot of people).However,the songs of animals,such as birds and whales,are very limited.It is also true that humans,not animals,have developed musical instruments.
Music is strange stuff.It is clearly different from language.However,people can use music to communicate things-especially their emotions.When music is combined with speech in a song,it is a very powerful form of communication.But,biologically speaking,what is music?
If music is truly different from speech,then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain.The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.
Sometimes people who , suffer brain damage lose their ability to process language.However,they don't automatically（自动地）lose their musical abilities.For example , Vissarion Shebalin , a Russian composer , had a stroke（中风）in 1953.It injured the left side of his brain.He could no longer speak or understand speech.He could,however,still compose music until his death ten years later.On the other hand,sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability,but they can still speak and understand speech.This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.
By studying the physical effects of music on the body,scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions.But why does music have such a strong effect on us?That is a harder question to answer.Geoffrey Miller,a researcher at University College,London,thinks that music and love have a strong connection.Music requires special talent,practice,and physical ability.That's why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someone's mate.For example,singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control.You also need a good memory to remember the notes（音符）.And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition.Finally,when a man sings to the woman he loves(or vice versa),it may be a way of showing off.
However,Miller's theory still doesn't explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply.For scientists,this is clearly an area that needs further research.Which of the following statements is true?
A:People who lose their ability to process language also lose their musical abilities.
B:People who injure the left sides of their brains can speak and understand music.
C:People who injure the left sides of their brains can't compose music.
D:People use different parts of their brains to process music and language.答案：D解析：根据第一段第一句可知，音乐可以作为高效的交流方式；根据第六段第六、十句可知，音乐可以作为一种有用的求爱工具；根据第六段第一句可知，音乐可以影响情绪。虽然第一段第三句出现了“magic”这个词，但并没有提到音乐可以用来表演魔术，故选B项。
根据第二段第一、二句可知，导致动物与人类不同的因素有两个，分别是语言和音乐。
根据第五段第一、二句可知，丧失处理语言能力的人不会自动丧失音乐才能，所以A项错误；根据第五段第三、四、五、六句可知，Vissarion Shebalin在1953年患了中风，中风损伤了他的左脑，他便不能说话或理解话语了，却依然能够作曲，可知BC两项错误。根据第五段最后一句可知，大脑对音乐和语言分别进行处理，D项正确，故选D项。
根据第六段第五句可知，作者认为学习音乐需要特殊的天赋、练习以及体能。文章中并没有提到学习音乐需要某种心理素养。
文章第一段提出了什么是音乐这个问题，然后指出音乐是人与动物区别的因素之一。第三段最后一句又再次提出了从生物学上来说音乐是什么这个问题，然后对此进行了分析。由此可知，本篇文章主要讲的是如何从生物学的角度来理解音乐。 -
第7题：
共用题干
Body Language in the United States
1.Most people shake hands and make eye contact when they meet people for the first time.Among very good friends,a woman may give another woman a little hug,and a man may kiss a woman quickly on the cheek.Males don't usually hug one another,however,this is changing.Men usually shake hands with the right hand.Sometimes they use the left hand to either cover the handshake or lightly hold the other person's arm.This shows greater warmth and friendship.Most people wave hello or good-bye by extending the arm,palm facing outward,and twisting the hand at the wrist.Another way is to raise the arm,palm outward,and move the whole arm and hand back and forth.This is important to know because in many other countries,the same movements mean"no".
2.When people are waiting in a public place,such as the post office,they usually form lines.Some people get angry and complain if someone pushes their way into a line or jumps ahead of other people.Moreover,many women like men to open doors for them.They also like men to give up their seats on public transportation.However,some women do not like this type of behavior.They feel that men and women should be treated in the same way.
3.In the United States,it's important to make direct eye contact in business and social situations.If you don't make eye contact,people will probably think that you are bored or not interested.If there is silence in these situations,people usually try to make conversation.Periods of silence make many people uncomfortable.People in the United States usually stand about one arm's length away from each other while talking or standing together.This space is called"the comfort zone".
4.In the United States,mothers sometimes show that they are angry with children by shaking an index finger at them.People may show that they like children by patting them on the top of the head.Paragraph 1________
A:Body Language With Children
B:Body Language for Greetings and Good-byes
C:Body Language in Public Places
D:Impolite Body Language
E:Body Language in Business and Social Life
F:Use of Silence答案：B解析：文章第一段主要讲述了人们见面时和分别时如何运用肢体语言打招呼。故选B。
文章第二段主要讲述了公共场所的肢体语言，例如排队、男士为女士开门、给女士让座等。故选C。
文章第三段的主题句是第一句话："In the United States, it' s important to make direct eye contact in business and social situations."意思是：在美国，直接的眼神交流在商务和社交场合都是很重要的。故选E。
文章第四段主要讲述了母亲生气时会对着孩子摇晃自己的食指，人们也会轻轻拍拍小孩子的头来表示对他们的喜爱。故选A。
由文章第一段第五句“Sometimes they use the left hand to either cover the handshake or也lightly hold the other person' s arm.”可知选B。
由文章第二段第四、五句话“They also like men to give up their seats on public transportation.However,some women do not like this type of behavior.”可知选A。
由文章第三段第一句话“In the United States, it' s important to make direct eye contact in business and social situations.”可知选C。
由文章第四段第一句话“In the United States, mothers sometimes show that they are angry with children by shaking an index finger at them.”可知选E。 -
第8题：
共用题干
The Sandwich Generation
Today people often look forward to their middle age as a time when they will be able to take things easier. After their children are grown,they expect to enjoy the life they have worked hard to create .However,the reality is often very different. In middle age,many people discover that they have two ongoing responsibilities:one is to look after their aging parents,and the other is to help their young adult children deal with the pressures of life.Around the world,there are mil-lions of people who are“sandwiched”in between the older and the younger generations.Some-times there may be two or three generations living in the same household-a situation that is corn-mon in many Asian countries and in some parts of Europe .In other cases,a couple may be taking care of parents and children,but they do not live with them.
There are two important reasons for the rise of the sandwich generation.First,people are liv-ing longer than they used to.In the early nineteenth century,the average life expectancy for adults in the United States,for example,was about 40,whereas today people live to an average age of 75 .Therefore,children are taking care of their parents over a longer period of time.The see-ond reason is that these days,young adults often live with their parents for a longer time than they did in the past. This is often for financial reasons.It's also more common for today's young adults to return home during or after college if they need financial or emotional support.
Young adults feel sandwiched between their financial responsibilities and their desire to enjoy life .They may have to cover expenses that their parents cannot.They may have to manage their parents' financial and legal affairs.They may have to prepare for their parents' future needs,such as special medical care or a move to a nursing home. This can be a traumatic（长期困扰的）ex-perience for everyone.
Caring for adult children presents challenges as well,and caregivers have to resolve important questions:How can financial responsibilities be shared among members of the household?How can household chores be shared?What is the best way to ensure everyone's privacy?Successfully cop-ing with these issues can avoid a lot of stress for the whole family.
