问答题Practice 4　　America’s singular approach to international affairs did not develop all at once, or as the consequence of a solitary inspiration. In the early years of the Republic, American foreign policy was in fact a sophisticated reflection of the Ame

短文互译：From English into Chinese A joint venture is a form. of business organization undertaken by two or more parties. It is China’s Policy to enter into joint ventures with foreign enterprises in order to expand international economic cooperation and technologi.

Power and Cooperation: An American Foreign Policy for the Age of Global Politics　　The age of geopolitics in American foreign policy is over; the age of global politics has begun. Throughout the twentieth century, traditional geopolitics drove U. S. thinking on foreign affairs: American security depended on preventing any one country from achieving dominion over the Eurasian landmass. That objective was achieved with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Now the United States finds itself confronting a new international environment, one without a peer competitor but that nonetheless presents serious threats to American security. The terrorists who struck the World Trade Center and the Pentagon neither represented a traditional state-based threat nor were tied to a specific geographical location. Nevertheless, nineteen people with just a few hundred thousand dollars succeeded in harming the most powerful nation on earth.　　For more than three centuries, the dynamics of world politics was determined by the interplay among states, especially the great powers. Today, world politics is shaped by two unprecedented phenomena that are in some tension with each other. One is the sheer predominance of the United States. Today, as never before, what matters most in international politics is how—and whether—Washington acts on any given issue. The other is globalization, which has unleashed economic, political, and social forces that are beyond the capacity of any one country, including the United States, to control.　　American primacy and globalization bring the United States great rewards as well as great dangers. Primacy gives Washington an unsurpassed ability to get its way in international affairs, while globalization enriches the American economy and spreads American values. But America’s great power and the penetration of its culture, products, and influence deep into other societies breed intense resentment and grievances. Great power and great wealth do not necessarily produce greater respect or greater security. American leaders and the American people are now grappling with the double-edged sword that is the age of global politics.

Practice 2　　Until early in this century, the isolationist tendency prevailed in American foreign policy. Then two factors projected America into world affairs: its rapidly expanding power, and the gradual collapse of the international system centered on Europe, the watershed presidencies marked this progression: Theodore Roosevelt’s and Woodrow Wilson’s. These men held the reins of government when world affairs were drawing a reluctant nation into their vortex. Both recognized that America had a crucial role to play in world affairs though they justified its emergence from isolation with opposite philosophies.　　Roosevelt was a sophisticated analyst of the balance of power. He insisted on an international role for America because its national interest demanded it, and because a global balance of power was inconceivable to him without American participation. For Wilson, the justification of America’s international role was messianic: America had an obligation, not to the balance of power, but to spread its principles throughout the world. During the Wilson’s Administration, America emerged as a key player in world affairs, proclaiming principles which, while reflecting the truisms of American though, nevertheless marked a revolutionary departure for Old World diplomats. These principles held that peace depends on the spread of democracy, that states should be judged by the same ethical criteria as individuals, and that the national interest consists of adhering to a universal system of law.

What made the most negative impression on foreign visitors?

Which kind of ability did the author mainly focus on in his early years of writing practice?

Practice 4　　America’s singular approach to international affairs did not develop all at once, or as the consequence of a solitary inspiration. In the early years of the Republic, American foreign policy was in fact a sophisticated reflection of the American national interest, which was, simply, to fortify the hew nation’s independence. Since no European country was capable of posing an actual threat so long as it had to contend with rivals, the Founding Fathers showed themselves quite ready to manipulate the despised balance of power when it suited their needs indeed, they could be extraordinarily skillful at maneuvering between France and Great Britain not only to preserve America’s independence but to enlarge its frontiers. Because they really wanted neither side to win a decisive victory in the wars of the French Revolution, they declared neutrality. Jefferson defined the Napoleonic Wars as a contest between the tyrant on the land (France) and the tyrant of the ocean (England) —in other words, the parties in the European struggle were morally equivalent. Practicing an early form of nonalignment, the new nation discovered the benefit of neutrality as a bargaining tool, just as many an emerging nation has since.

It can be inferred that the author considers those historians who describe early feminists in the Unrated States as “solitary” to be _____.

Passage 3　　Certain barriers to foreign trade make selling in the international market a real challenge. Relatively few Americans are fluent in more than one language. (31)______, not all foreign traders speak English. (32)______, English is the second language in many countries, (33)______ is helping to lessen the language barrier. (34)______, an increasing number of Americans are learning a second language.　　Each nation has (35)______ peculiar social customs and business practices, which often serve as a hindrance to international trade. The Latin American Siesta—the long lunch hour (36)______ makes the workday longer—is not common (37)______ other ethnic groups. Many foreigners working in Latin American countries find this custom difficult to observe. For some, driving a car (38)______ the left hand side of the road is confusing. Removing your shoes to enter a residence or religious building is (39)______ unique custom. Strange and exotic foods sometimes create a diet problem for the new comer abroad. On the other hand, the American practice of one-stop shopping in shopping centers is becoming common practice in many foreign countries.　　One common foreign custom that has caused trouble is the “entry fee” or bribe that is often expected (40)______ dealing with foreign governments.

When did the family car become common in America?In the early ____.

Practice 1　　Twenty years ago, Motorola looked upon the Japanese with something close to fear. The Chicago company’s television-manufacturing division had been large and profitable in the 1960s. By the early 1970s, however, high costs and a rising tide of inexpensive Japanese TVs were taking a heavy toll. “The Japanese were very aggressive”, recalls Motorola spokesman Mario Salvadori. “They wanted to get market share.” With cutthroat pricing, they did—eventually running nearly every U.S. electronic company out of the TV business. Motorola sold its Quasar TV unit to a Japanese company in 1974. But while other U.S. companies were floored for foreign competition, Motorola refocused its energies, It turned to wireless communications—an industry it had pioneered (with mobile radios and walkie-talkie) in the 1920s. It was a prescient move.

Why did the early settlers come to America? Who were the Pilgrims? Who were the Puritans? What were the features in the colonial period which had influence on later American development?

Practice 8　　The United States has long been known as a “melting pot”, because many of its people are descended from settlers who came from all over the world to make their homes in the new land. The first immigrants in American history came from England and the Netherlands. Attracted by reports of great economic opportunities and religious and political freedom, immigrants from many other countries flocked to the United States in increasing numbers, reaching a peak in the years 1880—1914. Between 1820 and 1980 the United States admitted almost 50 million immigrants.　　Some 1,360,000 American Indians, descendants of North America's first inhabitants, now reside in the United States. Most live in the West, but many are in the south and north central areas. Of the more than 300 separate tribes, the largest is the Navaho in the Southwest.　　Black people were first brought to America from Africa as slaves. Their descendants now make up nearly 12 percent of the population. They once lived mainly in the agricultural South but now are scattered throughout the nation.