更多“[A] snow [B] earth [C] room [D] ice ”相关问题
  • 第1题:

    ____ is covered with heavy snow.

    A.The earth's surface

    B.The surface of earth

    C.The surface earth

    D.The earth surface


    正确答案:A

  • 第2题:

    共用题干
    Climate Change:The Long Reach
    1.Earth is warming.Sea levels are rising.There's more carbon in the air,and Arctic ice is melting faster than at any time in recorded history.Scientists who study the environment to better gauge(评估) Earth's future climate now argue that these changes may not reverse for a very long time.
    2.People burn fossil fuels like coal and oil for energy.That burning releases carbon dioxide,a colorless gas.In the air,this gas traps heat at Earth's surface.And the more carbon dioxide released,the more the planet warms.If current consumption of fossil fuels doesn't slow,the long-term climate impacts could last thousands of years-and be more severe than scientists had been expecting.Climatologist Richard Zeebe of the University of Hawaii at Manoa offers this conclusion in a new paper.
    3.Most climate-change studies look at what's going to happen in the next century or so.During that time , changes in the planet's environment could nudge(推动)global warming even higher.For example, snow and ice reflect sunlight back into space.But as these melt,sunlight can now reach-and warm-the exposed ground.This extra heat raises the air temperature even more,causing even more snow to melt.This type of rapid exaggeration of impacts is called a"fast feedback".
    4.Zeebe says it's important to look at fast feedbacks.However,he adds,they're limited.From a climate change perspective,"This century is the most important time for the next few generations,"he told Science News."But the world is not ending in 2100."For this new study,Zeebe now focuses on"slow feedbacks".While fast feedback events unfold over decades or centuries,slow feedbacks can take thousands of years.Melting of continental ice sheets and the migration of plant life-as they relocate to more comfortable areas-are two examples of slow feedbacks.
    5.Zeebe gathered information from previously published studies investigating how such processes played out over thousands of years during past dramatic changes in climate.Then he came up with a forecast for the future that accounts for both slow and fast feedback processes.Climate forecasts that use only fast feedbacks predict a 4.5 degree Celsius(8.1 degree Fahrenheit)change by the year 3000.But slow feedbacks added another 1.5℃-for a 6℃ total increase,Zeebe reports.He also found that slow feedback events will cause global warming to persist for thousands of years after people run out of fossil fuels to burn.

    Arctic ice has never been melting so fast in______.
    A:the extra heat
    B:rapid exaggeration of impacts
    C:the exposed ground
    D:recorded history
    E:a very long time
    F:previously published studies

    答案:D
    解析:
    第二段第一句就说人们燃烧化石燃料,随后又指出燃烧化石燃料能释放二氧化碳,紧接着就说二氧化碳的危害。由此可知,第二段主要讲的是燃烧化石燃料的危害。
    第三段主要讲的是,冰雪融化导致地表裸露,然后太阳可以直射地表,使地表升温,反过来又促使冰雪融化。这些都是对“快速反馈”的解释,即认为燃烧化石燃料会使温室效应愈演愈烈。
    第四段主要表明,化石燃料燃烧的危害将长期存在,不会在短时间内得到根治,其危害将会持续数千年。这些是对“缓慢反馈”的解释,冰山融化与植物迁徙是“缓慢反馈”的两个例子。
    第五段的第二句是主题句,主要讲的是Zeebe在考虑了“快速反馈”和“缓慢反馈”的同时,对未来气候变化做的一种预测。
    由第一段第三句“…recorded history.”可知,空格处应填D项。
    由第三段第四句“…exposed ground.”可知,空格处应填C项。
    由第五段第一句“…preciously published studies…”可知,空格处应填F项。
    由文章最后一句“…thousands of years…”可知,空格处应填E项。"a very long time"是 "thousands of years"的同义转换。

  • 第3题:

    共用题干
    Europa's Watery Underworld

    Europa,one of Jupiter's 63 known moons,looks bright and icy on the surface.But appearances can be
    deceiving:Miles within its cracked,frigid shell,Europa probably hides giant pools of liquid water. Where
    scientists find liquid water,they hope to find life as well.
    Since we can't go diving into Europa's depths just yet,scientists instead have to investigate the moon's
    surface for clues to what lies beneath.In a new study,scientists investigated one group of strange ice patterns
    on Europa and concluded that the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water
    as the U.S.Great Lakes.
    Pictures of Europa,which is slightly smaller than Earth's moon,clearly show a tangled,icy mishmash
    of lines and cracks known as"chaos terrains".These chaotic places cover more than half of Europa. For
    more than 10 years,scientists have wondered what causes the formations.The new study suggests that they
    arise from the mixing of vast underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.
    For scientists who suspect that Europa also may be hiding life beneath its icy surface,the news about
    the new lake is exciting.
    "It would be great if these lakes harbored life,"Britney Schmidt,a planetary scientist who worked on
    the study,told Science News."But even if they didn't,they say that Europa is doing something interesting
    and active right now."
    Schmidt,a scientist at the University of Texas at Austin,and her colleagues wanted to know how chaos
    terrains form.Since they couldn't rocket to Europa to see for themselves,they searched for similar forma-
    tions here on Earth.They studied collapsed ice shelves in Antarctica and icy caps on volcanoes in Iceland.
    Those features on Earth formed when liquid water mixed with ice.The scientists now suspect something
    similar might be happening on Europa:that as water and ice of different temperatures mingle and shift,the
    surface fractures.This would explain the jumbled ice sculptures.
    "Fracturing catastrophically disrupts the ice in the same way that it causes ice shelves to collapse on
    Earth,"Schmidt told Science News.She and her team found that the process could be causing chaos terrains
    to form quickly on Europa.
    The new study suggests that on this moon,elements such as oxygen from the surface blend with the
    deep bodies of water. That mixture may create an environment that supports life.

    Schmidt and her colleagues are the first group of scientists reaching Europa.
    A:Right
    B:Wrong
    C:Not mentioned

    答案:B
    解析:
    由文章第二段第二句“In a new study...the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water as the U.S.Great Lakes.”可知,科学家通过研究一组奇异的冰的图案 得出结论:这种结构是一个地下水库的顶部,这个水库的蓄水量相当于美国五大湖的蓄水量, 故选A。
    由文章第三段最后一句话“The new study suggests that they arise from the mixing of vasi underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.”可知,欧罗巴(Europa)上的 奇异冰图案是由大量的含有冰状物质的地下水经混合而成的,故选B。
    由文章第一段的内容可知,欧罗巴是已知的木星63个卫星中的一个,但并未提及其被 发现的早晚,故选C。
    由文章第三段的第乙句话中“Europa , which is slightly smaller than Earth ' s moon”可知, 欧罗巴比地球的卫星―月亮稍微小些,故选B。
    由第六段的第二句话中“Since they couldn ' t rocket to Europa”可知,科学家目前还不能 去欧罗巴星球,故选B。
    由文章第六段的内容可知,Schmidt及其同事在地球上寻找相似的结构进行研究。他 们研究了南极的冰架,认为他们得出的结论也可以解释欧罗巴上的冰形图案,故选B。
    由文章第一段最后一句话的内容可知,科学家们认为有水的地方就很有可能存在生 命;最后一段也提到,欧罗巴星球表面的氧元素和地下水的化合,给生命的出现提供了环境,因 此水的存在是生命出现的必要条件。故选A。

  • 第4题:

    共用题干
    Europa's Watery Underworld

    Europa,one of Jupiter's 63 known moons,looks bright and icy on the surface.But appearances can be
    deceiving:Miles within its cracked,frigid shell,Europa probably hides giant pools of liquid water. Where
    scientists find liquid water,they hope to find life as well.
    Since we can't go diving into Europa's depths just yet,scientists instead have to investigate the moon's
    surface for clues to what lies beneath.In a new study,scientists investigated one group of strange ice patterns
    on Europa and concluded that the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water
    as the U.S.Great Lakes.
    Pictures of Europa,which is slightly smaller than Earth's moon,clearly show a tangled,icy mishmash
    of lines and cracks known as"chaos terrains".These chaotic places cover more than half of Europa. For
    more than 10 years,scientists have wondered what causes the formations.The new study suggests that they
    arise from the mixing of vast underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.
    For scientists who suspect that Europa also may be hiding life beneath its icy surface,the news about
    the new lake is exciting.
    "It would be great if these lakes harbored life,"Britney Schmidt,a planetary scientist who worked on
    the study,told Science News."But even if they didn't,they say that Europa is doing something interesting
    and active right now."
    Schmidt,a scientist at the University of Texas at Austin,and her colleagues wanted to know how chaos
    terrains form.Since they couldn't rocket to Europa to see for themselves,they searched for similar forma-
    tions here on Earth.They studied collapsed ice shelves in Antarctica and icy caps on volcanoes in Iceland.
    Those features on Earth formed when liquid water mixed with ice.The scientists now suspect something
    similar might be happening on Europa:that as water and ice of different temperatures mingle and shift,the
    surface fractures.This would explain the jumbled ice sculptures.
    "Fracturing catastrophically disrupts the ice in the same way that it causes ice shelves to collapse on
    Earth,"Schmidt told Science News.She and her team found that the process could be causing chaos terrains
    to form quickly on Europa.
    The new study suggests that on this moon,elements such as oxygen from the surface blend with the
    deep bodies of water. That mixture may create an environment that supports life.

