单选题George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ______.A manage their patients incompetentlyB give patients more medicine than neededC reduce drug dosages for their patientsD prolong the needless suffering of the patients

共用题干
第二篇

Double Effect

The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medi-
cine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect
supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action
having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor
intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control termi-
nally ill patients' pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors
who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to con-
trol their pain if that might hasten death."
George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a
doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the pa-
tient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides be-
cause the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you're a physician,
you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."
On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has
been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of
dying.
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of
Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.It
identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures
that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The
profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain
management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new
standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate
into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly
and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse."He says medical li-
censing boards"must make it clear…that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently man-
aged and should result in license suspension."

According to the NAS's report,one of the problems in end-of-life care is________.
A:prolonged medical procedures
B:inadequate treatment of pain
C:systematic drug abuse
D:insufficient hospital care

共用题干
Double Effect
The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients'pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."
George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston Univeisity,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimale medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.if you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."
On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician一assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards"must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."

According to the NAS's report,one of the problems in end-of-life care is______.
A:prolonged medical procedures
B:inadequate treatment of pain
C:systematic drug abuse
D:insufficient hospital care

共用题干
Double Effect
The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients'pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."
George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston Univeisity,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimale medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.if you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."
On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician一assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards"must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."

From the first three paragraphs,we learn that______.
A:doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients'pain
B:it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives
C:the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide
D:patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide

共用题干
第二篇

Double Effect

The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medi-
cine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect
supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action
having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor
intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control termi-
nally ill patients' pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors
who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to con-
trol their pain if that might hasten death."
George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a
doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the pa-
tient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides be-
cause the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you're a physician,
you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."
On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has
been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of
dying.
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of
Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.It
identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures
that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The
profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain
management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new
standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate
into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly
and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse."He says medical li-
censing boards"must make it clear…that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently man-
aged and should result in license suspension."

George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they________.
A:manage their patients incompetently
B:give patients more medicine than needed
C:reduce drug dosages for their patients
D:prolong the needless suffering of the patients

共用题干
第二篇

Double Effect

The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medi-
cine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect
supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action
having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor
intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control termi-
nally ill patients' pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors
who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to con-
trol their pain if that might hasten death."
George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a
doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the pa-
tient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides be-
cause the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you're a physician,
you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."
On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has
been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of
dying.
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of
Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.It
identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures
that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The
profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain
management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new
standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate
into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly
and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse."He says medical li-
censing boards"must make it clear…that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently man-
aged and should result in license suspension."

Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
A:Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.
B:Modem medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.
C:The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication should be prescribed.
D:A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.

共用题干
第一篇

Do Patients Trust Doctors Too Much?

Earlier this year,the American College of Surgeons,the national scientific and educational organization
of surgeons,conducted a nationwide survey that found that the average patient devotes an hour or less to re-
searching his or her surgery or surgeon.While prospective patients worry about the costs or complications of
an operation,they don't necessarily look for information that would address their concerns.
In fact,more than a third of patients who had an operation in the last five years never reviewed the cre-
dentials of the surgeon who operated.Patients are more likely to spend time researching a job change(on
average,about 10 hours)or a new car(8 hours)than the operation they are about to submit to or the surgeon
who wields（支配）the knife. And many patients are satisfied with the answers they receive from their sur -
geons or primary care doctors,whoever those individuals happen to be.
I felt curious about the survey,so I called Dr. Thomas Russell,executive director of the American
College of Surgeons."There is a tendency for patients not to get particularly involved and not to feel com-
pelled to look into their surgery or surgeons,"he told me.
There are consequences to that kind of blind trust."Today,medicine and surgery are really team
sports,"Dr. Russell continued,"and the patient,as the ultimate decision-maker,is the most important mem-
ber of the team.Mistakes can happen,and patients have to be educated and must understand what is
going on."
In other words,a healthy doctor-patient relationship does not simply entail good bedside manners and re-
sponsible office management on the part of the doctor. It also requires that patients come to the relationship
educated about their doctors,their illnesses and their treatment.
"If we are truly going to reform the health care system in the U.S.,"Dr. Russell said,"everybody has
to participate actively and must educate themselves.That means doctors,nurses,other health care
professionals , lawyers , pharmaceutical（制药的）companies , and insurance companies. But most of all , it
means the patient."
Trust is important. But as Sir Francis Bacon,who was among the first to understand the importance of
gathering data in science,once observed,knowledge is power.