The financial and emotional pressures on the sandwich generation can be overwhelming. However,this time in life also has its rewards.It can be a time to rediscover the special qualities of one's parents or children.It can also provide a valuable opportunity to spend more time with them. However,in order to survive this difficult period in their lives,the members of the sand-wich generation must remember that they also need to pay attention to their own needs and look af-ter the quality of their own lives.They can't be totally selfless.The sandwich generation face the following challenges EXCEPT_____.
A: sharing household chores
B: ensuring everyone's privacy
C: determining who is the caregiver of the family
D:.shouldering the financial responsibilities of the household答案：C解析：由第一段第二、三句“After their children are grown , they expect to enjoy the life they have worked hard to create. However , the reality is often very different.”可知以此推断，很多中年人不能如愿地享受生活。故选B。
由第一段第四句“In middle age , many people discover that they have two ongoing re-sponsibilities:one is to look after their aging parents,and the other is to help their young adult children deal with the pressures of life.”及第五句“Around the world , there are mil-lions of people who are'sandwiched'in between the older and the younger generations.”可知，中年人在对父母和对孩子的责任中左右为难。故选B。
由第二段最后三句“The second reason is that these days , young adults often live with their parents for a longer time than they did in the past.This is often for financial reasons.It's also more common for today's young adults to return home during or after college if they need financial or emotional support.”可知，如今一些年轻人之所以会更久跟父母住在一起，是因为他们需要父母的经济或情感支持。故选A。
由第四段中的“caregivers have to resolve important questions : How can financial respon-sibilities be shared among members of the household?How can household chores be shared? What is the best way to ensure everyone's privacy?”可知，只有（决定谁来照料家庭）不是三明治一代要考虑的问题。故选C。
由最后一段最后两句中的“they also need to pay attention to their own needs and look after the quality of their own lives. They can't be totally selfless.”可知，要度过这个艰难的人生阶段，三明治一代需要考虑自身的幸福。故选B。 -
第9题：
共用题干
The Sandwich Generation
Today people often look forward to their middle age as a time when they will be able to take things easier. After their children are grown,they expect to enjoy the life they have worked hard to create .However,the reality is often very different. In middle age,many people discover that they have two ongoing responsibilities:one is to look after their aging parents,and the other is to help their young adult children deal with the pressures of life.Around the world,there are mil-lions of people who are“sandwiched”in between the older and the younger generations.Some-times there may be two or three generations living in the same household-a situation that is corn-mon in many Asian countries and in some parts of Europe .In other cases,a couple may be taking care of parents and children,but they do not live with them.
There are two important reasons for the rise of the sandwich generation.First,people are liv-ing longer than they used to.In the early nineteenth century,the average life expectancy for adults in the United States,for example,was about 40,whereas today people live to an average age of 75 .Therefore,children are taking care of their parents over a longer period of time.The see-ond reason is that these days,young adults often live with their parents for a longer time than they did in the past. This is often for financial reasons.It's also more common for today's young adults to return home during or after college if they need financial or emotional support.
Young adults feel sandwiched between their financial responsibilities and their desire to enjoy life .They may have to cover expenses that their parents cannot.They may have to manage their parents' financial and legal affairs.They may have to prepare for their parents' future needs,such as special medical care or a move to a nursing home. This can be a traumatic（长期困扰的）ex-perience for everyone.
Caring for adult children presents challenges as well,and caregivers have to resolve important questions:How can financial responsibilities be shared among members of the household?How can household chores be shared?What is the best way to ensure everyone's privacy?Successfully cop-ing with these issues can avoid a lot of stress for the whole family.
The financial and emotional pressures on the sandwich generation can be overwhelming. However,this time in life also has its rewards.It can be a time to rediscover the special qualities of one's parents or children.It can also provide a valuable opportunity to spend more time with them. However,in order to survive this difficult period in their lives,the members of the sand-wich generation must remember that they also need to pay attention to their own needs and look af-ter the quality of their own lives.They can't be totally selfless.To survive the difficult period in their lives,the sandwich generation need to_____.
A: be totally selfless
B:.consider their own well-being
C: value the time spent with their parents
D: rediscover the merits of their children答案：B解析：由第一段第二、三句“After their children are grown , they expect to enjoy the life they have worked hard to create. However , the reality is often very different.”可知以此推断，很多中年人不能如愿地享受生活。故选B。
由第一段第四句“In middle age , many people discover that they have two ongoing re-sponsibilities:one is to look after their aging parents,and the other is to help their young adult children deal with the pressures of life.”及第五句“Around the world , there are mil-lions of people who are'sandwiched'in between the older and the younger generations.”可知，中年人在对父母和对孩子的责任中左右为难。故选B。
由第二段最后三句“The second reason is that these days , young adults often live with their parents for a longer time than they did in the past.This is often for financial reasons.It's also more common for today's young adults to return home during or after college if they need financial or emotional support.”可知，如今一些年轻人之所以会更久跟父母住在一起，是因为他们需要父母的经济或情感支持。故选A。
由第四段中的“caregivers have to resolve important questions : How can financial respon-sibilities be shared among members of the household?How can household chores be shared? What is the best way to ensure everyone's privacy?”可知，只有（决定谁来照料家庭）不是三明治一代要考虑的问题。故选C。
由最后一段最后两句中的“they also need to pay attention to their own needs and look after the quality of their own lives. They can't be totally selfless.”可知，要度过这个艰难的人生阶段，三明治一代需要考虑自身的幸福。故选B。 -
第10题：
共用题干
The Sandwich Generation
Today people often look forward to their middle age as a time when they will be able to take things easier. After their children are grown,they expect to enjoy the life they have worked hard to create .However,the reality is often very different. In middle age,many people discover that they have two ongoing responsibilities:one is to look after their aging parents,and the other is to help their young adult children deal with the pressures of life.Around the world,there are mil-lions of people who are“sandwiched”in between the older and the younger generations.Some-times there may be two or three generations living in the same household-a situation that is corn-mon in many Asian countries and in some parts of Europe .In other cases,a couple may be taking care of parents and children,but they do not live with them.
There are two important reasons for the rise of the sandwich generation.First,people are liv-ing longer than they used to.In the early nineteenth century,the average life expectancy for adults in the United States,for example,was about 40,whereas today people live to an average age of 75 .Therefore,children are taking care of their parents over a longer period of time.The see-ond reason is that these days,young adults often live with their parents for a longer time than they did in the past. This is often for financial reasons.It's also more common for today's young adults to return home during or after college if they need financial or emotional support.
Young adults feel sandwiched between their financial responsibilities and their desire to enjoy life .They may have to cover expenses that their parents cannot.They may have to manage their parents' financial and legal affairs.They may have to prepare for their parents' future needs,such as special medical care or a move to a nursing home. This can be a traumatic（长期困扰的）ex-perience for everyone.
Caring for adult children presents challenges as well,and caregivers have to resolve important questions:How can financial responsibilities be shared among members of the household?How can household chores be shared?What is the best way to ensure everyone's privacy?Successfully cop-ing with these issues can avoid a lot of stress for the whole family.