    The strange ice patterns on Europa are formed as a result of a mixture of liquid water and solid material underground water pool.
    A:Right
    B:Wrong
    C:Not mentioned

    答案:B
    解析:
    由文章第二段第二句“In a new study...the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water as the U.S.Great Lakes.”可知,科学家通过研究一组奇异的冰的图案 得出结论:这种结构是一个地下水库的顶部,这个水库的蓄水量相当于美国五大湖的蓄水量, 故选A。
    由文章第三段最后一句话“The new study suggests that they arise from the mixing of vasi underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.”可知,欧罗巴(Europa)上的 奇异冰图案是由大量的含有冰状物质的地下水经混合而成的,故选B。
    由文章第一段的内容可知,欧罗巴是已知的木星63个卫星中的一个,但并未提及其被 发现的早晚,故选C。
    由文章第三段的第乙句话中“Europa , which is slightly smaller than Earth ' s moon”可知, 欧罗巴比地球的卫星―月亮稍微小些,故选B。
    由第六段的第二句话中“Since they couldn ' t rocket to Europa”可知,科学家目前还不能 去欧罗巴星球,故选B。
    由文章第六段的内容可知,Schmidt及其同事在地球上寻找相似的结构进行研究。他 们研究了南极的冰架,认为他们得出的结论也可以解释欧罗巴上的冰形图案,故选B。
    由文章第一段最后一句话的内容可知,科学家们认为有水的地方就很有可能存在生 命;最后一段也提到,欧罗巴星球表面的氧元素和地下水的化合,给生命的出现提供了环境,因 此水的存在是生命出现的必要条件。故选A。

  • 第5题:

    资料:A high-precision NASA radar instrument left a NASA airport in Southern California for Iceland on January 28 to create detailed maps of how glaciers move in the dead of winter. This will help scientists around the world better understand some of the most basic processes involved in melting glaciers, which are major contributors to rising sea levels.
    NASA used the same airborne instrument in June 2012 to map the summer flows of two Icelandic ice caps. The ice caps — large areas of permanent snow and ice cover — encompass multiple glaciers flowing in different directions and at different speeds. By mapping the same ice caps now, in winter, when the surface remains frozen all day, and then comparing the winter and summer velocities, the researchers will be able to isolate the effects of melt water.
    Above is a view of a small part of the Hofsjkull ice cap, which encompasses several glaciers. The fan at upper left is part of a glacier called Mlaj?kull.
    For more on the research, see this NASA press release.

    How can the scientists figure out the effects of melting water?

    A.By melting the frozen iceberg in winter.
    B.By observing the snow's moving directions.
    C.By isolating ice from water in sunlines.
    D.By comparing the glaciers moving speeds.

    答案:D
    解析:
    本题考查的是细节理解。
    【关键词】how; the scientists; figure out effects; melting water
    【主题句】第2自然段By mapping the same ice caps now, in winter, when the surface remains frozen all day, and then comparing the winter and summer velocities, the researchers will be able to isolate the effects of melt water. 通过勘察相同的冰盖,在冬天,当表面保持冷冻一整天,然后比较冬天和夏天的速度,研究人员将能够分离融水的影响。
    【解析】本题的问题是“科学家们怎样才能弄清楚融化水的作用呢?”。选项A意为“通过冬天融化冰山”;选项B意为“通过观察雪的移动方向”;选项C意为“通过在太阳线下隔离水中的冰”;选项D意为“通过比较冰川的移动速度”。
    根据主题句可知,科学家们通过对比冰川在夏天和冬天的移动速度来弄清楚融化水的作用,故选D。

  • 第6题:

    共用题干
    New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot after the way sunlight re- flects off snow.According to a computer simulation,black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century. Soot in the higher latitudes(维度)of the Earth,where ice is more common , absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy,white background. Dark-colored black carbon,or soot, absorbs sunlight,while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.
    Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change.Also,if snow and ice covered areas begin melting,the warming effect increase,as the soot becomes more con-centrated on the snow surface.“This provides a positive feedback,as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier.”said Dr. James Hansen,a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies,New York.
    Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo(反照率),which may be contributing to trends to-ward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere,such as thinning Arctic sea ice and melting glac-iers permafrost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.
    “Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space,thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon,”Hansen said. Soot's increased absorp-tion of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate.“ This forcing is unusual-ly effective,causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magni-tude.”Hansen noted.
    Hansen cautioned,although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial,it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century .Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of the century.
    The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were coherent with the researchers' climate model situations,which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.

