Teams are required for most engineering projects.Although some small hardware or software products can be developed by individuals,the scale and complexity of modern systems is such,and the demand for short schedules so great,that it is no longer（ ）for on
题目
Teams are required for most engineering projects.Although some small hardware or software products can be developed by individuals,the scale and complexity of modern systems is such,and the demand for short schedules so great,that it is no longer（ ）for one person to do most engineering jobs.Systems development is a team（ ）,and the effectiveness of the team largely determines the（ ）of the engineering.
Development teams often behave much like baseball or basketball teams.Even though they may have multiple specialties,all the members work toward（ ）.However,on systems maintenance and enhancement teams,the engineers often work relatively independently,much like wrestling and track teams.
A team is（请作答此空）just a group of people who happen to work together.Teamwork takes practice and it involves special skills.Teams require common processes;they need agreed-upon goals;and they need effective guidance and leadership.The methods for guiding and leading such teams are well known,but they are not obvious.
Development teams often behave much like baseball or basketball teams.Even though they may have multiple specialties,all the members work toward（ ）.However,on systems maintenance and enhancement teams,the engineers often work relatively independently,much like wrestling and track teams.
A team is（请作答此空）just a group of people who happen to work together.Teamwork takes practice and it involves special skills.Teams require common processes;they need agreed-upon goals;and they need effective guidance and leadership.The methods for guiding and leading such teams are well known,but they are not obvious.
A.relatively
B./
C.only
D.more than
B./
C.only
D.more than
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更多“Teams are required for most engineering projects.Although some small hardware or software products can be developed by individuals,the scale and complexity of modern systems is such,and the demand fo”相关问题
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第1题：
Software entities are more complex for their size than perhaps any other human construct, because no two parts are alike (at least above the statement level). If they are, we make the two similar parts into one, a （ ）, open or closed.In this respect software systems differ profoundly from computers, buildings, or automobiles, where repeated elements abound. Digital computers are themselves more complex than most things people build; they have very large numbers of states.This makes conceiving, describing, and testing them hard.Software systems have orders of magnitude more（ ）than computers do. Likewise, a scaling-up of a software entity is not merely a repetition of the same elements in larger size; it is necessarily an increase in the number of different elements.In most cases, the elements interact with each other in some（ ）fashion, and the complexity of the whole increases much more than linearly. The complexity of software is a(an) （ ）property, not an accidental one.Hence descriptions of a software entity that abstract away its complexity often abstract away its essence.Mathematics and the physical sciences made great strides for three centuries by constructing simplified models of complex phenomena, deriving, properties from the models,and verifying those properties experimentally.This worked because the complexities（ ）in the models were not the essential properties of the phenomena.It does not work when the complexities are the essence. Many of the classical problems of developing software products derive from this essential complexity and its nonlinear increases with size.Not only technical problems but management problems as well come from the complexity.
A.task B.job C.subroutine D.programA.states B.parts C.conditions D.expressionsA.linear B.nonlinear C.parallel D.additiveA.surface B.outside C.exterior D.essentialA.fixed B.included C.ignored D.stabilized
正确答案：C,A,B,D,C
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第2题：
Teams are required for most engineering projects. Although some small hardware or
software products can be developed by individuals. the scale and complexity of modern
systems is such. and the demand for short schedules so great that it is no longer（71 ）for
one person to do most engineering jobs. Systems development is a team (72),and the
effectiveness of the team largely determines the (73) of the engineering
Development teams often behave much like baseball or basketball teams. Even though
they may have multiple specialties. all the members work toward (74) However. onsystems maintenance and enhancement teams. the engineers often work relatively independently. much like wrestling and track teams
A team is（75） just a group of people who happen to work together. Teamwork
takes practice and it involves special skilis. Teams require common processes; they need
agreed-upon goals; and they need effective guidance and leadership. The methods for guiding
and leading such teams are well known but they are not obvious
A.convenient
B.existing
C.practical
D.real
正确答案：C
大多数工程项目需要团队完成。虽然有些小规模的硬件或软件产品可以由个人完成，但是现代系统的规模大、复杂性高以及开发周期短的极高需求，使得一个人完成大多工程工作已经不再现实。系统开发是一个团队活动，团队的效率很大程度上决定工程的质量。开发团队经常表现的像是棒球队或篮球队，即使棒球队或篮球队可能有多种不同专长，但是所有的队员都朝着一个目标努力。然而在系统维护和增强团队，工程师们的工作就像摔跤和田径队一样经常相对独立。团队不仅仅是一群人碰巧在一起工作，团队工作需要实践，涉及到多种特殊的技能。团队需要共同的过程，需要达成一致的目标，需要有效地指导和领导。尽管指导和领导这样的团队的方法是众所周知的，但是它们并不明显。 -
第3题：
Teams are required for most engineering projects. Although some small hardware or software products can be developed by individuals, the scale and complexity of modem systems is such, and the demand for short schedules so great, that it is no longer （ ）for one person to do most engineering jobs. Systems development is a team （ ）, and the effectiveness of the team largely determines the
（请作答此空）of the engineering.
