1 The scientists in the research laboratories of Swan Hill Company (SHC, a public listed company) recently made a veryimportant discovery about the process that manufactured its major product. The scientific director, Dr Sonja Rainbow,informed the board t
题目
1 The scientists in the research laboratories of Swan Hill Company (SHC, a public listed company) recently made a very
important discovery about the process that manufactured its major product. The scientific director, Dr Sonja Rainbow,
informed the board that the breakthrough was called the ‘sink method’. She explained that the sink method would
enable SHC to produce its major product at a lower unit cost and in much higher volumes than the current process.
It would also produce lower unit environmental emissions and would substantially improve product quality compared
to its current process and indeed compared to all of the other competitors in the industry.
SHC currently has 30% of the global market with its nearest competitor having 25% and the other twelve producers
sharing the remainder. The company, based in the town of Swan Hill, has a paternalistic management approach and
has always valued its relationship with the local community. Its website says that SHC has always sought to maximise
the benefit to the workforce and community in all of its business decisions and feels a great sense of loyalty to the
Swan Hill locality which is where it started in 1900 and has been based ever since.
As the board considered the implications of the discovery of the sink method, chief executive Nelson Cobar asked
whether Sonja Rainbow was certain that SHC was the only company in the industry that had made the discovery and
she said that she was. She also said that she was certain that the competitors were ‘some years’ behind SHC in their
research.
It quickly became clear that the discovery of the sink method was so important and far reaching that it had the
potential to give SHC an unassailable competitive advantage in its industry. Chief executive Nelson Cobar told board
colleagues that they should clearly understand that the discovery had the potential to put all of SHC’s competitors out
of business and make SHC the single global supplier. He said that as the board considered the options, members
should bear in mind the seriousness of the implications upon the rest of the industry.
Mr Cobar said there were two strategic options. Option one was to press ahead with the huge investment of new plant
necessary to introduce the sink method into the factory whilst, as far as possible, keeping the nature of the sink
technology secret from competitors (the ‘secrecy option’). A patent disclosing the nature of the technology would not
be filed so as to keep the technology secret within SHC. Option two was to file a patent and then offer the use of the
discovery to competitors under a licensing arrangement where SHC would receive substantial royalties for the twentyyear
legal lifetime of the patent (the ‘licensing option’). This would also involve new investment but at a slower pace
in line with competitors. The licence contract would, Mr Cobar explained, include an ‘improvement sharing’
requirement where licensees would be required to inform. SHC of any improvements discovered that made the sink
method more efficient or effective.
The sales director, Edwin Kiama, argued strongly in favour of the secrecy option. He said that the board owed it to
SHC’s shareholders to take the option that would maximise shareholder value. He argued that business strategy was
all about gaining competitive advantage and this was a chance to do exactly that. Accordingly, he argued, the sink
method should not be licensed to competitors and should be pursued as fast as possible. The operations director said
that to gain the full benefits of the sink method with either option would require a complete refitting of the factory and
the largest capital investment that SHC had ever undertaken.
The financial director, Sean Nyngan, advised the board that pressing ahead with investment under the secrecy option
was not without risks. First, he said, he would have to finance the investment, probably initially through debt, and
second, there were risks associated with any large investment. He also informed the board that the licensing option
would, over many years, involve the inflow of ‘massive’ funds in royalty payments from competitors using the SHC’s
patented sink method. By pursuing the licensing option, Sean Nyngan said that they could retain their market
leadership in the short term without incurring risk, whilst increasing their industry dominance in the future through
careful investment of the royalty payments.
The non-executive chairman, Alison Manilla, said that she was looking at the issue from an ethical perspective. She
asked whether SHC had the right, even if it had the ability, to put competitors out of business.
