The sentence "This argument... can be carried too far"implies that[ A] African's traditional slavery was inhumane.[ B] the slavery in Africa was confined to some regions.[ C] supporters of this argument knew little of Africa.[ D] slave shipment was not so
题目
The sentence "This argument... can be carried too far"implies that
[ A] African's traditional slavery was inhumane.
[ B] the slavery in Africa was confined to some regions.
[ C] supporters of this argument knew little of Africa.
[ D] slave shipment was not so serious as was imagined.
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更多“The sentence "This argument... can be carried too far"implies that[ A] African's traditional slavery was inhumane.[ B] the slavery in Africa was confined to some regions.[ C] supporters of this argument knew little of Africa.[ D] slave shipment was not so”相关问题
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第1题：
Text 2
For centuries the most valuable of African resources for Europeans were the slaves ,but these could be obtained at coastal ports, without any need for going deep inland. Slavery had been an established institution in Africa. Prisoners of war had been enslaved, as were also debtors and individuals guilty of serious crimes. But these slaves usually were treated as part of the family. They had clearly defined rights, and their slave status was not necessarily inherited. Therefore it is commonly argued that Africa's traditional slavery was mild compared to the trans-Atlantic slave trade organized by the Europeans. This argument ,however ,can be carried too far .ln the most recent study of this subject, some scholars warned against the illusion that "cruel and dehumanizing enslavement was a monopoly of the West. Slavery in its extreme forms ,including the taking of life, was common to both Africa and the West. The fact that African slavery had different origins and consequences should not lead us to deny what it was - the exploitation and control of human beings. "Neither can it be denied that the wholesale shipment of Africans to the slave plantations of the Americas was made possible by the participation of African chiefs who rounded up their fellow Africans and sold them as a handsome profit to European ship captains waiting along the coasts.
Granting all this ,the fact remains that the trans-Atlantic slave trade conducted by the Europeans was entirely different in quantity and quality from the traditional type of slavery that had existed' within Africa. From the beginning the European variety was primarily an economic institution rather than social ,as it had been in Africa. Western slave traders and slave owners were acted on by purely economic considerations ,and were quite ready to work their slaves to death if it was more profitable to do so than to treat them more mercifully. This inhumanity was reinforced by racism when the Europeans became involved in the African slave trade on a large scale. Perhaps as a subconscious rationalization they gradually came to look down on Negroes as inherently inferior ,and therefore destined to serve their white masters. Rationalization also may have been involved in the Europeans' use of religion to justify the traffic in human beings. It was argued ,for instance ,that enslavement assured the conversion of the African evil-believing religions to the true faith as well as to civilization.
46.1n the first paragraph, the author argues that
[ A] the Europeans were innocent in the trade of African slaves.
[ B] slavery in Africa and in the West was the same in nature.
[ C] the view in the most recent studies of enslavement is baseless.
[D] slaves had been treated even more cruelly in the African tradition.
正确答案：B
Text 2 参考译文几个世纪来，非洲拥有的对于欧洲人来说最有价值的资源是奴隶，但是这些奴隶可以从港口地区获得，没有必要深入非洲大陆。奴隶制度在非洲由来已久。奴隶主要来源于战犯、欠债者、罪行严重的罪犯。但是这些奴隶往往被看做是家庭成员。他们拥有明确的权利，而且他们的奴隶身份不一定是世袭的。因此，人们普遍认为，非洲传统的奴隶制度要比欧洲人组织的跨大西洋的奴隶贸易温和。但是，该观点有失偏颇。 2009年9月参考答案及精析第4页（共12页）在关于该问题的最近的一项研究中，一些学者反对人们将“残酷而不人道的蓄奴行为完全归咎于西方国家。奴隶制度下那些极端残酷的事件，包括屠杀奴隶，在非洲和西方国家均有发生。非洲奴隶制度的起源及造成的后果都不同于西方奴隶制度的事实，不应该使我们因此否认非洲奴隶制度在本质上是对人类的剥削及控制。”而且我们还不能否认，大规模运送非洲奴隶到美洲种植园是在非洲部落首领的参与下完成的，这些部落首领将他们的同胞围捕起来，然后高价卖给那些在海岸周围等待的欧洲船长们。虽然非洲的奴隶制度与西方的奴隶制度本质上一致，但是欧洲人组织的跨大西洋的奴隶贸易在数量上和质量上完全不同于非洲传统的奴隶制度。最初，欧洲蓄奴主要出于经济原因，而并不像非洲是出于社会因素来蓄奴。西方奴隶贸易者和奴隶拥有者完全为了获得经济利益而蓄奴，当他们认为把奴隶累死要比友善地对待他们更加有利可图时，他们会毫不犹豫地选择前者。当欧洲人大规模进行奴隶贸易时，种族主义加强了欧洲人对待奴隶的非人道程度。可能这正是源于一种潜意识上的合理化观点，该观点使得他们逐渐将黑人看做是天生低人一等，因而注定要听从于他们的白人主人。这种合理化观点同样使得欧洲人利用宗教来合法化奴隶贸易。例如，欧洲人认为，蓄奴使非洲信仰邪恶的宗教转变为真正的信仰及文明。答案及解析 46．B【精析】该题为细节题。根据第一段倒数第二句“The fact that Af- rican slavery had different origins and consequences should not lead us to deny what it was-the exploitation and control of human be- ings.”我们知道，尽管非洲当地的奴隶制度与欧洲的奴隶制度有着不同的起源和不同的结果，但是我们应该承认其本质仍然是对人类的剥削和控制，因此非洲及西方国家的奴隶制度在本质上是相同的，故选择B项。 -
第2题：
Supporters of the rationalization of slavery believe that the trade
[A] was out of good intents from the beginning.