The financial and emotional pressures on the sandwich generation can be overwhelming. However,this time in life also has its rewards.It can be a time to rediscover the special qualities of one's parents or children.It can also provide a valuable opportunity to spend more time with them. However,in order to survive this difficult period in their lives,the members of the sand-wich generation must remember that they also need to pay attention to their own needs and look af-ter the quality of their own lives.They can't be totally selfless.Why do some young adults choose to live with their parents these days?
A:.They need support from their parents to deal with their financial problems.
B:.They want to help their parents to take care of their aging grandparents.
C: They are too young to be independent from their parents.
D: They are more emotional than the young adults in the past.答案：A解析：由第一段第二、三句“After their children are grown , they expect to enjoy the life they have worked hard to create. However , the reality is often very different.”可知以此推断，很多中年人不能如愿地享受生活。故选B。
由第一段第四句“In middle age , many people discover that they have two ongoing re-sponsibilities:one is to look after their aging parents,and the other is to help their young adult children deal with the pressures of life.”及第五句“Around the world , there are mil-lions of people who are'sandwiched'in between the older and the younger generations.”可知，中年人在对父母和对孩子的责任中左右为难。故选B。
由第二段最后三句“The second reason is that these days , young adults often live with their parents for a longer time than they did in the past.This is often for financial reasons.It's also more common for today's young adults to return home during or after college if they need financial or emotional support.”可知，如今一些年轻人之所以会更久跟父母住在一起，是因为他们需要父母的经济或情感支持。故选A。
由第四段中的“caregivers have to resolve important questions : How can financial respon-sibilities be shared among members of the household?How can household chores be shared? What is the best way to ensure everyone's privacy?”可知，只有（决定谁来照料家庭）不是三明治一代要考虑的问题。故选C。
由最后一段最后两句中的“they also need to pay attention to their own needs and look after the quality of their own lives. They can't be totally selfless.”可知，要度过这个艰难的人生阶段，三明治一代需要考虑自身的幸福。故选B。 -
第11题：
共用题干
How We Form First Impression
1 We all have first impression of someone we just met.But why?Why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her-aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.
2 The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world.Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits,even very minor difference in how a person's eyes,ears,nose,or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different.In fact,your brain continuously processes incoming sensory information-the sights and sounds of your world.These incoming"signals"are compared against a host of"memories"stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals"mean".
3 if you see someone you know and like at school,your brain says"familiar and safe".If you see someone new,it says,"new-potentially threatening".Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other "known" memories.The height,weight,dress,ethnicity,gestures,and tone of voice are all matched up.The more unfamiliar the characteristics are,the more your brain may say,"This is new.I don't like this person".Or else, "I'm intrigued".Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes,ethnicity,gestures-like your other Friends;so your brain says,"I like this person".But these preliminary"impressions"can be dead wrong.
4 When we stereotype people,we use a less mature form of thinking(not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child)that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others.Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history,interest,values,strengths,and true character-we categorize them as jocks,geeks,or freaks.
5 However,if we resist initial stereotypical impressions,we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like.If we spend time with a person,hear about his or her life,hopes,dreams,and become aware of the person's character,we use a different,more mature style of thinking-and the most complex areas of our cortex,which allow us to be humane.The way we stereotype people is a less mature form of thinking,which is similar to______.
A:a stranger's less mature type of thinking
B:the most complex areas of our cortex
C:the immature form of,thinking of a very young child
D:the meaning of incoming sensory information
E:the sights and sounds of the world
F:an opportunity to analyze different forms of thinking答案：C解析：本段讲述的是人脑是如何进行认知的。人脑解读感官信息的过程是大脑将这些信号与储存在大脑皮层系统的大量记忆相比较，以确定这些新收到的信号的意思。故选D。
本段举例说明人脑对第一印象的解读过程，是将第二段叙述的内容具体化。故选C。
本段主要说我们用一种欠成熟的思维方式去对别人做出简单并且绝对化的判断，而没有从深度和广度上了解他们。所以本段主要对第一印象进行了评价。故选B。
本段讲到如果我们与某个人多接触，我们对这个人的认识就不会停留在第一印象的阶段，而是进入一个更深的层次。这是摆脱不成熟的第一印象的方法。故选A。
由第二段第三句话“…your brain continuously processes incoming sensory information-thesights and sounds of your world.”可知，大脑一直不断地对收到的感官信息进行处理―包括影像和声音。故选E。
由第二段第四句话“These incoming ‘ signals ' are compared against a host of host of ‘memories' stored in the brain… to determine what these new signals‘mean’.”可知，大脑将这些信号与储存在大脑皮层系统的大量记忆相比较，以确定这些新收到的信号的意思。故选D。
由第四段第一句话“When we stereotype people … ( not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child )…”可知，当我们对别人形成模式化的看法时，我们会用一种不成熟的思维方式（与小孩子不成熟的想法一样）去做出判断。故选C。
由第五段第二句话“…we use a different , more mature style of thinking and the most complex areas of our cortex …”可知，我们用更成熟的方式去思考，即用大脑皮层中最复杂的区域进行思考，而这使我们变得更有大清味。故选B。 -
第12题：
问答题How Babies Learn Language During the first year of a child’s life, parents and careers are concerned with its physical development very carefully. It is interesting just how easily children learn language. Children who are just three or four years old, who cannot yet tie their shoelaces, are able to speak in full sentences without any specific language training. The current view of child language development is that it is an instinct—something as natural as eating or sleeping. According to experts in this area, this language instinct is innate—something each of us is born with. But this prevailing view has not always enjoyed widespread acceptance. In the middle of last century, experts of the time, including a renowned professor at Harvard University in the United States, regarded child language development as the process of learning through mere repetition. Language “habits” developed as young children were they used incorrect forms of language correctly and ignored or punished when they used incorrect forms of language. Over time, a child, according to this theory, would learn language much like a dog might learn to behave properly through training. Yet even though the modern view holds that language is instinctive, experts like Assistant Professor Lise Eliot are convinced that the interaction a child has with its parents and caregivers is crucial to its developments. The language of the parents and caregivers is so important that the child will learn to speak in a manner very similar to the model speakers it hears.Given that the models parents provide are so important, it is interesting to consider the role of “baby talk” in the child’s language development. Baby talk is the language produced by an adult speaker who is trying to exaggerate certain aspects of the language to capture the attention of a young baby. Dr Roberta Golinkoff believes that babies benefit from baby talk. Experiment show that immediately after birth babies respond more to infant-directed talk than they do to adult-directed talk. When using baby talk, people exaggerate their facial expressions, which helps the baby to begin to understand what is being communicated. She also notes that the exaggerated nature and repetition of baby talk helps infants to learn the difference between sounds. Since babies have a great deal of information to process, baby talk helps. Although there is concern that baby talk may persist too long, Dr Golinkoff says that it stops being used as the child gets older, that is, when the child is better able to communicate with the parents. Professor Jusczyk has made a particular study of babies’ ability to recognize sounds, and says they recognize the sound of their own names as early as four and a half months. Babies know the meaning of Mummy and Daddy by about six months, which is earlier than was previously believed. By about nine months, babies begin recognizing frequent patterns in language. A baby will listen longer to the sounds that occur frequently, so it is good to frequently call the infant by its name. An experiment at Johns Hopkins University