Required:
(a) Assess the secrecy option using Tucker’s model for decision-making. (10 marks)
相似考题
更多“1 The scientists in the research laboratories of Swan Hill Company (SHC, a public listed company) recently made a veryimportant discovery about the process that manufactured its major product. The scientific director, Dr Sonja Rainbow,informed the board t”相关问题
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第1题：
ALIBABA SEEKS TO RAISE BILLIONS IN IPO Investors in the United States are preparing for the first public sale of stock in the Chinese company Alibaba. The company sells goods________ linking buyers and sellers in the huge Chinese online market. Alibaba is expected to ________ its initial public offering, called an IPO, in September on the New York Stock Exchange. The total value of the company, based in Hangzhou, has been estimated at about $200 billion. Reports from Bloomberg News say Alibaba is offering investors a 12 percent ________ of the company. That would mean the company could raise ________ $20 billion dollars in the public stock sale. After the IPO, Alibaba could become one of the most ________ technology companies in the world. Apple, for example, has a market value of about $600 billion. Google is valued at about $390 billion and Microsoft is worth about $370 billion.
参考答案:by; make; share; as much as; valuable
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第2题：
根据下列材料，请回答 31～35 题：
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform. a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”
第 31 题 According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its
[A] uncertainty and complexity.
[B] misconception and deceptiveness.
[C] logicality and objectivity.
[D] systematicness and regularity.
正确答案：
答案暂无 -
第3题：
(a) Contrast the role of internal and external auditors. (8 marks)
(b) Conoy Co designs and manufactures luxury motor vehicles. The company employs 2,500 staff and consistently makes a net profit of between 10% and 15% of sales. Conoy Co is not listed; its shares are held by 15 individuals, most of them from the same family. The maximum shareholding is 15% of the share capital.
The executive directors are drawn mainly from the shareholders. There are no non-executive directors because the company legislation in Conoy Co’s jurisdiction does not require any. The executive directors are very successful in running Conoy Co, partly from their training in production and management techniques, and partly from their ‘hands-on’ approach providing motivation to employees.
The board are considering a significant expansion of the company. However, the company’s bankers are
concerned with the standard of financial reporting as the financial director (FD) has recently left Conoy Co. The board are delaying provision of additional financial information until a new FD is appointed.
Conoy Co does have an internal audit department, although the chief internal auditor frequently comments that the board of Conoy Co do not understand his reports or provide sufficient support for his department or the internal control systems within Conoy Co. The board of Conoy Co concur with this view. Anders & Co, the external auditors have also expressed concern in this area and the fact that the internal audit department focuses work on control systems, not financial reporting. Anders & Co are appointed by and report to the board of Conoy Co.
The board of Conoy Co are considering a proposal from the chief internal auditor to establish an audit committee.
The committee would consist of one executive director, the chief internal auditor as well as three new appointees.
One appointee would have a non-executive seat on the board of directors.
Required:
Discuss the benefits to Conoy Co of forming an audit committee. (12 marks)
正确答案：
(a)Roleofinternalandexternalauditors–differencesObjectivesThemainobjectiveofinternalauditistoimproveacompany’soperations,primarilyintermsofvalidatingtheefficiencyandeffectivenessoftheinternalcontrolsystemsofacompany.Themainobjectiveoftheexternalauditoristoexpressanopiniononthetruthandfairnessofthefinancialstatements,andotherjurisdictionspecificrequirementssuchasconfirmingthatthefinancialstatementscomplywiththereportingrequirementsincludedinlegislation.ReportingInternalauditreportsarenormallyaddressedtotheboardofdirectors,orotherpeoplechargedwithgovernancesuchastheauditcommittee.Thosereportsarenotpubliclyavailable,beingconfidentialbetweentheinternalauditorandtherecipient.Externalauditreportsareprovidedtotheshareholdersofacompany.Thereportisattachedtotheannualfinancialstatementsofthecompanyandisthereforepubliclyavailabletotheshareholdersandanyreaderofthefinancialstatements.ScopeofworkTheworkoftheinternalauditornormallyrelatestotheoperationsoftheorganisation,includingthetransactionprocessingsystemsandthesystemstoproducetheannualfinancialstatements.Theinternalauditormayalsoprovideotherreportstomanagement,suchasvalueformoneyauditswhichexternalauditorsrarelybecomeinvolvedwith.Theworkoftheexternalauditorrelatesonlytothefinancialstatementsoftheorganisation.However,theinternalcontrolsystemsoftheorganisationwillbetestedastheseprovideevidenceonthecompletenessandaccuracyofthefinancialstatements.RelationshipwithcompanyInmostorganisations,theinternalauditorisanemployeeoftheorganisation,whichmayhaveanimpactontheauditor’sindependence.However,insomeorganisationstheinternalauditfunctionisoutsourced.Theexternalauditorisappointedbytheshareholdersofanorganisation,providingsomedegreeofindependencefromthecompanyandmanagement.