Since independence the Irish Republic has adhered to（）.Aa policy of protectionismBa policy of containmentCa policy of military allianceDa policy of neutrality and nonalignment

The longest war that the United States has fought is _____.

Which group of people cannot vote in the general election?（）

Sine the 1960s,（）has become the mainstay of the Irish economy.

Practice 1　　Since the earliest times in England，the traveler’s inn has always been a warm and hospitable place, a gathering place for voyagers to rest and recover. The tireless landlord，the local customers sharing drinks and food, the welcoming atmosphere，have all become part of the legend of the typical English country and city life. In later centuries, the English tavern took on the role of community gathering place, being the location where friendly chatter and fierce social debate mixed with business discussions, and food, wine, beer and coffee were consumed as the noise of convivial exchanges rose.　　In modern times, the English pub often continues to function as the communal meeting place, especially for people whose homes are too small to entertain any number of guests or friends. In many Asian countries, the local restaurant serves a similar social function.　　In Ireland, the pub has acted as a central attraction for poorer villagers in the rural areas, and as a literary and social focus in the cities. In keeping with the sociable nature of pub gatherings, music as well as talk has become a central part of this institution in Ireland.　　Now people around the world are able to experience the friendly nature of the Irish pub, which follows in the wake of its English equivalent as a welcome and growing expert. English pubs have been found in America, in parts of Europe and throughout the world where English pub is witnessing an outburst of international popularity as westerns turn away from their television and computer screens and seek to put a human face to their social contacts. They are finding it in the bars and corners of Irish pubs where Guinness stout, the Irish national drink, is available in the tall dark creamy pint glasses and Irish music is the regular fare.　　An international representative for the Irish manufacturers of Jameson’s whiskey, Patrick Mc-Carville, points out that while the world has been laughing at Irish jokes（a stereotype of the Irish way of life）, the Irish have been quietly carrying out an economic coup which is seen in the evidence of the explosion of Irish pubs.

Practice 4　　America’s singular approach to international affairs did not develop all at once, or as the consequence of a solitary inspiration. In the early years of the Republic, American foreign policy was in fact a sophisticated reflection of the American national interest, which was, simply, to fortify the hew nation’s independence. Since no European country was capable of posing an actual threat so long as it had to contend with rivals, the Founding Fathers showed themselves quite ready to manipulate the despised balance of power when it suited their needs indeed, they could be extraordinarily skillful at maneuvering between France and Great Britain not only to preserve America’s independence but to enlarge its frontiers. Because they really wanted neither side to win a decisive victory in the wars of the French Revolution, they declared neutrality. Jefferson defined the Napoleonic Wars as a contest between the tyrant on the land (France) and the tyrant of the ocean (England) —in other words, the parties in the European struggle were morally equivalent. Practicing an early form of nonalignment, the new nation discovered the benefit of neutrality as a bargaining tool, just as many an emerging nation has since.

Irish nationalism climaxed in（）.in which an Irish Republic was proclaimed.

Hannah finished building her new all-purpose projects room last year, and she has been working in the room ever since.

Since independence the Irish Republic has adhered to（）.

Although the American economy has transformed itself over the years, certain issues have persisted since the early days of the republic. One is the continuing debate over the proper role for government in what is basically a marketplace economy. An economy based on free enterprise is generally characterized by private ownership and initiative, with a relative absence of government involvement. However, government intervention has been found necessary from time to time to ensure that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people, to prevent flagrant abuses, to dampen inflation and to stimulate growth.Ever since colonial times, the government has been involved, to some extent, in economic decision-making. The federal government, for example, has made huge investments in infrastructure, and it has provided social welfare programs that the private sector was unable or unwilling to provide. In a myriad of ways and over many decades, the government has supported and promoted the development of agriculture.