in USA, in which researchers went to the homes of 16 nine-month-olds, confirms this view. The researchers arranged their visits for ten days out of a two-week period. During each visit the researcher played an audio tape that included the same three stories. The stories included odd words such as “python” or “hornbill”, words that were unlikely to be encountered in the babies’ everyday experience. After a couple of weeks during which nothing was done, the babies were brought to the research lab, where they listened to two recorded lists of words. The first list included words heard in the story. The second included similar words, but not the exact ones that were used in the stories. Jusczyk found the babies listened longer to the words that had appeared in the stories, which indicated that the babies had extracted individual words from the story. When a control group of 16 nine-month-olds, who had not heard the stories, listened to the two groups of words, they showed no preference for either list. This does not mean that the babies actually understand the meanings of the words, just the sound patterns. It supports the idea that people are born to speak, and have the capacity to learn language from the day they are born. This ability is enhanced if they are involved in conversation. And, significantly, Dr Eliot reminds parents that babies and toddlers need to feel they are communicating. Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage “How babies learn language”? YES if the statement agrees with the information NO if the statement dose not agree with the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage 1．From the time of their birth humans seem to have an ability to learn language. 2．According to experts in the 1950s and 1960s, language learning is very similar to the training of animals. 3．Repetition in language learning is important, according to Dr Eliot. 4．Dr Golinkoff is concerned that “baby talk” is spoken too much by some parents. 5．The first word a child learns to recognize is usually “Mummy” or “Daddy”.正确答案：
1.Y 从第二段The current view of child language development…something each of us is born with可知人类学习语言的能力是与生俱来的。
2.Y 从第三段最后a child…would learn language much like a dog might learn to behave properly through training可知20世纪中叶的专家们认为人类学习语言就像训练狗之类的动物一样,通过重复就能实现。
3.NG 第四段开头提出Eliot are convinced that the interaction a child has with its parents and caregivers is crucial to its developments,只说明Eliot认为孩子与父母等人的互动对其发展很重要,并未涉及重复在学习语言中是否重要。
4.N 第六段中Dr Roberta Golinkoff believes that babies benefit from baby talk,阐述了Dr Golinkoff对baby talk的观点。她认为baby talk对孩子的成长很有好处,而不是说家长对此过分强调。
5.N 第七段中Professor Jusczyk研究发现婴儿四个半月时就能识别自己的名字,大约六个月时便知道“父亲”“母亲”的含义,九个月时开始识别常用的语言形式。可知孩子最早的识别的应该是自己的名字。解析： 暂无解析 -
第13题：
共用题干
The Bilingual Brain
When Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea as a teenager,he had a hard time learning English.Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language.As a graduate student, Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch, a neuroscientist in New York Their work led to an important discovery.They found evidence that children and adults don't use the same parts ofthe brain when they learn a second language.
The researchers used an instrument called an MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people.One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children.The other consisted of people who,like Kim,learned their second language later in lite.Peoplefrom both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner ,This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of thebrain were getting more blood and were more active.They asked people from both groups to think about whatthey had done the day before ,first in one language and then the other.They couldn't speak out loudbecause any movement would disrupt（干扰）the scanning.
Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain-Broca' s area, which isbelieved to control speech production,and Wernicke's area,which is thought to process meaning.Kim andHirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernicke's area no matter what language theywere speaking.But their use of Broca's area was different.
People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca's area for both tneir first and second languages.People who learned a second language later in life used a different part of Broca's area for their second language.How does Hirsch explain this difference?Hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children,their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area.Once that programming is complete,the processing of a new language must be taken over by adifferent part of the brain.
A second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do asadults.Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch,sound and sight.And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.Karl Kim's study showed that______.
A:people learn English and Korean in different ways
B:children and adults use the different parts of the brain to learn a second language
C:it is not possible for an adult to speak a second language fluently
D:people's brains will not change when they learn a second language答案：B解析：由文章第一段最后一句可知，他们发现证据表明儿童和成人在学习第二语言时使用的是大脑的不同区域，故选B。
由文章第二段第一句可知，研究人员使用一种名为MRI扫描仪的设备来研究这两组学习双语人群的大脑活动，故选C。
由文章第三段第一句可知，这两个中枢的作用分别是控制语言产出和处理语言意义，这属于中枢的功能，故选B。
由文章第四段第一句可知，从儿童时期就开始学习第二语言的人在学习第二语言时所使用的大脑布洛卡区域和学母语时相同，故选A。
文章最后一段主要讲的是儿童和成年人学习语言的方式和手段不同，尤其提到了母亲在教授儿童语言时的独特方式：触觉、视觉和听觉等多种手段并用。这与以后学校的语言学习手段有着很大不同。我们可以推断出母亲很擅长教授孩子语言，尤其从“Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch,sound and sight.”这句话更可以看出。选项D是根据我们学习语言的经验得出的推断，但文中并没有这层隐含之意。 -
第14题：
共用题干
第一篇
Why Don ' t Babies Talk Like Adults?
Over the past half-century,scientists have settled on two reasonable theories related to babytalk.One
states that a young child's brain needs time to master language,in the same way that it does to master other
abilities such as physical movement. The second theory states that a child's vocabulary level is the key fac-
tor. According to this theory,some key steps have to occur in a logical sequence before sentence formation
occurs.Children's mathematical knowledge develops in the same way.
In 2007,researchers at Harvard University,who were studying the two theories,found a clever way to
test them.More than 20,000 internationally adopted children enter the U.S.each year. Many of them no lon-
ger hear their birth language after they arrive,and they must learn English more or less the same way infants
do一that is,by listening and by trial and error. International adoptees don't take classes or use a dictionary
when they are learning their new tongue and most of them don't have a well-developed first language.All of
these factors make them an ideal population in which to test these competing hypotheses about how language
is learned.
Neuroscientists Jesse Snedeker,Joy Geren and Carissa Shafto studied the language development of 27
children adopted from China between the ages of two and five years.These children began learning English
at an older age than US natives and had more mature brains with which to tackle the task.Even so,just as
with American-born infants,their first English sentences consisted of single words and were largely bereft（缺
乏的）of function words , word endings and verbs. The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical
American-born children,though at a faster clip.The adoptees and native children started combining words in
sentences when their vocabulary reached the same sizes,further suggesting that what matters is not how old
you are or how mature your brain is,but the number of words you know.
This finding一that having more mature brains did not help the adoptees avoid the toddler-talk stage一
suggests that babies speak in babytalk not because they have baby brains,but because they have only just
started learning and need time to gain enough vocabulary to be able to expand their conversations.Before
long,the one-word stage will give way to the two-word stage and so on. Learning how to chat like an adult is
a gradual process.
But this potential answer also raises an even older and more difficult question.Adult immigrants who
learn a second language rarely achieve the same proficiency in a foreign language as the average child raised
as a native speaker. Researchers have long suspected there is a"critical period"for language development,
after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency.Yet we still do not understand this critical period or
know why it ends.Snedeker,Geren and Shafto based their study on children who________.