Development teams often behave much like baseball or basketball teams. Even though they may have multiple specialties, all the members work toward（ ）. However, on systems maintenance and enhancement teams, the engineers often work relatively independently, much like wrestling and track teams.
A team is （ ）just a group of people who happen to work together. Teamwork takes practice and it involves special skills. Teams require common processes; they need agreed-upon goals; and they need effective guidance and leadership. The methods for guiding and leading such teams are well known, but they are not obvious.A.size
B.quality
C.scale
D.complexity答案：B解析：大多数软件工程项目都是需要由项目团队完成的，虽然小的简单的软硬件系统个人就能完成，但是对于大型复杂系统并且需要详细计划的项目由个人完成并不（ ）。系统开发是团队（ ），团队工作的效率很大程度上决定了软件工程的（请作答此空）。
开发团队的合作与篮球或棒球运动员之间的合作很相像，尽管每个人都有自己擅长的技术，但是大家是向着（ ）目标而努力的。
项目团队（ ）一群碰巧工作在一起的人，团队工作需要一群人互相配合，齐心协力向着一个目标奋斗，并且这群人也需要一个好的领导来带领他们。
A．尺寸 B．质量 C．规模 D．复杂度 -
第4题：
Teams are required for most engineering projects. Although some small hardware or software products can be developed by individuals, the scale and complexity of modern systems is such, and the demand for short schedules so great, that it is no longer (请作答此空)for one person to do most engineering jobs. Systems development is a team ( ), and the effectiveness of the team largely determines the ( )of the engineering.Development teams often behave much like baseball or basketball teams. Even though they may have multiple specialties, all the members work toward ( ). However, on systems maintenance and enhancement teams, the engineers often work relatively independently, much like wrestling and track teams.A team is ( )just a group of people who happen to work together. Teamwork takes practice and it involves special skills. Teams require common processes; they need agreed-upon goals; and they need effective guidance and leadership. The methods for guiding and leading such teams are well known, but they are not obvious.
A.convenient
B.existing
C.practical
D.real答案：C解析： -
第5题：
Teams are required for most engineering projects. Although some small hardware or software products can be developed by individuals, the scale and complexity of modern systems is such, and the demand for short schedules so great, that it is no longer ( )for one person to do most engineering jobs. Systems development is a team ( ), and the effectiveness of the team largely determines the ( )of the engineering.Development teams often behave much like baseball or basketball teams. Even though they may have multiple specialties, all the members work toward (请作答此空). However, on systems maintenance and enhancement teams, the engineers often work relatively independently, much like wrestling and track teams.A team is ( )just a group of people who happen to work together. Teamwork takes practice and it involves special skills. Teams require common processes; they need agreed-upon goals; and they need effective guidance and leadership. The methods for guiding and leading such teams are well known, but they are not obvious.