[ B ] helped the development of local religion.
[C] was a help for civilizing the Africans.
[D] drove the evils out of the African religions.
正确答案：C
49．C 【精析】该题为细节题。根据第二段第三句“Western slave traders and slave owners were acted on by purely economic considerations …”我们知道，西方的奴隶贸易者及蓄奴者只是出于经济方面的考虑才进行奴隶贸易的，并不意味着出于好意，即“good intents”，故A项错误；根据第二段最后一句“It was argued，for instance， that enslavement assured the conversion of the African evil-believing religions to the true faith as well as to civilization.”我们知道，“合理化”观点的支持者认为蓄奴使非洲信仰邪恶的宗教转变为真正的信仰及文明，但是，并没有指出蓄奴促进了非洲宗教的发展，故 B项错误，同时可知C项正确；文中没有D项表述的意思。 -
第3题：
You’re standing too near the camer Can you move ( )A、a little farther
B、a little far
C、a bit of farther
D、a bit far
参考答案：A
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第4题：
_______writing a book, that too can be measured as a success.
A: So far as
B: As far as
C: So as to
D: In order to
参考答案：A
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第5题：
In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington,52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw-having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.
That's a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong-and yet most did little to fight it.
More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.
For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was "like having a large bank account," says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and The Creation of America． The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the "peculiar institution," including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.
And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.
Still, Jefferson freed Hemings's children-though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia．
Washington's decision to free slaves originated from his__A.moral considerations
B.military experience
C.financial conditions
D.political stanD.答案：B解析：细节题。从最后一段“…after observing the bravery ofthe black soldiers during the Revolutionary War…”可以看出在目睹黑人士兵英勇作战以后，华盛顿做出了释放奴隶的决定，因此B为正确选项。 -
第6题：
In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington,52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw-having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.
That's a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong-and yet most did little to fight it.
More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.
For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was "like having a large bank account," says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and The Creation of America． The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the "peculiar institution," including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.
And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.
Still, Jefferson freed Hemings's children-though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia．
We may infer from the second paragraph that__A.DNA technology has been widely applied to history research
B.in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations
C.historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson's life
D.political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history答案：B解析：细节题。B项就是第二段中“the fragile nature ofthe country’s infancy”的改写。根据排除法，A项中添加的“widely”是错误的，排除；C项将“历史研究”曲解为“故意编造”，排除。D项偷换概念，将“moral compromises”和“the country’s infancy”改为了“political compromises”和“throughout the history”。 -
第7题：
Text 4 In 1784,five years before he became president of the United States,George Washington,52,was nearly toothless.So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw–having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998,which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy.More significantly,they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong–and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything,the historians say,the founders were hampered by the culture of their time.While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery,they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing,the South could not afford to part with its slaves.Owning slaves was“like having a large bank account,”says Wiencek,author of An Imperfect God:George Washington,His Slaves,and the Creation of America.The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the“peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College.Once in office,Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803;the new land was carved into 13 states,including three slave states.Still,Jefferson freed Hemings’s children–though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves.Washington,who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.Only a decade earlier,such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.39.Which of the following is true according to the text?A.Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.
B.Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.
C.Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.