(b)BenefitsofauditcommitteeinConoyCoAssistancewithfinancialreporting(nofinanceexpertise)TheexecutivedirectorsofConoyCodonotappeartohaveanyspecificfinancialskills–asthefinancialdirectorhasrecentlyleftthecompanyandhasnotyetbeenreplaced.ThismaymeanthatfinancialreportinginConoyCoislimitedorthattheothernon-financialdirectorsspendasignificantamountoftimekeepinguptodateonfinancialreportingissues.AnauditcommitteewillassistConoyCobyprovidingspecialistknowledgeoffinancialreportingonatemporarybasis–atleastoneofthenewappointeesshouldhaverelevantandrecentfinancialreportingexperienceundercodesofcorporategovernance.ThiswillallowtheexecutivedirectorstofocusonrunningConoyCo.EnhanceinternalcontrolsystemsTheboardofConoyCodonotnecessarilyunderstandtheworkoftheinternalauditor,ortheneedforcontrolsystems.ThismeansthatinternalcontrolwithinConoyComaybeinadequateorthatemployeesmaynotrecognisetheimportanceofinternalcontrolsystemswithinanorganisation.TheauditcommitteecanraiseawarenessoftheneedforgoodinternalcontrolsystemssimplybybeingpresentinConoyCoandbyeducatingtheboardontheneedforsoundcontrols.Improvingtheinternalcontrol‘climate’willensuretheneedforinternalcontrolsisunderstoodandreducecontrolerrors.RelianceonexternalauditorsConoyCo’sinternalauditorscurrentlyreporttotheboardofConoyCo.Aspreviouslynoted,thelackoffinancialandcontrolexpertiseontheboardwillmeanthatexternalauditorreportsandadvicewillnotnecessarilybeunderstood–andtheboardmayrelytoomuchonexternalauditorsIfConoyCoreporttoanauditcommitteethiswilldecreasethedependenceoftheboardontheexternalauditors.Theauditcommitteecantaketimetounderstandtheexternalauditor’scomments,andthenviathenon-executivedirector,ensurethattheboardtakeactiononthosecomments.AppointmentofexternalauditorsAtpresent,theboardofConoyCoappointtheexternalauditors.Thisraisesissuesofindependenceastheboardmaybecometoofamiliarwiththeexternalauditorsandsoappointonthisfriendshipratherthanmerit.Ifanauditcommitteeisestablished,thenthiscommitteecanrecommendtheappointmentoftheexternalauditors.Thecommitteewillhavethetimeandexpertisetoreviewthequalityofserviceprovidedbytheexternalauditors,removingtheindependenceissue.Corporategovernancerequirements–bestpracticeConoyCodonotneedtofollowcorporategovernancerequirements(thecompanyisnotlisted).However,notfollowingthoserequirementsmaystarttohaveadverseeffectsonConoy.Forexample,ConoyCo’sbankisalreadyconcernedaboutthelackoftransparencyinreporting.EstablishinganauditcommitteewillshowthattheboardofConoyCoarecommittedtomaintainingappropriateinternalsystemsinthecompanyandprovidingthestandardofreportingexpectedbylargecompanies.Obtainingthenewbankloanshouldalsobeeasierasthebankwillbesatisfiedwithfinancialreportingstandards.Givennonon-executives–independentadvicetoboardCurrentlyConoyCodoesnothaveanynon-executivedirectors.Thismeansthatthedecisionsoftheexecutivedirectorsarenotbeingchallengedbyotherdirectorsindependentofthecompanyandwithlittleornofinancialinterestinthecompany.Theappointmentofanauditcommitteewithonenon-executivedirectorontheboardofConoyCowillstarttoprovidesomenon-executiveinputtoboardmeetings.Whilenotsufficientintermsofcorporategovernancerequirements(aboutequalnumbersofexecutiveandnon-executivedirectorsareexpected)itdoesshowtheboardofConoyCoareattemptingtoestablishappropriategovernancesystems.AdviceonriskmanagementFinally,thereareothergeneralareaswhereConoyCowouldbenefitfromanauditcommittee.Forexample,lackofcorporategovernancestructuresprobablymeansConoyCodoesnothaveariskmanagementcommittee.Theauditcommitteecanalsoprovideadviceonriskmanagement,helpingtodecreasetheriskexposureofthecompany. 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第4题：
Text 3 In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and self-deception abound.Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility process,through which the individual researcher’s me,here,now becomes the community’s anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;and finally,the public（including other scientists）receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.As a discovery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First,scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search,not re-search.Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility“happens”to a discovery claim–a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?A.Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.