A.multiple objectives
B.different objectives
C.a single objective
D.independent objectives答案：C解析： -
第6题：
Teams are required for most engineering projects．Although some small hardware or software products can be developed by individuals,the scale and complexity of modem systems is such,and the demand for short schedules so great,that it is no longer（ ）for one person to do most engineering jobs．Systems development is a team（ ）,and the effectiveness of the team largely determines the（ ）of the engineermg．Development teams often behave much like baseball or basketball teams．Even though they may have multiple specialties,all the members work toward（请作答此空）．However,on systems maintenance and enhancement teams,the engineers often work relatively independently,much like wrestling and track teams．A team is（ ）just a group of people who happen to work together．Teamwork takes practice and it involves special skills．Teams require common processes;they need agreed-upon goals;and they need effective guidance and leadership．The methods for guiding and leading such teams are well known,but they are not obvious．A.multiple objectives
B.different objectives
C.a single objective
D.independent objectives答案：C解析：题意想要表达的意思是尽管他们有多专业技能，所有成员都朝着一个单一的目的工作。正确答案为C，单一目标。附（参考翻译）：团队是大多数工程项目的要求。虽然有一些小的硬件或软件产品可以由个人开发，但对一个有规模、复杂的现代系统来说，短时间内完成如此巨大的需求，还是一个人做多个工作的工程方式不再实用。系统开发是一项团队活动，团队的效率很大程度上决定了软件工程的质量。开发团队往往表现得很像棒球或篮球队。尽管他们有多专业技能，所有成员都朝着一个单一的目的工作。然而，致力于对系统维护和改善的团队，工程师们经常工作相对独立，就像摔跤和田径队。一个团队不仅仅是一群人碰巧在一起工作。团队需要实践，它涉及到特殊技能。团队需要共同的过程；他们需要达成一致的目标；他们需要有效的指导和领导。指导和领导小组的方法是众所周知的，但他们并不明显。 -
第7题：
Teams are required for most engineering projects.Although some small hardware or software products can be developed by individuals,the scale and complexity of modern systems is such,and the demand for short schedules so great,that it is no longer（ ）for one person to do most engineering jobs.Systems development is a team（ ）,and the effectiveness of the team largely determines the（ ）of the engineering.
Development teams often behave much like baseball or basketball teams.Even though they may have multiple specialties,all the members work toward（请作答此空）.However,on systems maintenance and enhancement teams,the engineers often work relatively independently,much like wrestling and track teams.
A team is（ ）just a group of people who happen to work together.Teamwork takes practice and it involves special skills.Teams require common processes;they need agreed-upon goals;and they need effective guidance and leadership.The methods for guiding and leading such teams are well known,but they are not obvious.A.multiple objectives
B.different objectives
C.a single objective
D.independent objectives答案：C解析：无 -
第8题：
Teams are required for most engineering projects．Although some small hardware or software products can be developed by individuals,the scale and complexity of modem systems is such,and the demand for short schedules so great,that it is no longer（ ）for one person to do most engineering jobs．Systems development is a team（请作答此空）,and the effectiveness of the team largely determines the（ ）of the engineermg．Development teams often behave much like baseball or basketball teams．Even though they may have multiple specialties,all the members work toward（ ）．However,on systems maintenance and enhancement teams,the engineers often work relatively independently,much like wrestling and track teams．A team is（ ）just a group of people who happen to work together．Teamwork takes practice and it involves special skills．Teams require common processes;they need agreed-upon goals;and they need effective guidance and leadership．The methods for guiding and leading such teams are well known,but they are not obvious．A.activity
B.job
C.process
D.Application答案：A解析：题意想要表达的意思是团队活动，正确答案为A，活动。附（参考翻译）：团队是大多数工程项目的要求。虽然有一些小的硬件或软件产品可以由个人开发，但对一个有规模、复杂的现代系统来说，短时间内完成如此巨大的需求，还是一个人做多个工作的工程方式不再实用。系统开发是一项团队活动，团队的效率很大程度上决定了软件工程的质量。开发团队往往表现得很像棒球或篮球队。尽管他们有多专业技能，所有成员都朝着一个单一的目的工作。然而，致力于对系统维护和改善的团队，工程师们经常工作相对独立，就像摔跤和田径队。一个团队不仅仅是一群人碰巧在一起工作。团队需要实践，它涉及到特殊技能。团队需要共同的过程；他们需要达成一致的目标；他们需要有效的指导和领导。指导和领导小组的方法是众所周知的，但他们并不明显。 -
第9题：
Teams are required for most engineering projects. Although some small hardware or software products can be developed by individuals, the scale and complexity of modem systems is such, and the demand for short schedules so great, that it is no longer ___71___ for one person to do most engineering jobs. Systems development is a team ___72___, and the effectiveness of the team largely determines the ___73___ of the engineering.