D.Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.答案：A解析：本题属于无法根据题干定位的细节题，因此要从选项中提取信息再定位到文中，将选项与原文对照。本文第二段末句提到历史研究发现，许多开国元勋们明知奴隶制错误，却很少有人推翻它。第三段表明，他们深知奴隶制的政治经济意义。从文章第五段首句“the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery”可知“政治家们的政治生命依赖于奴隶制”，换言之，他们从奴隶制中获得不少政治好处，故A项为正确选项。B项为反向干扰，第四段末句提到，宪法条款规定黑奴按3/5人口计算以保证国会代表 -
第8题：
Text 4 In 1784,five years before he became president of the United States,George Washington,52,was nearly toothless.So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw–having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998,which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy.More significantly,they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong–and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything,the historians say,the founders were hampered by the culture of their time.While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery,they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing,the South could not afford to part with its slaves.Owning slaves was“like having a large bank account,”says Wiencek,author of An Imperfect God:George Washington,His Slaves,and the Creation of America.The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the“peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College.Once in office,Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803;the new land was carved into 13 states,including three slave states.Still,Jefferson freed Hemings’s children–though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves.Washington,who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.Only a decade earlier,such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36.George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned toA.show the primitive medical practice in the past.
B.demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.
C.stress the role of slaves in the U.S.history.
D.reveal some unknown aspect of his life.答案：D解析：文章第一段介绍了华盛顿这样一段鲜为人知的故事，第二段则说拔牙的故事和华盛顿砍樱桃树的形象相差甚远，接着说，“许多历史学家开始关注奴隶制对开国元老那一代生活的影响”。从该句所在的结构可以明显判断出该句应该是对上文内容的一个总结，那么拔牙则正是反映华盛顿生活当中一个不为人知的方面，由此正确答案为D。C选项虽然与主题有些联系，但首段只谈到奴隶对华盛顿个人的作用，C项上升到整个美国历史，含义过于夸大；干扰项A和B都是就事论事，文章并未围绕医疗手段原始或奴隶制残忍性展开的。 -
第9题：
共用题干
Tales of the Terrible Past
It is not the job of fiction writers to analyze and interpret history.Yet by writing about the past in a vivid and compelling manner,storytellers can bring earlier eras to life and force readers to consider them seriously.Among those taking on the task of recounting history are some black writers who attempt to examine slavery from different points of view.
Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison deals specifically with the legacy of slavery in her book Beloved.The main character in this novel,a former slave called Sethe,lives in Ohio in the years following the Civil War,but she cannot free herself from her horrific memories.Through a series of flashbacks and bitter reminiscences,the reader learns how and why Sethe escaped from the plantation she had lived on;the fate of her husband,who also tried.to escape;and finally,what happened to the child called Beloved.Morrison's scenes of torture and murder are vivid and strongly convey the desperation of the slaves and the cruelty of their owners.
Charles Johnson's Middle Passage approaches slavery from a different,yet no less violent,vantage point.His main character,Rutherford Calhoun,is a ne'er-do-well free black American who stows away on a slave ship bound for Africa to collect its"cargo".Put to work after he is discovered,Calhoun witnesses first- hand the appalling conditions in which the captured Africans are transported.When they finally rebel and take over the ship,he finds himself in the middle-and is forced to come to terms with who he is and what his values are.
Neither Beloved nor Middle Passage is an easy read,but both exemplify African American writers, attempts to bring significant historical situations alive for a modern audience.The word appalling in Paragraph 3 means______.
A:terrible
B:surprising
C:guilty
D:unrealistic答案：A解析：通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了Morrison的小说Beloved和Johnson的小说Middle Passage中关于奴隶制的主要内容，故选D。
由文章第二段第二句话“The main characters in this novel…lives in Ohio in the years followingthe Civil War.”可知，Beloved的背景设置在内战之后的俄亥俄州。故选C。
文章最后一段说到，这两部小说读起来都不轻松，但是它们都是非裔美国作家努力为现代观众重现重要历史的典范之作，由此可推断出作者觉得这些作品都是值得花费时间和精力去读并且很有挑战性的。故选B。
由文章第三段第一句话“Charles Johnson 's…from a different , yet no less violent , vantage point。”可知，Johnson的小说从另外一个角度来描写奴隶制，但同样充满着暴力。联系上文，这两部作品在对暴力的描写这一点上是相似的。故选D。
根据第三段中对运送非洲人去美国的描述可推测出，黑人奴隶们的境况必然是极为糟糕的。terrible糟糕的，与appalling（糟糕的，可怕的）意思相近。故选A0 surprising令人惊讶的；guilty有罪的；unrealistic不现实的。 -
第10题：
共用题干
Tales of the Terrible Past
It is not the job of fiction writers to analyze and interpret history.Yet by writing about the past in a vivid and compelling manner,storytellers can bring earlier eras to life and force readers to consider them seriously.Among those taking on the task of recounting history are some black writers who attempt to examine slavery from different points of view.
Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison deals specifically with the legacy of slavery in her book Beloved.The main character in this novel,a former slave called Sethe,lives in Ohio in the years following the Civil War,but she cannot free herself from her horrific memories.Through a series of flashbacks and bitter reminiscences,the reader learns how and why Sethe escaped from the plantation she had lived on;the fate of her husband,who also tried.to escape;and finally,what happened to the child called Beloved.Morrison's scenes of torture and murder are vivid and strongly convey the desperation of the slaves and the cruelty of their owners.
Charles Johnson's Middle Passage approaches slavery from a different,yet no less violent,vantage point.His main character,Rutherford Calhoun,is a ne'er-do-well free black American who stows away on a slave ship bound for Africa to collect its"cargo".Put to work after he is discovered,Calhoun witnesses first- hand the appalling conditions in which the captured Africans are transported.When they finally rebel and take over the ship,he finds himself in the middle-and is forced to come to terms with who he is and what his values are.
Neither Beloved nor Middle Passage is an easy read,but both exemplify African American writers, attempts to bring significant historical situations alive for a modern audience.This passage is mostly about______.
A:the causes of slavery in America
B:black writers in the late 20th century
C:why Morrison and Johnson wrote the books they did
D:two novels that deal with slavery答案：D解析：通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了Morrison的小说Beloved和Johnson的小说Middle Passage中关于奴隶制的主要内容，故选D。
由文章第二段第二句话“The main characters in this novel…lives in Ohio in the years followingthe Civil War.”可知，Beloved的背景设置在内战之后的俄亥俄州。故选C。
文章最后一段说到，这两部小说读起来都不轻松，但是它们都是非裔美国作家努力为现代观众重现重要历史的典范之作，由此可推断出作者觉得这些作品都是值得花费时间和精力去读并且很有挑战性的。故选B。
由文章第三段第一句话“Charles Johnson 's…from a different , yet no less violent , vantage point。”可知，Johnson的小说从另外一个角度来描写奴隶制，但同样充满着暴力。联系上文，这两部作品在对暴力的描写这一点上是相似的。故选D。
根据第三段中对运送非洲人去美国的描述可推测出，黑人奴隶们的境况必然是极为糟糕的。terrible糟糕的，与appalling（糟糕的，可怕的）意思相近。故选A0 surprising令人惊讶的；guilty有罪的；unrealistic不现实的。 -
第11题：
单选题“Not until science became prominent _____ be abolished”，some people argue.Adid slavery come to
Bslavery to
Chad slavery come to
Dthat slavery came to
正确答案： C解析：
not…until是一个表示否定的词组，位于句首的时候应该采用倒装语序。而主句表示的动作发生在从句之后，因此主句中谓语动词也应该是一般过去式，故答案为A项。 -
第12题：
问答题Aid for Africa The momentum is building ahead of next month’s G8 summit in Scotland where the leaders of the world’s richest nations will debate what they can do to help some of the world’s poorest. Africa is the priority and the politicians will discuss reducing the debt burden, ending trade regulations which put the continent’s economy at a disadvantage, and giving more aid. Mark Doyle, who’s reported from Africa for many years, looks at why aid is necessary, and why much of what’s been donated in the past has not worked. All around the edge of Africa-along the coastline, near the continents’ ports—are monuments to exploitation. On the island of Goree, for example, just off the coast of Senegal, there’s :the Slave House. This was the last place many Africans saw before being shipped off to a lifetime of slavery in American or, just as often, to death on the high seas. There are many more places like this