According to the author,patients should spend more time__________.
A:researching the American College of Surgeons
B:researching their surgery or surgeons
C:researching new cars
D:researching job changes

Text l How,when and where death happens has changed over the past century.As late as 1990 half of deaths worldwide were caused by chronic diseases;in 2015 the share was two-thirds.Most deaths in rich countries follow years of uneven deterioration.Roughly two-thirds happen in a hospital or nursing home.They often come after a ctimax of desperate treatment.Such passionate intervention can be agonising for all concerned.These medicalised deaths do not seem to be what people want.Polls find that most people in good health hope that,when the time comes,they will die at home.They want to die free from pain,at peace,and surrounded by loved ones for whom they are not a burden.But some deaths are unavoidably miserable.Not everyone will be in a condition to toast death's imminence with champagne,as Anton Chekhov did.What people say they will want while they are well may change as the end nears.Dying at home is less appealing if all the medical kit is at the hospital.A treatment that is unbearable in the imagination can seem like the lesser of two evils when the alternative is death.Some patients will want to fight until all hope is lost.But too often patients receive drastic treatment in spite of their dying wishes~by default,when doctors do"everything possible",as they have been trained to,without talking through people's preferences or ensuring that the prediction is clearly understood.The legalisation of doctor-assisted dying has been called for,so that mentally fit,terminally ill patients can be helped to end their lives if that is their wish.But the right to die is just one part of better care at the end of life.The evidence suggests that most people want this option,but that few would,in the end,choose to exercise it.To give people the death they say they want,medicine should take some simple steps.More palliative care is needed.Providing it earlier in the course of advanced cancer alongside the usual treatments turns out not only to reduce suffering,but to prolong life,too.Most doctors enter medicine to help people delay death,not to talk about its inevitability.But talk they must.Medicare,America's public health scheme for the over-65s,has recently started paying doctors for in-depth conversations with terminally ill patients;other national health-care systems,and insurers,should follow.Cost is not an obstacle,since informed,engaged patients will be less likely to want pointless procedures.Fewer doctors may be sued,as poor communication is a common theme in malpractice claims.
As people face dying,medicalised deaths would_____.

A.arouse more of their curiosity
B.incur more of their criticism
C.raise more of their suspicion
D.receive more of their support

共用题干
Physician-assisted Suicide

1.The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications forhow medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
2.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect,"a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
3.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high dose of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
4.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death.
5.George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothingillegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't callthose deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend theirsuicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
6.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care atthe End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
7. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices（临终关怀医院）, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives trans-late into better care.

Paragraph 2________
A:Doctors' Practice of the Principle
B:The Effects of Modern Medicine to Their Illness
C:The Decision of Physician-assisted Suicide
D:Protection of the Doctors
E:Constitutional Support for Physician-assisted Suicide
F:The Double-effect Principle

共用题干
第二篇

Double Effect

The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medi-
cine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect
supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action
having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor
intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control termi-
nally ill patients' pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors
who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to con-
trol their pain if that might hasten death."
George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a
doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the pa-
tient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides be-
cause the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you're a physician,
you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."
On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has
been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of
dying.
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of
Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.It
identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures
that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The
profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain
management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new
standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate
into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly
and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse."He says medical li-
censing boards"must make it clear…that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently man-
aged and should result in license suspension."

Which of the following best defines the word"aggressive"(line 3,paragraph 7)?
A:Bold.
B:Harmful.
C:Careless.
D:Desperate.

共用题干
Double Effect
The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients'pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."
George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston Univeisity,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimale medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.if you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."
On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician一assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards"must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."

Which of the following best defines the word"aggressive"(Line 3,Para.7)?
A:Bold.
B:Harmful.
C:Careless.
D:Desperate.