A:were finding it difficult to learn English
B:were learning English at a later age than US children
C:had come from a number of language backgrounds
D:had taken English lessons in China答案：B解析：本题是推理判断题。第二段意思是：通过把被收养的国际儿童作为实验对象，采取不 同的培训方法来解释儿童语言习得的特殊途径。故选D。
由文章第三段第二句话可知这些儿童开始学习英语时要比美国本土学说话的孩子年龄大。
由文章第三段后半部分可知，与美国本土唯呀学语的儿童相比，被收养的中国儿童的 语言发展在其最初开口所说的单词，学习语言的方法和开始造句的阶段都相同。由该段倒数 第二句话“The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical American-born children, though at a faster clip.”该句中at a faster clip意思是“以更快的速度”。由此可知他们学习语言 的速度比本土的孩子快。故选A。
文章第四段讲述了哈佛大学研究人员的实验结果表明儿童说话时只能使用儿童话语 是因为他们需要时间来获得更多的词汇从而扩展对话形式。而从儿童话语过渡到成人话语形 式是一个渐进的过程。从最后两句话“Before long , the one-word stage will give way to the two-word stage and so on.Learning how to chat like an adult is a gradual process.”可以看出选C。
由文章最后一段倒数第二句话“Researchers have long suspected there is a ' critical period ' for language development , after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency.”可知 研究者猜想在人的语言发展过程中有一“关键期”，过了这一“关键期”，人的语言发展就不可 能达到流利的程度。故选C。 -
第15题：
共用题干
第一篇
Why Don ' t Babies Talk Like Adults?
Over the past half-century,scientists have settled on two reasonable theories related to babytalk.One
states that a young child's brain needs time to master language,in the same way that it does to master other
abilities such as physical movement. The second theory states that a child's vocabulary level is the key fac-
tor. According to this theory,some key steps have to occur in a logical sequence before sentence formation
occurs.Children's mathematical knowledge develops in the same way.
In 2007,researchers at Harvard University,who were studying the two theories,found a clever way to
test them.More than 20,000 internationally adopted children enter the U.S.each year. Many of them no lon-
ger hear their birth language after they arrive,and they must learn English more or less the same way infants
do一that is,by listening and by trial and error. International adoptees don't take classes or use a dictionary
when they are learning their new tongue and most of them don't have a well-developed first language.All of
these factors make them an ideal population in which to test these competing hypotheses about how language
is learned.
Neuroscientists Jesse Snedeker,Joy Geren and Carissa Shafto studied the language development of 27
children adopted from China between the ages of two and five years.These children began learning English
at an older age than US natives and had more mature brains with which to tackle the task.Even so,just as
with American-born infants,their first English sentences consisted of single words and were largely bereft（缺
乏的）of function words , word endings and verbs. The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical
American-born children,though at a faster clip.The adoptees and native children started combining words in
sentences when their vocabulary reached the same sizes,further suggesting that what matters is not how old
you are or how mature your brain is,but the number of words you know.
This finding一that having more mature brains did not help the adoptees avoid the toddler-talk stage一
suggests that babies speak in babytalk not because they have baby brains,but because they have only just
started learning and need time to gain enough vocabulary to be able to expand their conversations.Before
long,the one-word stage will give way to the two-word stage and so on. Learning how to chat like an adult is
a gradual process.
But this potential answer also raises an even older and more difficult question.Adult immigrants who
learn a second language rarely achieve the same proficiency in a foreign language as the average child raised
as a native speaker. Researchers have long suspected there is a"critical period"for language development,
after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency.Yet we still do not understand this critical period or
know why it ends.What is the writer's main purpose in Paragraph 2?
A:To reject the view that adopted children need two languages.
B:To argue that culture affects the way children learn a language.
C:To give reasons why adopted children were used in the study.
D:To justify a particular approach to language learning.答案：D解析：本题是推理判断题。第二段意思是：通过把被收养的国际儿童作为实验对象，采取不 同的培训方法来解释儿童语言习得的特殊途径。故选D。
由文章第三段第二句话可知这些儿童开始学习英语时要比美国本土学说话的孩子年龄大。
由文章第三段后半部分可知，与美国本土唯呀学语的儿童相比，被收养的中国儿童的 语言发展在其最初开口所说的单词，学习语言的方法和开始造句的阶段都相同。由该段倒数 第二句话“The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical American-born children, though at a faster clip.”该句中at a faster clip意思是“以更快的速度”。由此可知他们学习语言 的速度比本土的孩子快。故选A。
文章第四段讲述了哈佛大学研究人员的实验结果表明儿童说话时只能使用儿童话语 是因为他们需要时间来获得更多的词汇从而扩展对话形式。而从儿童话语过渡到成人话语形 式是一个渐进的过程。从最后两句话“Before long , the one-word stage will give way to the two-word stage and so on.Learning how to chat like an adult is a gradual process.”可以看出选C。
由文章最后一段倒数第二句话“Researchers have long suspected there is a ' critical period ' for language development , after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency.”可知 研究者猜想在人的语言发展过程中有一“关键期”，过了这一“关键期”，人的语言发展就不可 能达到流利的程度。故选C。 -
第16题：
共用题干
The Biology of Music
Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate.It may also play an important role in love.But what is music,and how does it work its magic?Science does not yet have all the answers.
What are two things that make humans different from animals?One is language,and the other is music.It is true that some animals can sing(and many birds sing better than a lot of people).However,the songs of animals,such as birds and whales,are very limited.It is also true that humans,not animals,have developed musical instruments.
Music is strange stuff.It is clearly different from language.However,people can use music to communicate things-especially their emotions.When music is combined with speech in a song,it is a very powerful form of communication.But,biologically speaking,what is music?
If music is truly different from speech,then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain.The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.
Sometimes people who , suffer brain damage lose their ability to process language.However,they don't automatically（自动地）lose their musical abilities.For example , Vissarion Shebalin , a Russian composer , had a stroke（中风）in 1953.It injured the left side of his brain.He could no longer speak or understand speech.He could,however,still compose music until his death ten years later.On the other hand,sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability,but they can still speak and understand speech.This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.
By studying the physical effects of music on the body,scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions.But why does music have such a strong effect on us?That is a harder question to answer.Geoffrey Miller,a researcher at University College,London,thinks that music and love have a strong connection.Music requires special talent,practice,and physical ability.That's why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someone's mate.For example,singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control.You also need a good memory to remember the notes（音符）.And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition.Finally,when a man sings to the woman he loves(or vice versa),it may be a way of showing off.
However,Miller's theory still doesn't explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply.For scientists,this is clearly an area that needs further research.Music can NOT be used______.