dating from the three hundreds and fifty years or so of the African slave trade. When people wonder why Africa is so poor, they need look no further for the start of an explanation. The end of the slavery was followed by a century of colonialism. Some people argue that colonialism brought limited development—railways and schools and so on—the system was principally designed to turn Africa into a vast plantation and mining site for the profit of outsiders. Of course, some Africans gained from this period. Chiefs who sold their enemies to the European or Arab slavers, for example, and coastal people who creams a little off the colonial trade which flowed through their land. But on the whole, for almost half a millennium, the general rule was systematic exploitation. This must, surely, be the basic reason why Africa is poor. You could add that the climate .is punishing, that tropical diseases are fife, and that today’s independent African rulers are far from perfect, all true. But these factors, powerful in recent decades, seem marginal when set against to the pattern that was set for centuries. The solution, or at least, the project SOLD as the solution to, has been aid. Emergency aid, development aid, agricultural aid, economic advice. Billions of dollars worth of it. The problem with this solution is that, patently, is hasn’t worked. On the whole, Africa has got poorer. The failure hasn’t really been the idea of real aid but the misuse of that term. Clearly, if, in the famous phrases, you teach a man to fish you’re probably helping him. But most aid hasn’t been like that. Most of it has been top-down aid, money that’s given to African governments do the political bidding of the aid givers. A good proportion of it has been creamed off by the recipient government’s officials and another large chunk of it paid back to the so-called donors in consultancy fees, salaries, cars, houses and servants for aid officials, debt repayments and the purchasing of arms. And yet, to say aid hasn’t worked IN THE PAST is not the same thing as saying aid CAN’T work.正确答案： 【参考译文】
援助非洲 下个月在苏格兰举行的八国峰会上,世界上最富有国家的领导人将会讨论他们能为世界上最贫穷的国家做些什么。而在峰会召开前的一个月这种发展势头就有了征兆。非洲是优先考虑的对象,政客们会讨论减少非洲的债务负担,终止那些束缚非洲经济发展的贸易规则,同时给予更多的经济援助。马克·多伊勒在非洲从事新闻报道多年,他将探讨为什么经济援助是必须的,以及为什么以前的大部分资助没有起到作用。
沿着非洲的边界线——沿着海岸线,靠近大陆的港口——矗立着关于剥削的纪念碑。例如,离塞内加尔海岸线不远处的戈雷岛上就有一个奴隶交易所。这是很多被船只运往远方的非洲人离开故土时所看到的最后一个场景,他们很可能一辈子在美洲做奴隶,或是在途中葬身于汹涌的大海,而这种事情时常发生。
还有很多这样的地方,他们可以一直追溯到350年以前的非洲奴隶交易。当人们纳闷为什么非洲如此贫穷时,他们不再需要其他的解释。
紧跟着奴隶制度的结束又是一个世纪的殖民统治。有些人争辩道,殖民统治还是给非洲带来了小小的发展——铁路、学校等等——这个体制最主要的是将非洲变成一个巨大的种植园和矿区,来满足入侵者的经济利益。
当然,一些非洲人在这段时间也赚了一笔。例如,把敌人卖到欧洲或阿拉伯国家去做奴隶的酋长们,以及当殖民贸易者路过他们的地盘时揩点“小油”的沿岸居民。
但是整体而言,五百多年来普遍的规则便是有系统地剥削。
毫无疑问,这肯定是非洲贫穷的根本原因。你也可以加上非洲的气候恶劣,热带的疾病猖獗,现今独立的非洲的统治者素质低下。这些都是事实。但是这些近些年颇有影响力的因素,一旦同几百年的奴隶问题相比较,就显得太微不足道了。
解决方案,或至少SOLD项目中的解决方案就是“援助”。紧急援助,发展援助,农业援助,经济咨询。价值几十亿美元的援助。很明显,这个解决问题的方案在于援助并没有起到作用。
整体而言,非洲更穷了。
援助的失败并不在于真正援助这一理念而在于错误地使用了这一术语。很显然,正如那句有名的老话“授人与鱼,不如授人与渔”,这才是助人之道。
但是大多数援助并非如此。大部分援助是“自上而下”的援助,那些给予非洲政府的钱用于了援助赠予者的政治意图,而援助中的大部分都被非洲的政府官员贪污了。另外一大块儿则通过各种各样的形式返还给了捐助国,例如顾问费、援助国官员的工资、车费、房费和佣人费,以及还债和购买武器。
但是,过去给非洲的援助没有起到作用并不等于援助不能起到作用。 解析： 暂无解析 -
第13题：
Which of the following was true of the local African slavery?
[ A] Slaves might have their own families.
[ B] The son of a slave might not be a slave.
[ C] Slavery was confmed to the coastal regions.
[D] There was no killing in African slavery.