共用题干
Double Effect
The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients'pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."
George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston Univeisity,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimale medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.if you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."
On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician一assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards"must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."

George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they______.
A:manage their patients incompetently
B:give patients more medicine than needed
C:reduce drug dosages for their patients
D:prolong the needless suffering of the patients

共用题干
Double Effect
The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients'pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."
George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston Univeisity,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimale medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.if you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."
On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician一assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards"must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."

Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
A:Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients'death.
B:Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.
C:The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication should be prescribed.
D:A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.

共用题干
第一篇

Do Patients Trust Doctors Too Much?

Earlier this year,the American College of Surgeons,the national scientific and educational organization
of surgeons,conducted a nationwide survey that found that the average patient devotes an hour or less to re-
searching his or her surgery or surgeon.While prospective patients worry about the costs or complications of
an operation,they don't necessarily look for information that would address their concerns.
In fact,more than a third of patients who had an operation in the last five years never reviewed the cre-
dentials of the surgeon who operated.Patients are more likely to spend time researching a job change(on
average,about 10 hours)or a new car(8 hours)than the operation they are about to submit to or the surgeon
who wields（支配）the knife. And many patients are satisfied with the answers they receive from their sur -
geons or primary care doctors,whoever those individuals happen to be.
I felt curious about the survey,so I called Dr. Thomas Russell,executive director of the American
College of Surgeons."There is a tendency for patients not to get particularly involved and not to feel com-
pelled to look into their surgery or surgeons,"he told me.
There are consequences to that kind of blind trust."Today,medicine and surgery are really team
sports,"Dr. Russell continued,"and the patient,as the ultimate decision-maker,is the most important mem-
ber of the team.Mistakes can happen,and patients have to be educated and must understand what is
going on."
In other words,a healthy doctor-patient relationship does not simply entail good bedside manners and re-
sponsible office management on the part of the doctor. It also requires that patients come to the relationship
educated about their doctors,their illnesses and their treatment.
"If we are truly going to reform the health care system in the U.S.,"Dr. Russell said,"everybody has
to participate actively and must educate themselves.That means doctors,nurses,other health care
professionals , lawyers , pharmaceutical（制药的）companies , and insurance companies. But most of all , it
means the patient."
Trust is important. But as Sir Francis Bacon,who was among the first to understand the importance of
gathering data in science,once observed,knowledge is power.

Nowadays patients seem to have__________.
A:too much trust in their doctors
B:too much information about their doctors
C:too little faith in their doctors
D:a healthy relationship with their doctors

共用题干
第二篇

Double Effect

The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medi-
cine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect
supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action
having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor
intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control termi-
nally ill patients' pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors
who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to con-
trol their pain if that might hasten death."
George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a
doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the pa-
tient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides be-
cause the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you're a physician,
you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."
On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has
been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of
dying.
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of
Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.It
identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures
that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The
profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain
management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new
standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate
into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly
and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse."He says medical li-
censing boards"must make it clear…that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently man-
aged and should result in license suspension."

From the first three paragraphs,we learn that________.
A:doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' pain
B:it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives
C:the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide
D:patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide

共用题干
Physician-assisted Suicide

1.The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications forhow medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
2.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect,"a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
3.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high dose of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
4.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death.
5.George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothingillegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't callthose deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend theirsuicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
6.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care atthe End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
7. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices（临终关怀医院）, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives trans-late into better care.

According to the NAS,one of the problems in end-of-life care is________.
A:help the dying end their lives
B:can be prescribed
C:the needless suffering of the patients
D:the helplessness of the patients
E:inadequate treatment of pain
F: prescribe a drug

共用题干
Physician-assisted Suicide

1.The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications forhow medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
2.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect,"a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
3.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high dose of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
4.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death.
5.George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothingillegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't callthose deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend theirsuicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
6.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care atthe End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
7. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices（临终关怀医院）, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives trans-late into better care.

George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they prolong________.
A:help the dying end their lives
B:can be prescribed
C:the needless suffering of the patients
D:the helplessness of the patients
E:inadequate treatment of pain
F: prescribe a drug