A:as an efficient way to communicate
B:as an effective tool to perform magic tricks
C:to successfully seek after a lover
D:to influence the emotions of humans答案：B解析：根据第一段第一句可知，音乐可以作为高效的交流方式；根据第六段第六、十句可知，音乐可以作为一种有用的求爱工具；根据第六段第一句可知，音乐可以影响情绪。虽然第一段第三句出现了“magic”这个词，但并没有提到音乐可以用来表演魔术，故选B项。
根据第二段第一、二句可知，导致动物与人类不同的因素有两个，分别是语言和音乐。
根据第五段第一、二句可知，丧失处理语言能力的人不会自动丧失音乐才能，所以A项错误；根据第五段第三、四、五、六句可知，Vissarion Shebalin在1953年患了中风，中风损伤了他的左脑，他便不能说话或理解话语了，却依然能够作曲，可知BC两项错误。根据第五段最后一句可知，大脑对音乐和语言分别进行处理，D项正确，故选D项。
根据第六段第五句可知，作者认为学习音乐需要特殊的天赋、练习以及体能。文章中并没有提到学习音乐需要某种心理素养。
文章第一段提出了什么是音乐这个问题，然后指出音乐是人与动物区别的因素之一。第三段最后一句又再次提出了从生物学上来说音乐是什么这个问题，然后对此进行了分析。由此可知，本篇文章主要讲的是如何从生物学的角度来理解音乐。 -
第17题：
共用题干
The Biology of Music
Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate.It may also play an important role in love.But what is music,and how does it work its magic?Science does not yet have all the answers.
What are two things that make humans different from animals?One is language,and the other is music.It is true that some animals can sing(and many birds sing better than a lot of people).However,the songs of animals,such as birds and whales,are very limited.It is also true that humans,not animals,have developed musical instruments.
Music is strange stuff.It is clearly different from language.However,people can use music to communicate things-especially their emotions.When music is combined with speech in a song,it is a very powerful form of communication.But,biologically speaking,what is music?
If music is truly different from speech,then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain.The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.
Sometimes people who , suffer brain damage lose their ability to process language.However,they don't automatically（自动地）lose their musical abilities.For example , Vissarion Shebalin , a Russian composer , had a stroke（中风）in 1953.It injured the left side of his brain.He could no longer speak or understand speech.He could,however,still compose music until his death ten years later.On the other hand,sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability,but they can still speak and understand speech.This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.
By studying the physical effects of music on the body,scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions.But why does music have such a strong effect on us?That is a harder question to answer.Geoffrey Miller,a researcher at University College,London,thinks that music and love have a strong connection.Music requires special talent,practice,and physical ability.That's why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someone's mate.For example,singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control.You also need a good memory to remember the notes（音符）.And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition.Finally,when a man sings to the woman he loves(or vice versa),it may be a way of showing off.
However,Miller's theory still doesn't explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply.For scientists,this is clearly an area that needs further research.What is the main idea of the passage?
A:What are the differences of human music and animal music.
B:What are the differences of human language and animal language.
C:What is music in the aspect of biology.
D:What is music in the aspect of zoology.答案：C解析：根据第一段第一句可知，音乐可以作为高效的交流方式；根据第六段第六、十句可知，音乐可以作为一种有用的求爱工具；根据第六段第一句可知，音乐可以影响情绪。虽然第一段第三句出现了“magic”这个词，但并没有提到音乐可以用来表演魔术，故选B项。
根据第二段第一、二句可知，导致动物与人类不同的因素有两个，分别是语言和音乐。
根据第五段第一、二句可知，丧失处理语言能力的人不会自动丧失音乐才能，所以A项错误；根据第五段第三、四、五、六句可知，Vissarion Shebalin在1953年患了中风，中风损伤了他的左脑，他便不能说话或理解话语了，却依然能够作曲，可知BC两项错误。根据第五段最后一句可知，大脑对音乐和语言分别进行处理，D项正确，故选D项。
根据第六段第五句可知，作者认为学习音乐需要特殊的天赋、练习以及体能。文章中并没有提到学习音乐需要某种心理素养。
文章第一段提出了什么是音乐这个问题，然后指出音乐是人与动物区别的因素之一。第三段最后一句又再次提出了从生物学上来说音乐是什么这个问题，然后对此进行了分析。由此可知，本篇文章主要讲的是如何从生物学的角度来理解音乐。 -
第18题：
共用题干
The Biology of Music
Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate.It may also play an important role in love.But what is music,and how does it work its magic?Science does not yet have all the answers.
What are two things that make humans different from animals?One is language,and the other is music.It is true that some animals can sing(and many birds sing better than a lot of people).However,the songs of animals,such as birds and whales,are very limited.It is also true that humans,not animals,have developed musical instruments.
Music is strange stuff.It is clearly different from language.However,people can use music to communicate things-especially their emotions.When music is combined with speech in a song,it is a very powerful form of communication.But,biologically speaking,what is music?
If music is truly different from speech,then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain.The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.
Sometimes people who , suffer brain damage lose their ability to process language.However,they don't automatically（自动地）lose their musical abilities.For example , Vissarion Shebalin , a Russian composer , had a stroke（中风）in 1953.It injured the left side of his brain.He could no longer speak or understand speech.He could,however,still compose music until his death ten years later.On the other hand,sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability,but they can still speak and understand speech.This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.
By studying the physical effects of music on the body,scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions.But why does music have such a strong effect on us?That is a harder question to answer.Geoffrey Miller,a researcher at University College,London,thinks that music and love have a strong connection.Music requires special talent,practice,and physical ability.That's why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someone's mate.For example,singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control.You also need a good memory to remember the notes（音符）.And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition.Finally,when a man sings to the woman he loves(or vice versa),it may be a way of showing off.
However,Miller's theory still doesn't explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply.For scientists,this is clearly an area that needs further research.The author doesn't suggest that______.
A:music requires special talent
B:music requires practice
C:music requires psychological ability
D:music requires physical ability答案：C解析：根据第一段第一句可知，音乐可以作为高效的交流方式；根据第六段第六、十句可知，音乐可以作为一种有用的求爱工具；根据第六段第一句可知，音乐可以影响情绪。虽然第一段第三句出现了“magic”这个词，但并没有提到音乐可以用来表演魔术，故选B项。
根据第二段第一、二句可知，导致动物与人类不同的因素有两个，分别是语言和音乐。
根据第五段第一、二句可知，丧失处理语言能力的人不会自动丧失音乐才能，所以A项错误；根据第五段第三、四、五、六句可知，Vissarion Shebalin在1953年患了中风，中风损伤了他的左脑，他便不能说话或理解话语了，却依然能够作曲，可知BC两项错误。根据第五段最后一句可知，大脑对音乐和语言分别进行处理，D项正确，故选D项。
根据第六段第五句可知，作者认为学习音乐需要特殊的天赋、练习以及体能。文章中并没有提到学习音乐需要某种心理素养。
文章第一段提出了什么是音乐这个问题，然后指出音乐是人与动物区别的因素之一。第三段最后一句又再次提出了从生物学上来说音乐是什么这个问题，然后对此进行了分析。由此可知，本篇文章主要讲的是如何从生物学的角度来理解音乐。 -
第19题：
共用题干
Easy Learning
Students should be jealous.Not only do babies get to doze their days away,but they've also
mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep.
By the time babies are a year old they can recognize a lot of sounds and even simple words. Marie Cheour at the university of Turku in Finland suspected that they might progress this fast be-cause they learn language while they sleep as well as when they are awake.
To test the theory,Cheour and their colleagues studied 45 newborn babies in the first days of their lives.They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds一one that sounds like "oo",another like"ee"and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish and similar languages that sounds like something in between.EEG recording of the infants brains before and after the session showed that the newborns could not distinguish the sounds.