    “This forcing” in Paragraph 5 refers to_____.
    A: sun's heating on snow surface
    B: soot's increased absorption of solar energy
    C: carbon-dioxide's warming effect
    D: snow's increased reflection of sunlight

    答案:B
    解析:
    文章第二段最后一句“…while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.”说浅色的冰反射太阳光,而黑色的煤烟灰并不反射。其他三项在文章一、二段都有提到,故本题选C。


    根据第五段首句“Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back in-to space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon,”可知,黑炭覆盖的地区有更强烈的加热效果。故本题选B。


    第五段中的“This forcing”指的是其前面所说的“Soot's increased absorption of solar energy”。因此本题选B。


    根据第六段“…it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.”可知,温室气体是上世纪气候变暖的首要原因,故选C。


    由最后一段最后一句“…which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.”知,部分大规模的温室效应发生在有厚雪覆盖层和阳光强烈的地方。故本题选C。

  • 第7题:

    共用题干
    New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot after the way sunlight re- flects off snow.According to a computer simulation,black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century. Soot in the higher latitudes(维度)of the Earth,where ice is more common , absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy,white background. Dark-colored black carbon,or soot, absorbs sunlight,while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.
    Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change.Also,if snow and ice covered areas begin melting,the warming effect increase,as the soot becomes more con-centrated on the snow surface.“This provides a positive feedback,as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier.”said Dr. James Hansen,a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies,New York.
    Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo(反照率),which may be contributing to trends to-ward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere,such as thinning Arctic sea ice and melting glac-iers permafrost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.
    “Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space,thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon,”Hansen said. Soot's increased absorp-tion of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate.“ This forcing is unusual-ly effective,causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magni-tude.”Hansen noted.
    Hansen cautioned,although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial,it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century .Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of the century.
    The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were coherent with the researchers' climate model situations,which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.

    The largest warming effects happened in the Northern Hemisphere with_____.
    A: thin sea ice and insufficient sunlight
    B: light、 snow cover and sufficient sunlight
    C: heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight
    D:.thick sea ice and sufficient sunlight

    答案:C
    解析:
    文章第二段最后一句“…while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.”说浅色的冰反射太阳光,而黑色的煤烟灰并不反射。其他三项在文章一、二段都有提到,故本题选C。


    根据第五段首句“Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back in-to space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon,”可知,黑炭覆盖的地区有更强烈的加热效果。故本题选B。


    第五段中的“This forcing”指的是其前面所说的“Soot's increased absorption of solar energy”。因此本题选B。


    根据第六段“…it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.”可知,温室气体是上世纪气候变暖的首要原因,故选C。


    由最后一段最后一句“…which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.”知,部分大规模的温室效应发生在有厚雪覆盖层和阳光强烈的地方。故本题选C。

  • 第8题:

    共用题干
    New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot after the way sunlight re- flects off snow.According to a computer simulation,black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century. Soot in the higher latitudes(维度)of the Earth,where ice is more common , absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy,white background. Dark-colored black carbon,or soot, absorbs sunlight,while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.
    Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change.Also,if snow and ice covered areas begin melting,the warming effect increase,as the soot becomes more con-centrated on the snow surface.“This provides a positive feedback,as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier.”said Dr. James Hansen,a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies,New York.
    Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo(反照率),which may be contributing to trends to-ward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere,such as thinning Arctic sea ice and melting glac-iers permafrost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.
    “Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space,thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon,”Hansen said. Soot's increased absorp-tion of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate.“ This forcing is unusual-ly effective,causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magni-tude.”Hansen noted.
    Hansen cautioned,although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial,it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century .Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of the century.
    The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were coherent with the researchers' climate model situations,which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.

    Which of the following areas shows a greater warming effect?
    A: Ice sea areas.
    B: Areas with black carbon.
    C: Areas covered with white snow.
    D: Melting glaciers.

    答案:B
    解析:
    文章第二段最后一句“…while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.”说浅色的冰反射太阳光,而黑色的煤烟灰并不反射。其他三项在文章一、二段都有提到,故本题选C。


    根据第五段首句“Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back in-to space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon,”可知,黑炭覆盖的地区有更强烈的加热效果。故本题选B。


    第五段中的“This forcing”指的是其前面所说的“Soot's increased absorption of solar energy”。因此本题选B。


    根据第六段“…it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.”可知,温室气体是上世纪气候变暖的首要原因,故选C。


    由最后一段最后一句“…which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.”知,部分大规模的温室效应发生在有厚雪覆盖层和阳光强烈的地方。故本题选C。

  • 第9题:

    单选题
    A

    To examine the chemical elements in the Ice Age.

    B

    To look into the pattern of solar wind activity.

    C

    To analyze the composition of different trees.

    D

    To find out the origin of carbon-14 on Earth.


