固有免疫应答(innate immune response)

共用题干
第一篇

Immune Functions

The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system.
The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication net-
work consisting of millions and millions of cells.Organized into sets and subsets,these cells pass information
back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive（蜂巢）.The result is a sensitive system of checks and
balances that produces an immune response that is prompt,appropriate,effective,and self-limiting.
At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune
defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or nonself molecules,the immune troops move quickly
to eliminate the intruders（人侵者）.Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as
self. The body's immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather,immune
cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance.When a normally functioning
immune system attacks a nonself molecule,the system has the ability to"remember"the specifics of the
foreign body.Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules,the immune system reacts
accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies（抗体）passed during lactation（授乳期）, this so
called immune system memory is not inherited.Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family,your immune
system must"learn"from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonseif molecules in the sea of
microbes（微生物）in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match
up with and counteract each nonseif invader.
Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen（抗原）.Antigens are not
to be confused with illergens（过敏原）,which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune
system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy.An antigen can be a virus,a bacte-
rium,or even a portion or product of one of these organisms.Tissues or cells from another individual also act
as antigens,because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign,it rejects them.The body
will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their
primary,nonantigenic building blocks.An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and charac-
teristic shapes called epitopes（抗原表位）, which protrude（突出）from its surface. Most antigens , even the
simplest microbes,carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface;some may even carry several
hundreds.Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response.Only in abnormal
situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.

Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this passage?
A:An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response.
B:One of the immune system's primary functions is the allergic response.
C:The human body is an appropriate habitat for microbes.
D:The basic function of the immune system is to distinguish between self and nonseif.

知识点：固有免疫应答
固有免疫应答是指
A.病原体感染2周后诱导的免疫应答
B. αβT细胞参与的免疫应答
C.先天具有的，感染早期发生的非特异性免疫应答
D.进化上不保守的免疫应答
E.依赖TCR激活的免疫应答

固有免疫与适应性免疫的关系是

A.细胞免疫与体液免疫
B.免疫应答与免疫调节
C.适应性免疫总是首先发挥作用
D.相互独立，无任何联系
E.固有免疫是适应性免疫应答启动的基础