Development teams often behave much like baseball or basketball teams. Even though they may have multiple specialties, all the members work toward ___74___. However, on systems maintenance and enhancement teams, the engineers often work relatively independently, much like wrestling and track teams.A team is ___75__ just a group of people who happen to work together. Teamwork takes practice and it involves special skills. Teams require common processes; they need agreed-upon goals; and they need effective guidance and leadership. The methods for guiding and leading such teams are well known,but they are not obvious.A.multiple objectives
B.different objectives
C.a single objective
D.independent objectives答案：C解析：大多数软件工程项目都是需要由项目团队完成的，虽然小的简单的软硬件系统个人就能完成，但是对于大型复杂系统并且需要详细计划的项目由个人完成并不实际。系统开发是团队工作，团队工作的效率很大程度上决定了软件工程的质量。开发团队的合作与篮球或棒球运动员之间的合作很相像，尽管每个人都有自己擅长的技术，但是大家是向着一个目标而努力的。项目团队不是一群碰巧工作在一起的人，团队工作需要一群人互相配合，齐心协力向着一个目标奋斗，并且这群人也需要一个好的领导来带领他们。 -
第10题：
Teams are required for most engineering projects．Although some small hardware or software products can be developed by individuals,the scale and complexity of modem systems is such,and the demand for short schedules so great,that it is no longer（ ）for one person to do most engineering jobs．Systems development is a team（ ）,and the effectiveness of the team largely determines the（请作答此空）of the engineermg．Development teams often behave much like baseball or basketball teams．Even though they may have multiple specialties,all the members work toward（ ）．However,on systems maintenance and enhancement teams,the engineers often work relatively independently,much like wrestling and track teams．A team is（ ）just a group of people who happen to work together．Teamwork takes practice and it involves special skills．Teams require common processes;they need agreed-upon goals;and they need effective guidance and leadership．The methods for guiding and leading such teams are well known,but they are not obvious．A.size
B.quality
C.scale
D.Complexity答案：B解析：题意想要表达的意思是团队的效率很大程度上决定了软件工程的质量，正确答案为B，质量。附（参考翻译）：团队是大多数工程项目的要求。虽然有一些小的硬件或软件产品可以由个人开发，但对一个有规模、复杂的现代系统来说，短时间内完成如此巨大的需求，还是一个人做多个工作的工程方式不再实用。系统开发是一项团队活动，团队的效率很大程度上决定了软件工程的质量。开发团队往往表现得很像棒球或篮球队。尽管他们有多专业技能，所有成员都朝着一个单一的目的工作。然而，致力于对系统维护和改善的团队，工程师们经常工作相对独立，就像摔跤和田径队。一个团队不仅仅是一群人碰巧在一起工作。团队需要实践，它涉及到特殊技能。团队需要共同的过程；他们需要达成一致的目标；他们需要有效的指导和领导。指导和领导小组的方法是众所周知的，但他们并不明显。 -
第11题：
The objective of (请作答此空) is to determine what parts of the application software will be assigned to what hardware. The major software components of the system being developed have to be identified and then allocated to the various hardware components on which the system will operate. All software systems can be divided into four basic functions. The first is (72). Most information systems require data to be stored and retrieved, whether a small file, such as a memo produced by a word processor, or a large database, such as one that stores an organization's accounting records. The second function is the (73), the processing required to access data, which often means database queries in Structured Query Language. The third function is the (74), which is the logic documented in the DFDs, use cases, and functional requirements. The fourth function is the presentation logic, the display of information to the user and the acceptance of the user's commands. The three primary hardware components of a system are (75).