    正确答案: A
    解析:
    细节题。从录音结尾来看,科学家的主要目的是通过对树木年轮的考查来研究“solar wind activity”。

  • 第10题:

    单选题
    According to the passage, the greatest part of the solar energy that reaches the Earth is _____.
    A

    reflected back to space by snow and ice

    B

    concentrated at visible wavelengths

    C

    absorbed by carbon dioxide molecules

    D

    absorbed by atmospheric water vapor


    正确答案: D
    解析:
    根据文章第一段第二句可知,“these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through”,由此可以推断选项B是正确的。

  • 第11题:

    单选题
    Others argue that since the earth has endured a long string of ice ages in the last two million to three million years, any warming is()to be temporary.
    A

    seemed

    B

    likely

    C

    tended

    D

    possible


    正确答案: C
    解析: 暂无解析

  • 第12题:

    单选题
    Between 65,000 and 35,000 years ago,______.
    A

    the temperature changed a lot

    B

    the earth was much warmer than it is now

    C

    winter isn't colder than summer

    D

    most of the ice that melted was in the Northern hemisphere during the 30,000-year long ice age


    正确答案: A
    解析:

  • 第13题:

    Widely spaced isobars on a weather map indicate ______.

    A.High winds

    B.Gentle breezes

    C.Ice,snow or frozen rain

    D.Probability of tornados


    正确答案:B

  • 第14题:

    共用题干
    Climate Change:The Long Reach
    1.Earth is warming.Sea levels are rising.There's more carbon in the air,and Arctic ice is melting faster than at any time in recorded history.Scientists who study the environment to better gauge(评估) Earth's future climate now argue that these changes may not reverse for a very long time.
    2.People burn fossil fuels like coal and oil for energy.That burning releases carbon dioxide,a colorless gas.In the air,this gas traps heat at Earth's surface.And the more carbon dioxide released,the more the planet warms.If current consumption of fossil fuels doesn't slow,the long-term climate impacts could last thousands of years-and be more severe than scientists had been expecting.Climatologist Richard Zeebe of the University of Hawaii at Manoa offers this conclusion in a new paper.
    3.Most climate-change studies look at what's going to happen in the next century or so.During that time , changes in the planet's environment could nudge(推动)global warming even higher.For example, snow and ice reflect sunlight back into space.But as these melt,sunlight can now reach-and warm-the exposed ground.This extra heat raises the air temperature even more,causing even more snow to melt.This type of rapid exaggeration of impacts is called a"fast feedback".
    4.Zeebe says it's important to look at fast feedbacks.However,he adds,they're limited.From a climate change perspective,"This century is the most important time for the next few generations,"he told Science News."But the world is not ending in 2100."For this new study,Zeebe now focuses on"slow feedbacks".While fast feedback events unfold over decades or centuries,slow feedbacks can take thousands of years.Melting of continental ice sheets and the migration of plant life-as they relocate to more comfortable areas-are two examples of slow feedbacks.
    5.Zeebe gathered information from previously published studies investigating how such processes played out over thousands of years during past dramatic changes in climate.Then he came up with a forecast for the future that accounts for both slow and fast feedback processes.Climate forecasts that use only fast feedbacks predict a 4.5 degree Celsius(8.1 degree Fahrenheit)change by the year 3000.But slow feedbacks added another 1.5℃-for a 6℃ total increase,Zeebe reports.He also found that slow feedback events will cause global warming to persist for thousands of years after people run out of fossil fuels to burn.

    Melting of snow and ice enables sunlight to reach______.
    A:the extra heat
    B:rapid exaggeration of impacts
    C:the exposed ground
    D:recorded history
    E:a very long time
    F:previously published studies

    答案:C
    解析:
    第二段第一句就说人们燃烧化石燃料,随后又指出燃烧化石燃料能释放二氧化碳,紧接着就说二氧化碳的危害。由此可知,第二段主要讲的是燃烧化石燃料的危害。
    第三段主要讲的是,冰雪融化导致地表裸露,然后太阳可以直射地表,使地表升温,反过来又促使冰雪融化。这些都是对“快速反馈”的解释,即认为燃烧化石燃料会使温室效应愈演愈烈。
    第四段主要表明,化石燃料燃烧的危害将长期存在,不会在短时间内得到根治,其危害将会持续数千年。这些是对“缓慢反馈”的解释,冰山融化与植物迁徙是“缓慢反馈”的两个例子。
    第五段的第二句是主题句,主要讲的是Zeebe在考虑了“快速反馈”和“缓慢反馈”的同时,对未来气候变化做的一种预测。
    由第一段第三句“…recorded history.”可知,空格处应填D项。
    由第三段第四句“…exposed ground.”可知,空格处应填C项。
    由第五段第一句“…preciously published studies…”可知,空格处应填F项。
    由文章最后一句“…thousands of years…”可知,空格处应填E项。"a very long time"是 "thousands of years"的同义转换。

