They fear it could have an adverse effect on global financial markets.A:an immediate B:a side C:a dramatic D:an unfavorable

副作用（side effect）

During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.
In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This "added-worker effect" could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen--and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to WalMart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent--and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation.
From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind．
Today's double-income families are at greater financial risk in that

A.the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeareD.
B.their chances of being laid off have greatly increaseD.
C.they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics
D.they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance

During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.
In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This "added-worker effect" could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen--and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to WalMart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent--and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation.
From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind．
It can be inferred from the last paragraph that__

A.financial risks tend to outweigh political risks
B.the middle class may face greater political challenges
C.financial problems may bring about political problems
D.financial responsibility is an indicator of political status

Lack of money will have an adverse effect on our research programme.

A:delayed
B:quick
C:positive
D:unfavorable

共用题干
第一篇

A Sunshade（遮阳伞）for the Planet

Even with the best will in the world,reducing our carbon emissions is not going to prevent global warming. It has become clear that even if we take the most strong measures to control emissions, the uncertainties in our climate models still leave open the possibility of extreme warming and rises in sea level. At the same time,resistance by governments and special interest groups makes it quite possible that the actions suggested by climate scientists might not be implemented soon enough.
Fortunately,if the worst comes to the worst,scientists still have a few tricks up their sleeves. For the most part they have strongly resisted discussing these options for fear of inviting a sense of complacency that might thwart efforts to tackle the root of the problem. Until now,that is a growing number of researchers are taking a fresh look at large-scale"geoengineering"projects that might be used to counteract global warming."I use the analogy of methadone,"says Stephen Schneider,a climate researcher at Stanford University in California who was among the first to draw attention to global warming."If you have a heroin addict,the correct treatment is hospitalization,and a long rehab. But if they absolutely refuse,methadone is better than heroin."
Basically the idea is to apply"sunscreen"to the whole planet. One astronomer has come up with a radical plan to cool Earth:launch trillions of feather-light discs into space,where they would form a vast cloud that would block the sun's rays.It's controversial,but recent studies suggest there are ways to deflect just enough of the sunlight reaching the Earth's surface to counteract the warming produced by the greenhouse effect. Global climate models show that blocking just 1.8 percent of the incident energy in the sun's rays would cancel out the warming effects produced by a doubling of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.That could be crucial,because even the most severe emissions control measures being proposed would leave us with a doubling of carbon dioxide by the end of this century,and that would last for at least a century more.

According to the first two paragraphs,the author thinks that______.
A:strong measures have been taken by the government to prevent global warming
B:It is impossible to prevent global warming by reducing carbon emissions
C:despite the difficulty,scientists have some options to prevent global warming
D:actions suggested by scientists will never be realized

共用题干
Global Warming

1 Smoke is clouding our view of global warming,protecting the planet from perhaps
three-quarters of the greenhouse（温室）effect.That might sound like good news, but
experts say that as the cover diminishes in coming decades,we are facing a dramatic
increase of warming that could be two or even three times as great as official best
guesses.
2 This was the dramatic conclusion reached last week at a workshop in Dahlem,Berlin,
where top atmospheric scientists got together,including Nobel prize winner Paul Crutzen
and Swedish scientist Bert Bolin,former chairman of the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change(IPCC).
3 IPCC scientists have suspected for a decade that aerosols（浮质）of smoke and other
particles from burning rainforest,crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and
counteracting the warming effect of carbon dioxide（二氧化物）emissions.Until now,they
reckoned that aerosols reduced greenhouse warming by perhaps a quarter,cutting
increases by 0.2℃．So the 0.6℃of warming over the past century would have been 0.8℃
without aerosols.
4 But the Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure is even higher一aerosols may have
reduced global warming by as much as three-quarters,cutting increases by 1.8℃.If so,
the good news is that aerosols have prevented the world getting almost two degrees warmer
than it is now.But the bad news is that the climate system is much more sensitive to
greenhouse gases than previously guessed.
5 As those gases are expected to continue accumulating in the atmosphere while aerosols
stabilize or fall,that means"dramatic consequences for estimates of future climate
change",the scientists agreed in a draft report from the workshop.

The increase of greenhouse gases_________.
A:will influence future climate change
B:was somewhat surprising
C:will rise rapidly
D:was known to us all
E:was much higher than had been expected
F:will drop dramatically

According to the passage，some scientists believe that a dose of one rem of radiation continued over a period of generations would( )

A.raise the strontium 90 levels in the body but otherwise have little effect
B.relieve the acute suffering of those afficted with arthritis of the spine without side effects
C.have the effect of increasing by 1 percent the cases of serious genetic defects
D.cause an additional 1 ，000 per million cases of cancer of the bone marrow or lymphatic system

During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.
In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This "added-worker effect" could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen--and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to WalMart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent--and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation.
From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind．
As a result of President Bush's reform, retired people may have__

A.a higher sense of security
B.less secured payments
C.less chance to invest
D.a guaranteed future

During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.
In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This "added-worker effect" could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen--and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to WalMart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent--and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation.
From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind．
Which of the following is the best title for this text?

A.The Middle Class on the Alert
B.The Middle Class on the Cliff
C.The Middle Class in Conflict
D.The Middle Class in Ruins

The development was adverse to our interests.

A:delayed
B:beneficial
C:positive
D:unfavorable

They fear it could have an adverse effect on global financial markets.

A:unfavorable
B:enormous
C:favorable
D:immediate

共用题干
Global Warming

1 Smoke is clouding our view of global warming,protecting the planet from perhaps
three-quarters of the greenhouse（温室）effect.That might sound like good news, but
experts say that as the cover diminishes in coming decades,we are facing a dramatic
increase of warming that could be two or even three times as great as official best
guesses.
2 This was the dramatic conclusion reached last week at a workshop in Dahlem,Berlin,
where top atmospheric scientists got together,including Nobel prize winner Paul Crutzen
and Swedish scientist Bert Bolin,former chairman of the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change(IPCC).
3 IPCC scientists have suspected for a decade that aerosols（浮质）of smoke and other
particles from burning rainforest,crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and
counteracting the warming effect of carbon dioxide（二氧化物）emissions.Until now,they
reckoned that aerosols reduced greenhouse warming by perhaps a quarter,cutting
increases by 0.2℃．So the 0.6℃of warming over the past century would have been 0.8℃
without aerosols.
4 But the Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure is even higher一aerosols may have
reduced global warming by as much as three-quarters,cutting increases by 1.8℃.If so,
the good news is that aerosols have prevented the world getting almost two degrees warmer
than it is now.But the bad news is that the climate system is much more sensitive to
greenhouse gases than previously guessed.
5 As those gases are expected to continue accumulating in the atmosphere while aerosols
stabilize or fall,that means"dramatic consequences for estimates of future climate
change",the scientists agreed in a draft report from the workshop.

Paragraph 5________
A:Atmospheric Scientists
B:The Calculations Made at the Berlin Workshop
C:The Previous Calculations of the Effect of Aerosols
D:The Scientists' Agreement
E:The Authoritative Conclusion
F:Greenhouse Gases

Rarely_______so difficult a problem.

A.she could have faced with
B.could have she faced with
C.she could have been faced with
D.could she have been faced with