Fifteen of the babies then went back with their mothers,while the rest were split into two sleepstudy groups.One group was exposed throughout their night-time sleeping hours to the same three vowels,while the others listened to the other,easier-to-distinguish vowel sounds.
When tested in the morning,and again in the evening,the babies who'd heard the tricky boundary vowels all night showed brainwave activity indicating that they could now recognize this sound.They could identify the sound even when its pitch was changed,while none of the other babies could pick up the boundary vowel at all.
Cheour doesn't know how babies accomplish this night-time learning,but she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults,babies don't"turn off" their cerebral cortex while they sleep.The skill probably fades in the course of the first years of life,she add一so forget the idea that you can pick up the tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping a language tape under your pillow. But while it may not help grown-ups,Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders.If an adult wants to learn a language faster,he can put a language tape under his pillow.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：B解析：相关信息在第一段：Students should be jealous.Not only do babies get to doze their days away, but they've also mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep．学生们应该感到嫉妒。婴儿们不仅整天睡觉，而且他们还能在睡眠中掌握学习的艺术。not only...but also...= not only...but…意思是“不但······而且······”。
第二段第一句提到：By the time babies are a year old they can recognize a lot of sounds and even simple words.但不是题目句中的vowels（元音）。之后也没有相关信息。因此该信息文中没有提到。
文中没有提到芬兰元音是否容易区分，因此该题的答案为“没提到”。
短文第三段第二句说：They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds一one that sounds like"oo",another like"ee"and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish…因此题干的说法是正确的。
第六段第一句说：Cheour doesn't know how babies accomplish this night-time learning,but she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults,babies don't " turn off" their cerebral cortex while they sleep.该句在语意上和题干一致，因此题干的说法正确。
第六段第二句说：The skill probably fades in the course of the first years of life,she adds一so forget the idea that you can pick up the tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping（塞入）a language tape under your pillow.该句在内容上与题干内容相反，因此题干的说法错误。
借助常识可判断该题的说法错误：文章中通常不会提出没有用的东西来浪费读者的时间。在文章最后部分，也可以找到答案相关句：But while it may not help grown-ups,Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders.it指带前句中的the skill，即the night-time-learning( Cheour发现的内容），该句内容与题干内容不一致，因此题干的说法错误。 -
第20题：
共用题干
The Sandwich Generation
Today people often look forward to their middle age as a time when they will be able to take things easier. After their children are grown,they expect to enjoy the life they have worked hard to create.______(46) In middle age,many people discover that they have two ongoing responsibilities:one is to look after their aging parents,and the other is to help their young adult children deal with the pressures of life.Around the world, there are millions of people who are"sandwiched"in between the older and the younger generations.
Sometimes there may be two or three generations living in the same household-a situation that is common in many Asian countries and in some parts of Europe.In other cases,a couple may be taking care of parents and children,but they do not live with them.
There are two important reasons for the rise of the sandwich generation.First,people are living longer than they used to.In the early nineteenth century , the average life expectancy（预期寿命）for adalts in the United States,for example,was about 40,whereas today people live to an average age of 75.______(47)The second reason is that these days,young adults often live with their parents for a longer time than they did in the past.This is often for financial reasons.It's also more common for today's young adults to return home during or after college if they need financial or emotional support.
______(48)They may have to cover expenses that their parents cannot.They may have to manage their parents'financial and legel affairs.They may have to prepare for their parents'future needs,such as special medical care or a move to a nursing home.This can be a traumatic（使人不快的）experience for everyone.
Caring for adalt children presents challenges as well,and caregivers have to resolve important questions: How can financial responsibilities be shared among members of the household? How can household chores be shared? What is the best way to ensure everyone's privacy?______（49)
The financial and emotional pressures on the sandwich generation can be overwhelming.However,this time in life also has its rewards.______(50)It can also provide a valuable opportunity to spend more time with them.However,in order to survive this difficult period in their lives,the members of the sandwich generation must remember that they also need to pay attention to their own needs and look after the quality of their own lives.They can't be totally seffless.______（47)
A:Successfully coping with these issues can avoid a lot of stress for the whole family.
B:Therefore,children are taking care of their parents over a longer period of time.
C:People who take care of elderly parents often face difficult issues.
D:Young adults feel sandwiched between their financial responsibilities and their desire to enjoy life.
E:However,the reality is often very different.
F:It can be a time to rediscover the special qualities of one's parents or children.答案：B解析：前面一句话说，孩子长大后，中年父母期望有时间享受自己努力工作创造的生活。后面一句话说，到了中年，许多人发现自己同时担负着照顾年老的父母和帮助年少的孩子处理生活的压力两项责任。联系上下文可知，此处应该是一个转折句。故选E。
前面一句话说，在19世纪早期，美国成年人的平均寿命在40岁左右，而现在人们通常能活到75岁。联系上下文可推测出，由于人们的寿命增长了，所以孩子们照顾父母的时间变长了。故选B。
第三段主要说的是孩子们照顾父母可能要面临的种种困难。联系上下文可知，此处应该是本段的主题句。故选C。
第四段主要说的是父母在照顾成年孩子时面临的种种挑战。联系上下文可知，此处应该是说解决了这些问题可以减轻整个家庭的负担。故选A。
前面一句话说，三明治一代肩上的经济和精神压力可能使他们不堪重负，但这段时间也会给他们带来回报。联系上下文可知，此处应该是三明治一代同时肩负孩子和父母负担的好的方面。故选F0 -
第21题：
共用题干
The Sandwich Generation
Today people often look forward to their middle age as a time when they will be able to take things easier. After their children are grown,they expect to enjoy the life they have worked hard to create .However,the reality is often very different. In middle age,many people discover that they have two ongoing responsibilities:one is to look after their aging parents,and the other is to help their young adult children deal with the pressures of life.Around the world,there are mil-lions of people who are“sandwiched”in between the older and the younger generations.Some-times there may be two or three generations living in the same household-a situation that is corn-mon in many Asian countries and in some parts of Europe .In other cases,a couple may be taking care of parents and children,but they do not live with them.
There are two important reasons for the rise of the sandwich generation.First,people are liv-ing longer than they used to.In the early nineteenth century,the average life expectancy for adults in the United States,for example,was about 40,whereas today people live to an average age of 75 .Therefore,children are taking care of their parents over a longer period of time.The see-ond reason is that these days,young adults often live with their parents for a longer time than they did in the past. This is often for financial reasons.It's also more common for today's young adults to return home during or after college if they need financial or emotional support.
Young adults feel sandwiched between their financial responsibilities and their desire to enjoy life .They may have to cover expenses that their parents cannot.They may have to manage their parents' financial and legal affairs.They may have to prepare for their parents' future needs,such as special medical care or a move to a nursing home. This can be a traumatic（长期困扰的）ex-perience for everyone.
Caring for adult children presents challenges as well,and caregivers have to resolve important questions:How can financial responsibilities be shared among members of the household?How can household chores be shared?What is the best way to ensure everyone's privacy?Successfully cop-ing with these issues can avoid a lot of stress for the whole family.