A.architecture design
B. modular design
C. physical design
D.distribution design答案：A解析：架构设计的目标是确定应用软件的哪些部分将被分配到何种硬件。识别出正在开发系统的主要软件构件并分配到系统将要运行的硬件构件。所有软件系统可分为四项基本功能。首项是数据存储。大多数信息系统需要数据进行存储并检索，无论是一个小文件，比如一个字处理器产生的一个备忘录，还是一个大型数据库，比如存储一个企业会计记录的数据库。第二项功能是数据访问逻辑，处理过程需要访问数据，这通常是指用SQL进行数据库查询。第三项功能是应用程序逻辑，这些逻辑通过数据流图，用例和功能需求来记录。第四项功能是表示逻辑，给用户显示信息并接收用户命令。一个系统的三类主要硬件构件是客户机、服务器和网络。 -
第12题：
The objective of（ 请作答此空 ）is to determine what parts of the application software will be assigned to what hardware. The major software components of the system being developed have to be identified and then allocated to the various hardware components on which the system will operate. All software systems can be divided into four basic functions. The first is（）.Most information systems require data to be stored and retrieved, whether a small file,such as a memo produced by a word processor, or a large database, such as one that stores an organization's accounting records.The second function is the（）,the processing required to access data, which often means database queries in Structured Query Language. The third function is the （）,which is the logic documented in the DFDs, use cases,and functional requirements.The fourth function is the presentation logic,the display of information to the user and the acceptance of the user's commands.The three primary hardware components of a system are （）.
A.architecture design
B. modular design
C. physical design
D.distribution design答案：A解析：（请作答此空 ）的目标是确定应用软件的哪些部分将分配到何种硬件。识别出正在开发系统的主要软件构件并分配到系统将要运行的硬件构件。所有软件系统可分为四项基本功能。第一项是（）。大多数信息系统需要数据进行存储并检索，不论是一个小文件，比如一个字处理器产生的一个备忘录，还是一个大型数据库，比如存储一个企业会计记录的数据库。第二项功能是（），处理过程需要访问数据，这通常是指用SQL进行数据库查询。第三项功能是（），这些逻辑通过数据流图，用例和功能需求来记录。第四项功能是表示逻辑，给用户显示信息并接收用户命令。一个系统的三类主要硬件构件是（）。A.架构设计 B.模块化设计 C.物理设计 D.分布式设计 -
第13题：
Modern computers based on （ ） are millions to billions of times more capable than the early computers, which occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, an mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as ‘computers’.
A.Central Processing Unit
B.integrated circuits
C.Hard disk
D.software integration
正确答案：B
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第14题：
Software engineers apply the principles of software engineering to the design, development, ( ),testing, and evaluation of the software and systems that make computers or anything containing software work.
A.Requirement
B.construction
C.service
D.maintenance
正确答案：D
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第15题：
Teams are required for most engineering projects. Although some small hardware or software products can be developed by individuals, the scale and complexity of modem systems is such, and the demand for short schedules so great, that it is no longer （ ）for one person to do most engineering jobs. Systems development is a team （ ）, and the effectiveness of the team largely determines the
（ ）of the engineering.
Development teams often behave much like baseball or basketball teams. Even though they may have multiple specialties, all the members work toward（请作答此空）. However, on systems maintenance and enhancement teams, the engineers often work relatively independently, much like wrestling and track teams.