  • 第15题:

    共用题干
    Europa's Watery Underworld

    Europa,one of Jupiter's 63 known moons,looks bright and icy on the surface.But appearances can be
    deceiving:Miles within its cracked,frigid shell,Europa probably hides giant pools of liquid water. Where
    scientists find liquid water,they hope to find life as well.
    Since we can't go diving into Europa's depths just yet,scientists instead have to investigate the moon's
    surface for clues to what lies beneath.In a new study,scientists investigated one group of strange ice patterns
    on Europa and concluded that the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water
    as the U.S.Great Lakes.
    Pictures of Europa,which is slightly smaller than Earth's moon,clearly show a tangled,icy mishmash
    of lines and cracks known as"chaos terrains".These chaotic places cover more than half of Europa. For
    more than 10 years,scientists have wondered what causes the formations.The new study suggests that they
    arise from the mixing of vast underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.
    For scientists who suspect that Europa also may be hiding life beneath its icy surface,the news about
    the new lake is exciting.
    "It would be great if these lakes harbored life,"Britney Schmidt,a planetary scientist who worked on
    the study,told Science News."But even if they didn't,they say that Europa is doing something interesting
    and active right now."
    Schmidt,a scientist at the University of Texas at Austin,and her colleagues wanted to know how chaos
    terrains form.Since they couldn't rocket to Europa to see for themselves,they searched for similar forma-
    tions here on Earth.They studied collapsed ice shelves in Antarctica and icy caps on volcanoes in Iceland.
    Those features on Earth formed when liquid water mixed with ice.The scientists now suspect something
    similar might be happening on Europa:that as water and ice of different temperatures mingle and shift,the
    surface fractures.This would explain the jumbled ice sculptures.
    "Fracturing catastrophically disrupts the ice in the same way that it causes ice shelves to collapse on
    Earth,"Schmidt told Science News.She and her team found that the process could be causing chaos terrains
    to form quickly on Europa.
    The new study suggests that on this moon,elements such as oxygen from the surface blend with the
    deep bodies of water. That mixture may create an environment that supports life.

    The size of Europa is a bit larger than that of Earth's moon.
    A:Right
    B:Wrong
    C:Not mentioned

    答案:B
    解析:
    由文章第二段第二句“In a new study...the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water as the U.S.Great Lakes.”可知,科学家通过研究一组奇异的冰的图案 得出结论:这种结构是一个地下水库的顶部,这个水库的蓄水量相当于美国五大湖的蓄水量, 故选A。
    由文章第三段最后一句话“The new study suggests that they arise from the mixing of vasi underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.”可知,欧罗巴(Europa)上的 奇异冰图案是由大量的含有冰状物质的地下水经混合而成的,故选B。
    由文章第一段的内容可知,欧罗巴是已知的木星63个卫星中的一个,但并未提及其被 发现的早晚,故选C。
    由文章第三段的第乙句话中“Europa , which is slightly smaller than Earth ' s moon”可知, 欧罗巴比地球的卫星―月亮稍微小些,故选B。
    由第六段的第二句话中“Since they couldn ' t rocket to Europa”可知,科学家目前还不能 去欧罗巴星球,故选B。
    由文章第六段的内容可知,Schmidt及其同事在地球上寻找相似的结构进行研究。他 们研究了南极的冰架,认为他们得出的结论也可以解释欧罗巴上的冰形图案,故选B。
    由文章第一段最后一句话的内容可知,科学家们认为有水的地方就很有可能存在生 命;最后一段也提到,欧罗巴星球表面的氧元素和地下水的化合,给生命的出现提供了环境,因 此水的存在是生命出现的必要条件。故选A。

  • 第16题:

    资料:A high-precision NASA radar instrument left a NASA airport in Southern California for Iceland on January 28 to create detailed maps of how glaciers move in the dead of winter. This will help scientists around the world better understand some of the most basic processes involved in melting glaciers, which are major contributors to rising sea levels.
    NASA used the same airborne instrument in June 2012 to map the summer flows of two Icelandic ice caps. The ice caps — large areas of permanent snow and ice cover — encompass multiple glaciers flowing in different directions and at different speeds. By mapping the same ice caps now, in winter, when the surface remains frozen all day, and then comparing the winter and summer velocities, the researchers will be able to isolate the effects of melt water.
    Above is a view of a small part of the Hofsjkull ice cap, which encompasses several glaciers. The fan at upper left is part of a glacier called Mlaj?kull.
    For more on the research, see this NASA press release.

    What does the underlined word permanent (paragragh 2) mean?

    A.Freeze easily.
    B.Move quickly.
    C.Long-lasting.
    D.Extremely cold.

