Poor health and lack of money may both be to educational progress roadblocks.A: restraints B: stains C: scarcities D: barriers

Lack of money will have an adverse effect on our research programme.

A:diverse
B:quick
C:positive
D:unfavorable

When countries develop economically,people live longer lives.Development experts have long Delieved this is because having more money expands lifespan,but a massive new study suggests that education may play a bigger role.The finding has huge implications for public health spending.Back in 1975,economists plotted rising life expectancies against countries'wealth,and concluded that wealth itself increases longevity.It seemed self-evident:everything people need to be health from food to medical care--costs money But soon it emerged that the data didn't always fit that theory.Economic upturns didn’t always mean longer lives.In addition,for reasons that weren't clear,a given gain in gross domestic product（GDP）caused increasingly higher gains in life expectancy over time,as though it was becoming cheaper to add years of life.Me moreover,in the 1980s researchers found ga ins in literacy were associated with greater increases in life expectancy than gains in wealth were Finally,the more educated people in any country tend to live longer than their less educated compatriots.But such people also tend to be wealthier,so it has been difficult to untangle which factor is increasing lifespan Permanent change Wolfgang Lutz of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Vienna and colleagues have now done that by compiling average data on GDP per person,lifespans,and years of education from 174 countries,dating from 1970 to 2010 They found that,Just as in 1975,wealth correlated with longevity.But the correlation between longevity and years of schooling was closer,with a direct relationship that did not change over time way wealth does When the team put both these factors into the same mathematical model,they found that differences in education closely predicted differences in life expectancy,while changes in wealth barely mattered Lutz argues that because schooling happens many years before a person has attained their life expectancy,this correlation reflects cause:better education drives longer life.It also tends to lead to more wealh,which is why wealth and longevity are also correlated.But what is important,says Lutz,is that wealth does not seem to be driving longevity,as experts thought-in fact,education is driving both of them Lifestyle choices Some medical professionals may not like these findings,"says Lutz,as they suggest schools may be a better health investment than high-tech hospitals.But RudigerKrech at the World Health Organization welcomes the study."It confirms education as a major social determinant of health,"he says-aconcept WHO actively promotes.But if medical health experts welcome the findings,economists are less comfortable Sangheon Lee,at the UN International Labour Organisation in Geneva,Switzerland agrees education affects lifespan but doubts that simple models like Lutz's can fully resolve cause and effect."It's a very difficult econometric problem,"he says,with health,wealth and education all affecting each other But Lutz says that extreme examples are telling.Cuba is dead poor but has a higher life expectancy than the US because it is well educated.Meanwhile in oil-rich but poorly-educated Equatorial Guinea,people rarely reach 60
The case of Cuba in the last paragraph is used to

A.demonstrate that Cuba is a developing country with long life expectancy
B.show Cuba is a developing country and is often depicted as a very poor count
C.show that it ranks much better than most countries in Latin America in education
D.illustrate more education is what makes people live longer,not more money

共用题干
Retirement Brings Most a Big Health Boost

The self-reported health of the newly retired improves so much that most feel eight years younger,a new
European study suggests.
This happy news was true of almost everyone except a small minority一only 2 percent一who had experi-
enced"ideal"conditions in their working life,anyway.
"The results really say three things:that work puts an extra burden on the health of older workers,that
the effects of this extra burden are largely relieved by retirement and,finally,that both the extra burden and
the relief are larger when working conditions are poor,"said Hugo Westerlund,lead author of a study pub-
lished online Nov. 9 in The Lancet（柳叶刀）." This indicates that there is need to provide opportunities for
older workers to decrease the demands in their work out of concern for their health and well-being."
But of course,added Westerlund,who is head of epidemiology at the Stress Research Institute at
Stockholm University in Sweden,"not all older workers suffer from poor perceived health.Many are indeed
remarkably healthy and fit for work.But sooner or later,everyone has to slow down because of old age catch-
ing up."
Last week,the same group of researchers reported that workers slept better after retirement than before.
"Sleep improves at retirement,which suggests that sleeping could be a mediator between work and perception
of poor health,"Westerlund said.
This study looked at what the same 15,000 French workers,and most of them had to say about their own
health up to seven years pre-retirement and up to seven years post-retirement.
As participants got closer to retirement age,their perception of their own health declined,but went up
again during the first year of retirement.
Those who reported being in poorer health declined from 19.2 percent in the year prior to retirement to
14.3 percent by the end of the first year after retiring. According to the researchers,that means post-retire-
ment levels of poor health fell to levels last seen eight years previously.
The changes were seen in both men and women,across different occupations,and lasted through the first
seven years of not punching the clock.
Workers who felt worse before retirement and had lower working conditions reported greater improve-
ments as soon as they retired,the team found.

The study analyzed the participants'perception of their own health in a certain period.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

共用题干
第一篇

U. S. States Do Poorly in Women's Health

Not a single U. S. state meets basic federal goals for women's health,and the nation
as a whole fails except in two areas一mammograms（乳腺X光照片）and dental（牙齿的）
check-ups一researchers said on Thursday.
Millions of women lack health insurance,and states make it difficult to enroll（加入）in
Medicaid,the state-federal health insurance plan for the poor,according to the report.
And few states are doing anywhere near enough to help women quit smoking一the
leading cause of death in the United States.
"The nation as a whole and the individual states fall short of meeting national goals,"
reads the report,put together by the National Women's Law Center and the Oregon
Health&Science University."These health goals provide a road map for assessing the
status of women's health."
Of 27 measures examined by the group,from screening for diseases to actually treating
them,the nation passes on only two,the researchers said."The nation is so far from the
health goals that it receives an overall grade of'unsatisfactory',"they wrote.
The problem seems to be a lack among states of an overall plan for health in general,
the NWLC said.
" State policy makers' piecemeal（一件一件做的）approach to our health care crisis has
resulted in a complex and ineffective system that fails to meet the health care needs of
women,"Judy Waxman,NWLC Vice President for Health,said in a statement.
"Lawmakers need to take a comprehensive,long-term approach to meeting women's
health needs and tackle this serious problem that troubles so many families."

Medicaid is a program aimed at helping
A:women.
B:the poor.
C:the old.
D:children.

Poor health and lack of money may both be roadblocks to educational progress.

A:restraints
B:stains
C:scarcities
D:barriers

Poor grades are usually the result of___________.

A.poor sleeping habit
B.laziness
C.lack of sleep
D.inability to form good study habits

The paragraph 8 suggests that young Japanese may support( )

A.higher tax rates
B.higher health-care budget
C.receiving more money from their parents
D.higher salaries