A team is （ ）just a group of people who happen to work together. Teamwork takes practice and it involves special skills. Teams require common processes; they need agreed-upon goals; and they need effective guidance and leadership. The methods for guiding and leading such teams are well known, but they are not obvious.A. multiple objectives
B. different objectives
C. a single objective
D. independent objectives答案：C解析：大多数软件工程项目都是需要由项目团队完成的，虽然小的简单的软硬件系统个人就能完成，但是对于大型复杂系统并且需要详细计划的项目由个人完成并不（ ）。系统开发是团队（ ），团队工作的效率很大程度上决定了软件工程的（ ）。
开发团队的合作与篮球或棒球运动员之间的合作很相像，尽管每个人都有自己擅长的技术，但是大家是向着（请作答此空）目标而努力的。
项目团队（ ）一群碰巧工作在一起的人，团队工作需要一群人互相配合，齐心协力向着一个目标奋斗，并且这群人也需要一个好的领导来带领他们。
A．多目标 B．不同目标 C．一个目标 D．独立的目标 -
第16题：
Teams are required for most engineering projects. Although some small hardware or software products can be developed by individuals, the scale and complexity of modem systems is such, and the demand for short schedules so great, that it is no longer （请作答此空）for one person to do most engineering jobs. Systems development is a team （ ）, and the effectiveness of the team largely determines the
（ ）of the engineering.
Development teams often behave much like baseball or basketball teams. Even though they may have multiple specialties, all the members work toward（ ）. However, on systems maintenance and enhancement teams, the engineers often work relatively independently, much like wrestling and track teams.
A team is （ ）just a group of people who happen to work together. Teamwork takes practice and it involves special skills. Teams require common processes; they need agreed-upon goals; and they need effective guidance and leadership. The methods for guiding and leading such teams are well known, but they are not obvious.A.convenient
B.existing
C.practical
D.real答案：C解析：大多数软件工程项目都是需要由项目团队完成的，虽然小的简单的软硬件系统个人就能完成，但是对于大型复杂系统并且需要详细计划的项目由个人完成并不（请作答此空）。系统开发是团队（ ），团队工作的效率很大程度上决定了软件工程的（ ）。
开发团队的合作与篮球或棒球运动员之间的合作很相像，尽管每个人都有自己擅长的技术，但是大家是向着（ ）目标而努力的。
项目团队（ ）一群碰巧工作在一起的人，团队工作需要一群人互相配合，齐心协力向着一个目标奋斗，并且这群人也需要一个好的领导来带领他们。
A．方便的 B．现存的 C．实际的 D．真实的 -
第17题：
Teams are required for most engineering projects. Although some small hardware or software products can be developed by individuals, the scale and complexity of modern systems is such, and the demand for short schedules so great, that it is no longer ( )for one person to do most engineering jobs. Systems development is a team ( ), and the effectiveness of the team largely determines the (请作答此空)of the engineering.Development teams often behave much like baseball or basketball teams. Even though they may have multiple specialties, all the members work toward ( ). However, on systems maintenance and enhancement teams, the engineers often work relatively independently, much like wrestling and track teams.A team is ( )just a group of people who happen to work together. Teamwork takes practice and it involves special skills. Teams require common processes; they need agreed-upon goals; and they need effective guidance and leadership. The methods for guiding and leading such teams are well known, but they are not obvious.
A.size
B.quality
C.scale
D.complexity答案：B解析： -
第18题：
Teams are required for most engineering projects.Although some small hardware or software products can be developed by individuals,the scale and complexity of modern systems is such,and the demand for short schedules so great,that it is no longer（ ）for one person to do most engineering jobs.Systems development is a team（ ）,and the effectiveness of the team largely determines the（请作答此空）of the engineering.
Development teams often behave much like baseball or basketball teams.Even though they may have multiple specialties,all the members work toward（ ）.However,on systems maintenance and enhancement teams,the engineers often work relatively independently,much like wrestling and track teams.