    答案:C
    解析:
    本题考查的是细节理解。
    【关键词】permanent; mean
    【主题句】第2自然段The ice caps — large areas of permanent snow and ice cover — encompass multiple glaciers flowing in different directions and at different speeds. 冰盖——大面积的永久冰雪覆盖区域,包含多个冰川在不同方向,以不同的速度流动。
    【解析】本题的问题是“第二自然段中划线的词‘permanent’是什么意思?”。A选项意为“容易结冰”;B选项意为“移动迅速”;C选项意为“持续的,长期的”;D选项意为“极其冷的”。根据主题句可知,permanent意为“长期的”,故选C。

  • 第17题:

    共用题干
    New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot after the way sunlight re- flects off snow.According to a computer simulation,black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century. Soot in the higher latitudes(维度)of the Earth,where ice is more common , absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy,white background. Dark-colored black carbon,or soot, absorbs sunlight,while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.
    Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change.Also,if snow and ice covered areas begin melting,the warming effect increase,as the soot becomes more con-centrated on the snow surface.“This provides a positive feedback,as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier.”said Dr. James Hansen,a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies,New York.
    Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo(反照率),which may be contributing to trends to-ward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere,such as thinning Arctic sea ice and melting glac-iers permafrost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.
    “Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space,thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon,”Hansen said. Soot's increased absorp-tion of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate.“ This forcing is unusual-ly effective,causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magni-tude.”Hansen noted.
    Hansen cautioned,although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial,it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century .Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of the century.
    The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were coherent with the researchers' climate model situations,which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.

    What is the main cause of climate warming during the past century?
    A: Soot.
    B: Snow.
    C: Greenhouse gases.
    D:.Wind.

    答案:C
    解析:
    文章第二段最后一句“…while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.”说浅色的冰反射太阳光,而黑色的煤烟灰并不反射。其他三项在文章一、二段都有提到,故本题选C。


    根据第五段首句“Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back in-to space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon,”可知,黑炭覆盖的地区有更强烈的加热效果。故本题选B。


    第五段中的“This forcing”指的是其前面所说的“Soot's increased absorption of solar energy”。因此本题选B。


    根据第六段“…it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.”可知,温室气体是上世纪气候变暖的首要原因,故选C。


    由最后一段最后一句“…which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.”知,部分大规模的温室效应发生在有厚雪覆盖层和阳光强烈的地方。故本题选C。

  • 第18题:

    共用题干
    Where Did the Earth's Water Come From?

    Earth is located within the"snow line"of the solar system,the region closest to the Sun where H2 0 is primarily in liquid or gaseous form,if at all.______(46)The snow line phenomena is reflected in the water content of planets like Mercury,Venus,and Mars. Water is absent on Mercury.On Venus,H2O only exists as a trace element in the atmosphere.Mars only has a thin veneer of ice in its polar regions.In general,water is rare within the snow line.
    Why does Earth have so much water relative to the other inner planets?71%of the surface is covered in the oceans,more than half of which is deeper than 3,000 meters,with an approximate total volume of 1.3 billion cu km.______(47)
    There are various theories as to where all the Earth's water came from,but several theories have fared better than the others.______(48)When the Earth was in the process of forming,with a radius just 40%smaller than at present,it would have had enough gravity to hold on to a tenuous atmosphere with water vapor. The first water vapor on the planet would have come from the planet's internals,where volatile(low weight)chemicals would have a tendency to float to the top,and heavy chemicals(iron and nickel)would sink.
    Though the first of Earth's water came about through volcanism,this alone probably didn't produce enough to form stable pools on the surface.______(49)Comparing the isotope ratios of water on Earth and water from comets and asteroids has revealed that the majority of the Earth's water comes from asteroids.
    Throughout its history,Earth's water has increased in volume due to biological processes. In the early seas of Earth,hydrogen sulfide would have been in great supply,which,when reacted with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis in sulfide-reducing bacteria,would have produced hydrogen,sulfur,and water.______(50)

    ________(49)
    A: More water was added to the planet during several hypothesized large impacts from asteroids from the outer asteroid belt.
    B:We know that the oceans existed as early as 100 million years after the formation of the Earth.
    C:Still,the oceans only make up 0.023%of the Earth's total mass.
    D:Astronomers say Earth s water may have come from space.
    E:The snow line is located in the outerasteroid belt,between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
    F: Many geologists believe that the majority of Earth's water generated through this process.