B.Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.
C.Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.
D.Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.答案：C解析：此题考察对全文主旨大意的准确归纳。从整个文章脉络来看，文章第一段主要讲了科学研究的现实过程与理想过程的差异。第二段提出了“可信性过程”这个概念，并对其展开说明。第三段主要讲个人的发现声明转变为集体可信的发现的过程。第四段首句概括了段落中心，讲可信性过程中存在的两个矛盾。最后一段引用Annette Baier的话总结发现声明中的可信性过程。由此可知，C项统领全文，为正确答案。A项与原文不符；B项只是第二段内容的一部分，属于细节内容，不能概括全文；而D项只是对第四段的概括。 -
第5题：
Text 3 In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and self-deception abound.Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility process,through which the individual researcher’s me,here,now becomes the community’s anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;and finally,the public（including other scientists）receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.As a discovery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First,scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search,not re-search.Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility“happens”to a discovery claim–a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requiresA.strict inspection.
B.shared efforts.
C.individual wisdom.
D.persistent innovation.答案：B解析：该题定位于第二段。第二段第二句中提到“But it takes collective scrutiny and accept-ance to...”,其中it指的是将科学发现获得公众可信度的过程。第四句话具体讲到了这个过程：“through which the individual researcher’s me,here,nowbecomes the community’s anyone,anywhere,anytime.”，即要经历从个人到集体的过程，需要大家共同的努力，故答案为B项。A -
第6题：
The discovery of the strange stone in the deserted valley has spurred series of scientific research.A:encouraged
B:endangered
C:endorsed
D:enlarged答案：A解析：本句意思：在那个荒凉的山谷中发现的奇异石头激发了一系列的科学研究。encourage的 意思为“激励，鼓励”;endanger的意思为“使……处于险境”;endorse的意思为“赞同，签名”;en- larg。的意思为“使增大”。spur的意思为“激励，促进”，和encourage的意思接近。 -
第7题：
资料：“Our cars are for people who want something different.”
This has been the slogan for over 50 years of Suprema Cars, a manufacturer of an English sports car. The car is mostly handmade in the company's factory in northern England. Suprema Car produces approximately 500 cars a year. About 5 years ago, the company began to lose sales and market share, and in the last two years, it has made a loss.
Recently, there have been problems with the labor force. The factory workers have demand higher wages and better working conditions. They are also unhappy because the management is insisting that they increase production, but the workers think this will have a bad effect on the quality of the cars.
The company still has many loyal customers. People buy Suprema sports cars because they are handmade and have an image of quality and craftsmanship.
Why do some customers still stick to Suprema Cars?A.Because its products are handmade and qualified.
B.Because its name represents luxury.
C.Because the company is famous.
D.Because its products are cheap.答案：A解析：本题的问题是“为什么一些顾客仍然坚持选择Suprema汽车？”。选项A意为“因为它的产品是手工制作、质量过硬”；选项B意为“因为它的名字代表奢华”；选项C意为“因为公司很有名”；选项D意为“因为它的产品很便宜”。根据主题句可知，因为它的产品是手工制造而且质量精良，故选A。 -
第8题：
共用题干
New Product Will Save lives
Drinking water that looks clean may still contain bugs（虫子）,which can cause illness.
A small company called Genera Technologies has produced a testing method in three
stages,which shows whether water is safe.The new test shows if water needs chemicals
added to it,to destroy anything harmful.It was invented by scientist Dr. Adrian Parton,
who started Genera five years ago.He and his employees have developed the test together
with a British water company.