A team is（ ）just a group of people who happen to work together.Teamwork takes practice and it involves special skills.Teams require common processes;they need agreed-upon goals;and they need effective guidance and leadership.The methods for guiding and leading such teams are well known,but they are not obvious.A.size
B.quality
C.scale
D.complexity答案：B解析：无 -
第19题：
Software entities are more complex for their size than perhaps any other human construct,because no two parts are alike（at least above the statement level）.If they are,we make the two similar parts into one,a（1）,open or closed.In this respect software systems differ profoundly from computers,buildings,or automobiles,where repeated elements abound.Digital computers are themselves more complex than most things people build;they have very large numbers of states.This makes conceiving,describing,and testing them hard.Software systems have orders of magnitude more（2）than computers do.Likewise,a scaling-up of a software entity is not merely a repetition of the same elements in larger size;it is necessarily an increase in the number of different elements.In most cases,the elements interact with each other in some（3）fashion,and the complexity of the whole increases much more than linearly.The complexity of software is a（an）（4）property,not an accidental one.Hence descriptions of a software entity that abstract away its complexity often abstract away its essence.Mathematics and the physical sciences made great strides for three centuries by constructing simplified models of complex phenomena,deriving,properties from the models,and verifying those properties experimentally.This worked because the complexities（5）in the models were not the essential properties of the phenomena.It does not work when the complexities are the essence.Many of the classical problems of developing software products derive from this essential complexity and its nonlinear increases with size.Not only technical problems but management problems as well come from the complexity.
4、____A.surface
B.outside
C.exterior
D.essential答案：D解析：软件实体规模上或许比其他任何人类创造的结构要更为复杂，因为没有两个部分是一样的（至少在语句级以上）。如果他们一样，我们便将这两个相似的部分合到一起，成为一个子程序，打开或关闭。在这一点上，软件系统与计算机、建筑或汽车经常混合使用一些重复的元件有很大区别。数字计算机本身比人类所建造的大多数事物都要复杂，他们有超级多的状态。这使得对他们进行想象、描述和测试都很困难。软件系统的状态数目更是比计算机的超出几个数量级。同理，软件实体的扩展不单是这一批元件变大一点，它必将是大量不同元件都有增加。在大多数情况下，构件以非线性的方式相互作用，而整体的复杂性远超线性增加。软件的复杂的特点具有必然性，并非偶然。因此，对于软件实体的描述，剥离了它的复杂性往往就等于剥离了它的本质。过去这三个世纪，通过对复杂的现象构建出简化模型，从模型的属性再倒推，并通过实验验证这些属性，数学和物理科学取得了长足的进步。这之所以行之有效，是因为模型中忽略掉的复杂特性并不是现象中重要的本质属性。而当这些复杂性很重要时，这种方法就会失效。 -
第20题：
Software entities are more complex for
their size than perhaps any other human construct, because no two parts are
alike (at least above the statement level). If they are, we make the two
similar parts into one, a（71 ）, open or closed. In this respect software systems differ
profoundly from computers,buildings, or automobiles, where repeated elements
abound.
Digital computers are themselves more
complex than most things people build; they have very large numbers of states.
This makes conceiving, describing, and testing them hard. Software systems have
orders of magnitude more （72 ）than computers do.
Likewise, a scaling-up of a software entity
is not merely a repetition of the same elements in larger size; it is necessarily an increase in
the number of different elements. In most cases, the elements interact with
each other in some（ 73 ）fashion,and
the complexity of the whole increases much more than linearly.
The complexity of software is a(an)（74 ）property, not
an accidental one. Hence descriptions of a software entity that abstract away
its complexity often abstract away its essence.Mathematics and the physical
sciences made great strides for three centuries by constructing simplified
models of complex phenomena, deriving properties from the models, and verifying
those properties experimentally. This worked because the complexities（75 ）in the models
were not the essential properties of the phenomena. It does not work when the
complexities are the essence.
Many of the classical problems of
developing software products derive from this essential complexity and its nonlinear increases with
size. Not only technical problems but management problems as well come from the complexity.A.states
B.parts
C.conditions
D.expressions答案：A解析： -
第21题：
Teams are required for most engineering projects. Although some small hardware or software products can be developed by individuals, the scale and complexity of modem systems is such, and the demand for short schedules so great, that it is no longer ___71___ for one person to do most engineering jobs. Systems development is a team ___72___, and the effectiveness of the team largely determines the ___73___ of the engineering.