The financial and emotional pressures on the sandwich generation can be overwhelming. However,this time in life also has its rewards.It can be a time to rediscover the special qualities of one's parents or children.It can also provide a valuable opportunity to spend more time with them. However,in order to survive this difficult period in their lives,the members of the sand-wich generation must remember that they also need to pay attention to their own needs and look af-ter the quality of their own lives.They can't be totally selfless.According to the first paragraph,many people in middle age______.
A: are able to take things easier when their children are grown
B: can't enjoy their life as they have expected
C: can't enjoy their life because they haven't worked hard enough
D: are facing great pressure from their work答案：B解析：由第一段第二、三句“After their children are grown , they expect to enjoy the life they have worked hard to create. However , the reality is often very different.”可知以此推断，很多中年人不能如愿地享受生活。故选B。
由第一段第四句“In middle age , many people discover that they have two ongoing re-sponsibilities:one is to look after their aging parents,and the other is to help their young adult children deal with the pressures of life.”及第五句“Around the world , there are mil-lions of people who are'sandwiched'in between the older and the younger generations.”可知，中年人在对父母和对孩子的责任中左右为难。故选B。
由第二段最后三句“The second reason is that these days , young adults often live with their parents for a longer time than they did in the past.This is often for financial reasons.It's also more common for today's young adults to return home during or after college if they need financial or emotional support.”可知，如今一些年轻人之所以会更久跟父母住在一起，是因为他们需要父母的经济或情感支持。故选A。
由第四段中的“caregivers have to resolve important questions : How can financial respon-sibilities be shared among members of the household?How can household chores be shared? What is the best way to ensure everyone's privacy?”可知，只有（决定谁来照料家庭）不是三明治一代要考虑的问题。故选C。
由最后一段最后两句中的“they also need to pay attention to their own needs and look after the quality of their own lives. They can't be totally selfless.”可知，要度过这个艰难的人生阶段，三明治一代需要考虑自身的幸福。故选B。 -
第22题：
共用题干
The Bilingual Brain When Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea as a teenager,he had a hard time learning English.Now he speaks it fluently,and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language.As a graduate student,Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch,a neuroscientist in New York.______(46)They found evidence that children and adults don't use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language. The researchers used an instrument called an MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people.______(47)The other consisted of people who,like Kim, learned their second language later in life.People from both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner.This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were more active.They asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the day before,first in one language and then the other.They couldn't speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scanning. Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain-Broca's area,which is believed to control speech production,and Wernicke's area,which is thought to process meaning.Kim and Hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernicke's area no matter what language they were speaking. ______(48) People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca's area for both their first and second languages.People who learned a second language later in life used a different part of Broca's area for their second language.______(49)Hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children,their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area.Once that programming is complete,the processing of a new language must be taken over by a different part of the brain. A second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do as adults.Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch'sound, and sight.______(50)______(46)
A:But their use of Broca's area was different.
B:One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children.
C:How does Hirsch explain this difference?
D:We use special parts of the brain for language learning.
E:And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.
F:Their work led to an important discovery.答案：F解析：空格后的“found”与选项F中的“discovery”的意义相近，且空格后的句子是对F的进一步解释。
空格前一句表明要对两组使用双语的人员的大脑进行研究，空格后的句子“The other…”讲的是一组人员的情况。由此可推测出，空格处讲的应是另一组人员的情况，B项符合题意。
整段讲的是Kim和Hirsch对大脑的两个语言中心的分析，空格前讲的是他们对Wernicke's area的使用情况的研究发现，空格处应为被测试者使用Broca's area的情况。A项符合题意。
空格前两句表明了成人学习第二语言与儿童学习第二语言时对Broca's area的不同使用情况，后面的“Hirsch beheves…”是Hirsch对这一现象的解释，根据上下文语境可知，空格处应选择C项。
最后一段第一句指出，儿童和成人学习语言的方式不同，空格前的句子讲的是母亲怎样教儿童学习说话，可知空格处应说明这与成人学习语言的不同，E项与这一语境最符合。 -
第23题：
单选题Passage 2Several research teams have found that newborns prefer their mothers' voices over those of other people. Now a team of scientists has gone an intriguing step further: they have found that newborns cry in their native language.We have provided evidence that language begins with the very first cry melodies,says Kathleen Wermke of the University of Wirzburg, Germany, who led the research.The dramatic finding of this study is that not only are newborns capable of producing different cry melodies, but they prefer to produce those melody patterns that are typical for the ambient language they have heard during their fetal life, within the last trimester,said Wermke.Contraryto orthodox interpretations, these data support the importance of human infants' crying for seeding language development.It had been thought that babies' cries are constrained by their breathing patterns and respiratory apparatus, in which case a crying baby would sound like a crying baby no matter what the culture is, since babies are anatomically identical.The prevailing opinion used to be that newborns could not actively influence their production of sound,says Wermke. This study refutes that claim: since babies cry in different languages, they must have some control(presumably unconscious) over what they sound like rather than being constrained by the acoustical properties of their lungs, throat, mouth, and larynx. If respiration alone dictated what a cry sounded like, all babies would cry with a falling-pitch pattern, since that's what happens as you run out of breath and air pressure on the throat's sound-making machinery decreases. French babies apparently didn't get that memo.German and French infants produce different types of cries, even though they share the same physiology,the scientists point out.The French newborns produce ' nonphysiological' rising patterns,showing that the sound of their cries is under their control.Although phonemes-speech sounds such as kiorsh-don't cross the abdominal barrier and reach the fetus, so-called prosodic characteristics of speech do. These are the variations in pitch, rhythm, and intensity that characterize each language. Just as newborns remember and prefer actualsongs that they heard in utero, it seems, so they remember and prefer both the sound of Mom's voice and the melodic signature of her language.The idea of the study wasn't to make the sound of a screaming baby more interesting to listeners-good luck with that-but to explore how babies acquire speech. That acquisition, it is now clear, begins months before birth, probably in the third trimester. Newborns not only have memorized the main intonation patterns of their respective surrounding language but are also able to reproduce these patterns in their own [ sound] production,conclude the scientists. Newborns'cries are already tuned toward their native language, giving them a head start on sounding French or German (or, presumably, English or American or Chinese or anything else: the scientists are collecting cries from more languages). This is likely part of the explanation for how babies develop spoken language quickly and seemingly without effort. Sure, we may come into the world wired for language(thank you, Noam Chomsky), but we also benefit from the environmental exposure that tells us which language.Until this study, scientists thought that babies became capable of vocal imitation no earlier than12 weeks of age. That's when infants listening to an adult speaker producing vowels can parrot the sound. But that's the beginning of true speech. It's sort of amazing that it took this long for scientists to realize that if they want to see what sounds babies can perceive, remember, and play back, they should look at the sound babies produce best. So let the little angel cry: she's practicing to acquire language.Why do German and French babies produce different types of cries according to the research?ABecause they can control what they hear.
BBecause they can control their different breathing patterns.
CBecause they don't share the same physiological structure.
DBecause they can somehow control their sound production.
正确答案： D解析：