Andy Headland,Genera's marketing director,recently presented the test at a
conference in the USA and forecast good American sales for it.Genera has already sold 11
of its tests at$42,500 a time in the UK and has a further four on order. It expects to sell
another 25 tests before the end of March.The company says it is the only test in the UK to
be approved by the government.
Genera was formed five years ago and until October last year had only five employees;
it now employs 14.Mr Headland believes that the company should make around$19 million
by the end of the year in the UK alone.Genera has increased the number of its employees recently.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：A解析： -
第9题：
单选题In what way advertising is changed according to the text?AAdvertisements are produced in a scientific way.
BMore research methods are used in creative work.
CAll decisions are made based on the results of research.
DFocus groups now control the whole process of ad-making.
正确答案： C解析：
第三段首句指出广告变化的原因之一是“the shift to market research-driven advertising development”，接下来Grace解释说“There’s too much testing and too much research. Advertising is too much of a science and not as much of an art.”，对应选项B（更多的研究方法被应用到创新工作中）。 -
第10题：
单选题According to the writer, which of the following is not true about your boss?AHe is the person who supervises you.
BHe is the person setting the company’s goals.
CHe can keep you informed of company direction concerned with your future.
DHe can help you acquire support or cooperation from other departments.
正确答案： B解析：
第二段原文是“He/she is privy to the company’s goals”，是说“你的老板会参与涉及到公司目标的制定”，文章并没有说是你的老板一个人设定了公司目标，故选项B错误。 -
第11题：
单选题Which of the following is true?（）AA company should develop an ISM and implement it
BA company implementing an ISM properly may obtain a DOC
COnce a company obtains its DOC, each vessel of this company will obtain a SMC
DDOC is valid for 60 months unless “major non-conformity” is found
正确答案： A解析： 暂无解析 -
第12题：
单选题According to the research findings, the customers who will bring in more profit are those whoAare regarded as loyal customers.
Bhappen to buy the products from a company.
Ctrust the quality of the products from a company.
Dcare little about prices of the products.
正确答案： C解析：
文中第三段最后一句话指出“Conversely，about half of the most profitable customers…buying a great deal of high-margin products in a short time before completely disappearing.”，由此可知“那些在很短时间内在一家公司买很多高价产品的顾客会给公司带来最多的利润”，故选项B符合题意。 -
第13题：
“the company is __________ to a long－term view, reflected in its investment of more than $3 billion on research and development.“A. committed
B. committes
C. committing
D. to commit
参考答案：A
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第14题：
Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it
[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.
[B]has been examined by the scientific community.
[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.
[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.
正确答案：
答案暂无 -
第15题：
Text 3 In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and self-deception abound.Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility process,through which the individual researcher’s me,here,now becomes the community’s anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;and finally,the public（including other scientists）receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.As a discovery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First,scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search,not re-search.Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility“happens”to a discovery claim–a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after itA.has attracted the attention of the general public.
B.has been examined by the scientific community.
C.has received recognition from editors and reviewers.
D.has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.答案：B解析：该题定位于第三段。第二句话“the community takes control of what happens next”是一句总领句，接着本段第三句话中提到“Within the complex social structure of the scientific community”，三个分号具体说明了the community中的researchers，editors and reviewers,other scientists和the public是如何“take control of th -
第16题：
Text 3 In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and self-deception abound.Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility process,through which the individual researcher’s me,here,now becomes the community’s anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;and finally,the public（including other scientists）receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.As a discovery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First,scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search,not re-search.Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility“happens”to a discovery claim–a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31.According to the first paragraph,the process of discovery is characterized by itsA.uncertainty and complexity.
B.misconception and deceptiveness.
C.logicality and objectivity.
D.systematicness and regularity.答案：A解析：该题定位于第一段。文章第一段第二句话提到“But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.”，即“但是在日常的科学研究中，发现通常遵循一种模糊复杂的路径”。A项uncertainty and complexity是对文中ambiguous and complicated的同义替换，所以为正确答案。B项是利用文中最后一句话“Opportunit -
第17题：
Text 3 In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and self-deception abound.Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility process,through which the individual researcher’s me,here,now becomes the community’s anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;and finally,the public（including other scientists）receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.As a discovery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First,scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search,not re-search.Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility“happens”to a discovery claim–a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”34.Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree thatA.scientific claims will survive challenges.