正确答案：B
47．B 【精析】该题为细节题。文中并未提到选项A表述的内容；根据第一段第五句“They had clearly defined rights，and their slave sta- tus was not necessarily inherited.”我们知道，非洲当地的奴隶拥有明确的权利，而且他们的奴隶身份不一定是世袭的，因此，我们可以判断出，奴隶的下一代不一定还是奴隶，B项正确；第一段第一句“For centuries the most valuable of African resources for Europeans were the salves, but these could be obtained at coastal ports．without any need for going deep inland．”告诉我们，运往欧洲的奴隶来自于海港地区，并没有指出非洲本地的奴隶制度只限于海港地区，故C项的表述是错误的；根据第一段倒数第三句 “Slavery in its extreme forms, including the taking of life, was common to both Africa and the West.”我们知道，屠杀奴隶的事件在非洲和西方国家都有发生，故D项的表述是错误的。 -
第14题：
Restrained from the slave-trade—the favorite traffic of the chiefs—A(opposed in) their marauding propensity, and threatened by the desertion of their slaves and women, who begin to understand that by flight into the towns of the Republic they can free themselves from the domestic institutions of slavery and polygamy, B( it is not probable that) heathen princes and chiefs would be favorable to the government C(which they imagine is operating) detrimentally in these respects toD( its interest).
正确答案：D
D 解析：D处its interest应为their interest。句中的主语为“heathen princes and chiefs”，因此其后面的代词应为复数形式。 -
第15题：
which of the following statements is not true?
A. The Northern states did not have racial discrimination.
B. Segregation laws continued to be enforced in Southern states until the 1950s.
C. The Northern states had outlawed slavery by 1830.
D. Slavery was finally abolished in the South in 1865.
参考答案：A
-
第16题：
This sentence is () difficult () few of the students can understand it.A、too…to
B、very, that
C、so, that
D、such, that
参考答案：C
-
第17题：
Text 4 In 1784,five years before he became president of the United States,George Washington,52,was nearly toothless.So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw–having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998,which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy.More significantly,they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong–and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything,the historians say,the founders were hampered by the culture of their time.While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery,they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing,the South could not afford to part with its slaves.Owning slaves was“like having a large bank account,”says Wiencek,author of An Imperfect God:George Washington,His Slaves,and the Creation of America.The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the“peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College.Once in office,Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803;the new land was carved into 13 states,including three slave states.Still,Jefferson freed Hemings’s children–though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves.Washington,who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.Only a decade earlier,such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?A.His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.
B.His status as a father made him free the child slaves.
C.His attitude towards slavery was complex.
D.His affair with a slave stained his prestige.答案：C解析：根据本文内容，杰斐逊虽然私下里反感奴隶制，但他更看重奴隶制在国家建设过程中的基石作用，并没有解放所有奴隶，只是释放了一个奴隶，这一点并不能说明他对奴隶制态度的改变，他仍然坚持奴隶制，如果说对奴隶制态度的改变是从“扩大奴隶制”到“释放奴隶”，那么这种改变也是由于他的私生活，而并不是他的政治观点导致的，因此A项排除；B项似是而非，child slaves泛指所有的儿童奴隶，而第六段首句提到，他只给了与他有私情女奴的孩子以自由，所以将原文的概念扩大而排除；D项中前部分表述为事实，他确实与一名女奴有暧昧关系，但这 -
第18题：
Text 4 In 1784,five years before he became president of the United States,George Washington,52,was nearly toothless.So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw–having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998,which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy.More significantly,they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong–and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything,the historians say,the founders were hampered by the culture of their time.While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery,they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing,the South could not afford to part with its slaves.Owning slaves was“like having a large bank account,”says Wiencek,author of An Imperfect God:George Washington,His Slaves,and the Creation of America.The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the“peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College.Once in office,Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803;the new land was carved into 13 states,including three slave states.Still,Jefferson freed Hemings’s children–though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves.Washington,who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.Only a decade earlier,such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.37.We may infer from the second paragraph thatA.DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.
B.in its early days the U.S.was confronted with delicate situations.
C.historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.
D.political compromises are easily found throughout the答案：B解析：第二段内容开始部分提出文章的主题，即奴隶制在这些领导人的生活中扮演的角色，下文则围绕这一新的历史研究展开论述，最后两句总结研究发现，即早期领导人的道德妥协以及新生国家的脆弱性，开国元勋们明知奴隶制错误，却不尽力去推翻。B项中的in its early days和delicate与文中的the country’s infancy和fragile nature对应，故为正确选项。A项题意过宽，我们很难判断是否“widely applied”，在文中找不到信息支持，与文章主题无关；C项明显错误，历史学家的历史 -
第19题：
Text 4 In 1784,five years before he became president of the United States,George Washington,52,was nearly toothless.So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw–having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998,which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy.More significantly,they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong–and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything,the historians say,the founders were hampered by the culture of their time.While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery,they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing,the South could not afford to part with its slaves.Owning slaves was“like having a large bank account,”says Wiencek,author of An Imperfect God:George Washington,His Slaves,and the Creation of America.The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the“peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College.Once in office,Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803;the new land was carved into 13 states,including three slave states.Still,Jefferson freed Hemings’s children–though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves.Washington,who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.Only a decade earlier,such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from hisA.moral considerations.