    答案:A
    解析:
    文中第一段第一句提到了snow line,接下来的依据肯定还是要对snow line进行进一步说明,而选项中,只有E选项提到了snow line,所以选择E。
    文中第二段主要说明地球上的水占的比重,而只有C选项是对这一主题进行说明,所以选择C。
    根据后一句When the Earth was in the process of forming可以得知,该段是在讲述地球的形成历史,B选项We know that the oceans existed as early as 100 million years after the formation of the Earth也是在讲述地球形成的历史,所以选择B。
    后一句:Comparing the isotope ratios of water on Earth and water from comets and asteroids has revealed that the majority of the Earth's water comes from asteroids.通过把地球上水的同位素和小行星以及彗星上的水的同位素进行比较,发现地球上的水主要来自小行星。可以推断出,该句要讲述地球上的水与太空中小行星的关系,所以A选项正确。
    文中的最后一段主要是讲地球上水的来源。前一句:In the early seas of Earth,hydrogen sulfide would have been in great supply,which,when reacted with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis in sulfide-reducing bacteria,would have produced hydrogen , sulfur , and water.在地球早期的海洋中,硫氢化合物非常丰富,在去硫细菌的光合作用的影响下,它与大气层中的二氧化碳产生化学反应,产生大量的氢、硫,以及水。这是地球自身产生的水,而F选项Many geologists believe that the majority of Earth's water generated through this process(许多地理学家认为地球上水的产生主要通过这一进程实现)正好承接前一句,所以F选项正确。

  • 第19题:

    共用题干
    New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot after the way sunlight re- flects off snow.According to a computer simulation,black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century. Soot in the higher latitudes(维度)of the Earth,where ice is more common , absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy,white background. Dark-colored black carbon,or soot, absorbs sunlight,while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.
    Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change.Also,if snow and ice covered areas begin melting,the warming effect increase,as the soot becomes more con-centrated on the snow surface.“This provides a positive feedback,as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier.”said Dr. James Hansen,a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies,New York.
    Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo(反照率),which may be contributing to trends to-ward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere,such as thinning Arctic sea ice and melting glac-iers permafrost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.
    “Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space,thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon,”Hansen said. Soot's increased absorp-tion of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate.“ This forcing is unusual-ly effective,causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magni-tude.”Hansen noted.
    Hansen cautioned,although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial,it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century .Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of the century.
    The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were coherent with the researchers' climate model situations,which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.

    Which of the following statements of soot is NOT true?
    A: It absorbs sun's heat.
    B: It is responsible for climate change.
    C: It reflects sunlight.
    D:.It may account for a quarter of global warming over the past century.

    答案:C
    解析:
    文章第二段最后一句“…while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.”说浅色的冰反射太阳光,而黑色的煤烟灰并不反射。其他三项在文章一、二段都有提到,故本题选C。


    根据第五段首句“Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back in-to space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon,”可知,黑炭覆盖的地区有更强烈的加热效果。故本题选B。


    第五段中的“This forcing”指的是其前面所说的“Soot's increased absorption of solar energy”。因此本题选B。


    根据第六段“…it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.”可知,温室气体是上世纪气候变暖的首要原因,故选C。


    由最后一段最后一句“…which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.”知,部分大规模的温室效应发生在有厚雪覆盖层和阳光强烈的地方。故本题选C。

  • 第20题:

    单选题
    In regions where ice conditions prevail in the winter,().
    A

    the lantern panes of unattended lights may not become covered with ice or snow

    B

    the lantern panes of unattended lights may become covered with ice or snow

    C

    ice or snow is likely caused colored

    D

    the white lights are likely caused to appear colored


    正确答案: B
    解析: 暂无解析

  • 第21题:

    单选题
    The scientists are not sure_______.
    A

    how long the ice age lasted

    B

    where ice sheets melted during the ice age

    C

    what caused the temperature changes

    D

    what the earth is made up of


    正确答案: D
    解析:

  • 第22题:

    单选题
    The wordstwo kinds in Line 4 mean the countries______.
    A

    which have snow either as yearly happening to celebrate or as rare weather

    B

    which either have heavy snow or light snow

    C

    to which snow either causes problems or no problems

    D

    which either have snow-ploughs or no snow-ploughs


    正确答案: D
    解析:

  • 第23题:

    单选题
    What is the best way to reduce the amount of soot?
    A

    Installing exhaust filters on all trucks and buses.

    B

    Better managing forest fires.

    C

    Getting Americans to give up SUVs.

    D

    Melting snow and ice.


    正确答案: C
    解析:
    soot指“烟灰”。录音中提到“…reducing the amount of soot in the air by…better managing forest fires is probably easier than getting Americans to give up SUVs”,其中SUV指“多功能车”,可见减少烟灰最好的方法之一是更好地对森林火灾进行管理。
    【录音原文】
    Because soot promotes the melting of snow and ice, it may exacerbate the problem of rising seas. The good news is that reducing the amount of soot in the air by installing exhaust filters on diesel trucks and buses and better managing forest fires is probably easier than getting Americans to give up SUVs. Fires are the source of about half the world’s soot.