B.discoveries today inspire future research.
C.efforts to make discoveries are justified.
D.scientific work calls for a critical mind.答案：D解析：该题根据题干中的Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi定位于第四段。第四段主要讲到了科学发现获得可信度的过程中面临的两个矛盾。Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi的观点主要针对第二个矛盾，即创新本身经常会引起怀疑。同时他认为科学发现需要“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought”，即“看所有人已经看到的，想无人想过的”。这句话暗示了科学发现的过程需要有评判性思维，即我们应该去探求事物。故答案为D项。A项与 -
第18题：
资料：International Federation for Scientific Research
#203 Lotus Garden Road, Mumbai 400 032, India
13 August
Dr. Jonas Radcliffe
SNB Laboratories
Glasgow G3 8HN
United Kingdom
Membership #2789R
Dear Dr. Radcliffe,
This year, the International Federation for Scientific Research （IFSR） will hold its annual convention from 20 to 23 November.
The conference will be held in Colombo, Sir Lanka, and will have Changing Migration Patterns as its theme. Our keynote speaker is Dr. Preeti Pillai, dean of biology at Gujarat University of Science and the author of the acclaimed book Migrant Birds in Asia. In addition, more than 100 noted speakers will be presenting their latest research findings related to migration and ecology.
Register before 21 September and receive a 20 percent reduction on the registration fee. To register online and to look at presentation summaries, please visit www.ifsr.org Information on hotel accommodation and transportation options is also available on the site.
The IFSR hopes you will be able to attend this important and informative convention.
Yours sincerely,
Me1issa Oduya
Director, IFSR
Who is Dr. Pillai?A.A laboratory director.
B.A conference organizer.
C.A computer engineer.
D.A science professor.答案：D解析：本题考查的是细节理解。
【关键词】Who；Dr. Pillai?
【主题句】第二自然段Our keynote speaker is Dr. Preeti Pillai, dean of biology at Gujarat University of Science and the author of the acclaimed book Migrant Birds in Asia.我们的主题演讲人是Preeti Pillai博士，印度古吉拉特邦科学大学生物系主任，也是广受好评的《亚洲候鸟》的作者。
【解析】本题的问题是“Pillai博士是谁”。A选项“一位实验室主任”，B选项“一位会议组织者”，C选项“一位电脑工程师”，D选项“一位科学教授”。根据主题句可知，是科学研究者。 -
第19题：
资料：International Federation for Scientific Research
#203 Lotus Garden Road, Mumbai 400 032, India
13 August
Dr. Jonas Radcliffe
SNB Laboratories
Glasgow G3 8HN
United Kingdom
Membership #2789R
Dear Dr. Radcliffe,
This year, the International Federation for Scientific Research （IFSR） will hold its annual convention from 20 to 23 November.
The conference will be held in Colombo, Sir Lanka, and will have Changing Migration Patterns as its theme. Our keynote speaker is Dr. Preeti Pillai, dean of biology at Gujarat University of Science and the author of the acclaimed book Migrant Birds in Asia. In addition, more than 100 noted speakers will be presenting their latest research findings related to migration and ecology.
Register before 21 September and receive a 20 percent reduction on the registration fee. To register online and to look at presentation summaries, please visit www.ifsr.org Information on hotel accommodation and transportation options is also available on the site.
The IFSR hopes you will be able to attend this important and informative convention.
Yours sincerely,
Me1issa Oduya
Director, IFSR
How can individuals receive a discount?A.By registering in advance.
B.By paying in cash.
C.By becoming a member.