Development teams often behave much like baseball or basketball teams. Even though they may have multiple specialties, all the members work toward ___74___. However, on systems maintenance and enhancement teams, the engineers often work relatively independently, much like wrestling and track teams.A team is ___75__ just a group of people who happen to work together. Teamwork takes practice and it involves special skills. Teams require common processes; they need agreed-upon goals; and they need effective guidance and leadership. The methods for guiding and leading such teams are well known,but they are not obvious.A.size
B.quality
C.scale
D.complexity答案：B解析：大多数软件工程项目都是需要由项目团队完成的，虽然小的简单的软硬件系统个人就能完成，但是对于大型复杂系统并且需要详细计划的项目由个人完成并不实际。系统开发是团队工作，团队工作的效率很大程度上决定了软件工程的质量。
开发团队的合作与篮球或棒球运动员之间的合作很相像，尽管每个人都有自己擅长的技术，但是大家是向着一个目标而努力的。项目团队不是一群碰巧工作在一起的人，团队工作需要一群人互相配合，齐心协力向着一个目标奋斗，并且这群人也需要一个好的领导来带领他们。 -
第22题：
Teams are required for most engineering projects. Although some small hardware or software products can be developed by individuals, the scale and complexity of modem systems is such, and the demand for short schedules so great, that it is no longer ___7
Development teA.ms often behA.ve much like bA.sebA.ll or bA.sketbA.ll teA.ms. Even though they mA.y hA.ve multiple speciA.lties, A.ll the members work towA.rd ___74___. However, on systems mA.intenA.nce A.nd enhA.ncement teA.ms, the engineers often work relA.tively independently, much like wrestling A.nd trA.ck teA.ms.A. teA.m is ___75__ just A. group of people who hA.ppen to work together. TeA.mwork tA.kes prA.ctice A.nd it involves speciA.l skills. TeA.ms require common processes; they need A.greed-upon goA.ls; A.nd they need effective guidA.nce A.nd leA.dership. The methods for guiding A.nd leA.ding such teA.ms A.re well known,but they A.re not obvious.A.convenient
B.existing
C.prA.cticA.l
D.reA.l答案：C解析：大多数软件工程项目都是需要由项目团队完成的，虽然小的简单的软硬件系统个人就能完成，但是对于大型复杂系统并且需要详细计划的项目由个人完成并不实际。系统开发是团队工作，团队工作的效率很大程度上决定了软件工程的质量。开发团队的合作与篮球或棒球运动员之间的合作很相像，尽管每个人都有自己擅长的技术，但是大家是向着一个目标而努力的。项目团队不是一群碰巧工作在一起的人，团队工作需要一群人互相配合，齐心协力向着一个目标奋斗，并且这群人也需要一个好的领导来带领他们。 -
第23题：
The objective of (71) is to determine what parts of the application software will be assigned to what hardware. The major software components of the system being developed have to be identified and then allocated to the various hardware components on which the system will operate. All software systems can be divided into four basic functions. The first is (72). Most information systems require data to be stored and retrieved, whether a small file, such as a memo produced by a word processor, or a large database, such as one that stores an organization's accounting records. The second function is the (73), the processing required to access data, which often means database queries in Structured Query Language. The third function is the (74), which is the logic documented in the DFDs, use cases, and functional requirements. The fourth function is the presentation logic, the display of information to the user and the acceptance of the user's commands. The three primary hardware components of a system are (请作答此空).
A. computers, cables and network
B.clients, servers, and network
C. CPUs, memories and I/O devices
D.CPUs, hard disks and I/O devices答案：B解析：架构设计的目标是确定应用软件的哪些部分将被分配到何种硬件。识别出正在开发系统的主要软件构件并分配到系统将要运行的硬件构件。所有软件系统可分为四项基本功能。首项是数据存储。大多数信息系统需要数据进行存储并检索，无论是一个小文件，比如一个字处理器产生的一个备忘录，还是一个大型数据库，比如存储一个企业会计记录的数据库。第二项功能是数据访问逻辑，处理过程需要访问数据，这通常是指用SQL进行数据库查询。第三项功能是应用程序逻辑，这些逻辑通过数据流图，用例和功能需求来记录。第四项功能是表示逻辑，给用户显示信息并接收用户命令。一个系统的三类主要硬件构件是客户机、服务器和网络。