B.military experience.
C.financial conditions.
D.political stand.答案：B解析：根据题干中的关键词定位到第六段的第二句，“Washington,…observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,…grant his slaves their freedom in his will”明确指出华盛顿给奴隶自由的原因是他们在战争中的勇敢行为，所以正确选项为B项。其他三项均不符合原文内容，故排除。 -
第20题：
In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington,52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw-having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.
That's a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong-and yet most did little to fight it.
More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.
For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was "like having a large bank account," says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and The Creation of America． The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the "peculiar institution," including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.
And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.
Still, Jefferson freed Hemings's children-though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia．
George Washington's dental surgery is mentioned to__A.show the primitive medical practice in the past
B.demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days
C.stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history
D.reveal some unknown aspect of his life答案：D解析：推断题。本题可以运用排除法。A项就事论事，很明显作者提及该事例的目的不是为了单纯地介绍过去原始的医疗行为。文中没有提及奴隶制度的残酷，排除B项。C项本身逻辑上存在漏洞，该事例最多只能说明奴隶对于华盛顿本人的作用，谈不上在美国历史上的作用。故选D，作者从他人不熟悉的故事入手，让读者看到一个“不同于历史书中的华盛顿”。 -
第21题：
共用题干
Tales of the Terrible Past
It is not the job of fiction writers to analyze and interpret history.Yet by writing about the past in a vivid and compelling manner,storytellers can bring earlier eras to life and force readers to consider them seriously.Among those taking on the task of recounting history are some black writers who attempt to examine slavery from different points of view.
Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison deals specifically with the legacy of slavery in her book Beloved.The main character in this novel,a former slave called Sethe,lives in Ohio in the years following the Civil War,but she cannot free herself from her horrific memories.Through a series of flashbacks and bitter reminiscences,the reader learns how and why Sethe escaped from the plantation she had lived on;the fate of her husband,who also tried.to escape;and finally,what happened to the child called Beloved.Morrison's scenes of torture and murder are vivid and strongly convey the desperation of the slaves and the cruelty of their owners.
Charles Johnson's Middle Passage approaches slavery from a different,yet no less violent,vantage point.His main character,Rutherford Calhoun,is a ne'er-do-well free black American who stows away on a slave ship bound for Africa to collect its"cargo".Put to work after he is discovered,Calhoun witnesses first- hand the appalling conditions in which the captured Africans are transported.When they finally rebel and take over the ship,he finds himself in the middle-and is forced to come to terms with who he is and what his values are.
Neither Beloved nor Middle Passage is an easy read,but both exemplify African American writers, attempts to bring significant historical situations alive for a modern audience.The writer seems to feel that______.
A:everyone should read Morrison's and Johnson's novels
B:the books are worthwhile but challenging
C:black writers should ignore racial issues
D:we will repeat the past if we don't learn about it答案：B解析：通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了Morrison的小说Beloved和Johnson的小说Middle Passage中关于奴隶制的主要内容，故选D。
由文章第二段第二句话“The main characters in this novel…lives in Ohio in the years followingthe Civil War.”可知，Beloved的背景设置在内战之后的俄亥俄州。故选C。
文章最后一段说到，这两部小说读起来都不轻松，但是它们都是非裔美国作家努力为现代观众重现重要历史的典范之作，由此可推断出作者觉得这些作品都是值得花费时间和精力去读并且很有挑战性的。故选B。
由文章第三段第一句话“Charles Johnson 's…from a different , yet no less violent , vantage point。”可知，Johnson的小说从另外一个角度来描写奴隶制，但同样充满着暴力。联系上文，这两部作品在对暴力的描写这一点上是相似的。故选D。
根据第三段中对运送非洲人去美国的描述可推测出，黑人奴隶们的境况必然是极为糟糕的。terrible糟糕的，与appalling（糟糕的，可怕的）意思相近。故选A0 surprising令人惊讶的；guilty有罪的；unrealistic不现实的。 -
第22题：
共用题干
Tales of the Terrible Past
It is not the job of fiction writers to analyze and interpret history.Yet by writing about the past in a vivid and compelling manner,storytellers can bring earlier eras to life and force readers to consider them seriously.Among those taking on the task of recounting history are some black writers who attempt to examine slavery from different points of view.
Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison deals specifically with the legacy of slavery in her book Beloved.The main character in this novel,a former slave called Sethe,lives in Ohio in the years following the Civil War,but she cannot free herself from her horrific memories.Through a series of flashbacks and bitter reminiscences,the reader learns how and why Sethe escaped from the plantation she had lived on;the fate of her husband,who also tried.to escape;and finally,what happened to the child called Beloved.Morrison's scenes of torture and murder are vivid and strongly convey the desperation of the slaves and the cruelty of their owners.
Charles Johnson's Middle Passage approaches slavery from a different,yet no less violent,vantage point.His main character,Rutherford Calhoun,is a ne'er-do-well free black American who stows away on a slave ship bound for Africa to collect its"cargo".Put to work after he is discovered,Calhoun witnesses first- hand the appalling conditions in which the captured Africans are transported.When they finally rebel and take over the ship,he finds himself in the middle-and is forced to come to terms with who he is and what his values are.
Neither Beloved nor Middle Passage is an easy read,but both exemplify African American writers, attempts to bring significant historical situations alive for a modern audience.Beloved is set______.
A:on a slave ship
B:on a plantation before the Civil War
C:in Ohio after the Civil War
D:in an African town答案：C解析：通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了Morrison的小说Beloved和Johnson的小说Middle Passage中关于奴隶制的主要内容，故选D。
由文章第二段第二句话“The main characters in this novel…lives in Ohio in the years followingthe Civil War.”可知，Beloved的背景设置在内战之后的俄亥俄州。故选C。
文章最后一段说到，这两部小说读起来都不轻松，但是它们都是非裔美国作家努力为现代观众重现重要历史的典范之作，由此可推断出作者觉得这些作品都是值得花费时间和精力去读并且很有挑战性的。故选B。
由文章第三段第一句话“Charles Johnson 's…from a different , yet no less violent , vantage point。”可知，Johnson的小说从另外一个角度来描写奴隶制，但同样充满着暴力。联系上文，这两部作品在对暴力的描写这一点上是相似的。故选D。
根据第三段中对运送非洲人去美国的描述可推测出，黑人奴隶们的境况必然是极为糟糕的。terrible糟糕的，与appalling（糟糕的，可怕的）意思相近。故选A0 surprising令人惊讶的；guilty有罪的；unrealistic不现实的。 -
第23题：
问答题Practice 10 The momentum is building ahead of next month’s G8 summit in Scotland where the leaders of the world’s richest nations will debate what they can do to help some of the world’s poorest. Africa is the priority and the politicians will discuss reducing the debt burden, ending trade regulations which put the continent’s economy at a disadvantage, and giving more aid. Mark Doyle, who’s reported from Africa for many years, looks at why aid is necessary, and why much of what’s been donated in the past has not worked. All around the edge of Africa-along the coastline, near the continents’ ports—are monuments to exploitation. On the island of Goree, for example, just off the coast of Senegal, there’s: the Slave House. This was the last place many Africans saw before being shipped off to a lifetime of slavery in American or, just as often, to death on the high seas. There are many more places like this dating from the three hundred and fifty years or so of the African slave trade. When people wonder why Africa is so poor, they need look no further for the start of an explanation.正确答案：
【参考译文】
下个月在苏格兰举行的八国峰会上,世界上最富有国家的领导人将会讨论他们能为世界上最贫穷的国家做些什么。而在峰会召开前的一个月这种发展势头就有了征兆。非洲是优先考虑的对象,政客们会讨论减少非洲的债务负担,终止那些束缚非洲经济发展的贸易规则,同时给予更多的经济援助。马克·多伊勒在非洲从事新闻报道多年,他将探讨为什么经济援助是必须的,以及为什么以前的大部分资助没有起到作用。
沿着非洲的边界线——沿着海岸线,靠近大陆的港口——矗立着关于剥削的纪念碑。例如,离塞内加尔海岸线不远处的戈雷岛上就有一个奴隶交易所。这是很多被船只运往远方的非洲人离开故土时所看到的最后一个场景,他们很可能一辈子在美洲做奴隶,或是在途中葬身于汹涌的大海,而这种事情时常发生。
还有很多这样的地方,他们可以一直追溯到350年以前的非洲奴隶交易。当人们纳闷为什么非洲如此贫穷时,他们不再需要其他的解释。解析： 暂无解析