D.By participating in a survey.答案：A解析：本题考查的是细节理解。
【关键词】how receive a discount
【主题句】第三自然段Register before 21 September and receive a 20 percent reduction on the registration fee.在9月21日前报名注册，即可享受注册费20%的减免。
【解析】本题的问题是“如何获得折扣？”。A选项“提前注册”，B选项“现金支付”，C选项“成为会员”，D选项“参加调查”。根据主题句可知，需要尽早注册。 -
第20题：
Your company decided to start using RMAN in its backup strategy. Previously your company used operating system file copies. Which command is used to make RMAN aware of existing backups made by copying files at the operating system？（）
- A、CHANGE
- B、RESYNC
- C、CATALOG
- D、CROSSCHECK
正确答案:C -
第21题：
问答题Practice 3 (The candidate chooses one topic and speaks about it for one minute.) A Customer Relations: how to maintain customer interest in a company’s products B Transport Management: the importance to a business of an efficient public transport system C Market Research: the importance of doing market research before launching a new product.正确答案： 【参考范例】
If you choose topic A:
As we all know, it is vital for a company to maintain customer interest in their products. I believe a company should try every possible means to retain its current customers.
First of all, a company should ensure the quality of the goods and after-sales service that it provides to its customers. Second, enough emphasis should be paid on the feedback from its current customers and the company must take prompt action to take care of their customers’ needs and demands. Third, if possible, offer some incentives to the old customers. For instance, the company can grant a certain discount to the customers if their purchases reach a certain amount. Besides, it is important for the company to design strategies so as to attract new customers, create transactions with them and consequently to expand their customer base, so to speak. These strategies may include product diversification and upgrading. After all, the company should try its utmost to make its current customers satisfied with its products and services, and in the meantime stay ahead of the market through innovative product and pricing strategies.
If you choose topic B:
Transportation is significant for any distribution of products no matter from producers to wholesalers or from wholesalers to retailers. Sometime, the cost of transporting some products can even exceed the cost of producing them. Inefficient transportation can bring about high costs and low profit for the firm. Firms should estimate timing, cost, and availability of each form of transportation, which allows the firm to select an optimal method of transportation. The most common used forms of transportation to distribute products include truck, railway, air, water, and pipeline.
If you choose topic C:
Marketing research is defined as the systematic design, collection, analysis, and reporting of data and findings connected with a specific marketing situation that faces an organization. Every marketer needs to do some researches. Marketing researchers are engaged in a wide variety of activities, which range from market potential and market share studies, to studies of pricing, distribution, to assessments of customer satisfaction and purchase behavior, and promotion activities as well.
Marketing research can be conducted in a company’s own research department or a company can have some or all of it done outside. Most large companies have their own marketing research departments, but they still often use outside firms to do special research tasks or studies for them. For companies without research department, they have to buy the services of other research firms.解析： 暂无解析 -
第22题：
单选题The customers will be informed if _____.Athe product can’t be delivered on time
Bthe product is out-of-date and unsatisfactory
Cthe company doesn’t accept the returned product
Dthe company can’t send a new catalogue on time
正确答案： B解析：
事实细节题。本题询问：“客户在什么情况下会接到通知？”从文章的第三段最后一句“...always lets our customers know if there is to be a delay in delivery”可知，如果到货时间延误，我们会及时通知客户。正确答案为A。 -
第23题：
问答题Practice 2 ● Recently your company is planning to bid for hosting an exhibition and now the manager of your company has asked you to write a letter to the organizing committee to introduce your company to them. ● Write a letter to introduce the details about your company. ● introducing the department structure and service, ● introducing previous exhibitions you have hosted, ● expressing your confidence in the success if you are permitted to host it.正确答案： 【参考范文】
Dear Mr. Green,
I am glad to know that now you are planning to organize an international automobile exhibition and we are greatly interested in this exhibition and would like to host it.
Our company, Reliable Co. Ltd., established in the year 1985, is a professional company excelling in hosting organizations, providing supporting businesses and organizing conferences. We possess a domestic exhibition department and an international exhibition department separately, a development department, a design department, and a construction department, providing all-around services for our customers.
During the thirty years, we have established a long-term cooperative relationship with a lot of famous exhibitions. We have hosted Automobile Asia, Tour Worldwide, and Electronic Products Show, etc. We have boasted of high-quality products and services to our clients. We have offered specially tailored services like stand design, promotional material printing, and showroom adornment for the clients. Our business partners come from many countries, such as the United States of America, Brazil, the United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa and Turkey, etc.
Considering our rich experience in hosting exhibitions and arranging conferences, we truly believe that our co-operation will bring a win-win situation. We ensure that there will be a breakthrough and creations for your trade show.
Yours Sincerely,
Will Smith解析： 暂无解析