共用题干 第一篇DNA TestingDNA testing reveals the genes of each individual person.Since the early twentieth century scientists have known that all human characteristics are contained in a person's genes and are passed from parents to children.Genes work as a che
题目
共用题干
第一篇
DNA Testing
DNA testing reveals the genes of each individual person.Since the early twentieth century scientists
have known that all human characteristics are contained in a person's genes and are passed from parents to
children.Genes work as a chemical instruction manual for each part and each function of the body.Their
basic chemical element is called DNA,a copy of which can be found in every cell. The existence of genes
and the chemical structure of DNA were understood by the mid-1900s,but scientists have only recently been
able to identify a person from just a drop of blood or a single hair.
One of the most important uses of DNA testing is in criminal investigation.The very first use of DNA
testing in a criminal case was in 1985 in Great Britain,when a man confessed to killing a young woman in
the English countryside.Because police had found samples of the killer's DNA at the scene of the crime,a
biologist suggested that it might be possible to compare that DNA to some from the confessor's blood.To
everyone's surprise,the tests showed that he was not the killer. Nor was he guilty of a similar murder that
had happened some time earlier. At that point he admitted that he had confessed to the crimes out of fear
and police pressure.The police then asked 5,000 local men for samples of their blood,and DNA testing
revealed that one of them was the real murderer,so the first man was set free.
In 1992,two law professors,Peter Neufeld and Bany Scheck,decided to use DNA evidence to help set free
such mistakenly convicted prisoners.With the help of their students.they created a not-for-profit organization
called the Innocence Project. Most of their clients are poor men,many from racial and ethnic minorities.In
fact,studies have shown that U. S. judges and juries are often influenced by racial and ethnic background,and
that people from minority groups are more likely to be convicted. Some of these men had been sentenced to
death,a form of punishment used in thirty eight states out of fifty(as of 2006).For most of these prisoners,their
only hope was another trial in which DNA testing could be used to prove their innocence.
Between 1992 and 2006,the Innocence Project helped free 100 men.Some of these prisoners had been
in jail for ten,twenty years or more for crimes they did not commit.However,the goal of the Innocence
Project is not simply to set free those who are wrongfully in jail.They also hope to bring about real changes
in the criminal justice system.
Illinois in the late 1990s,a group of journalism students at Northwestern University were able to bring
about such a change in that state.They began investigating some Illinois prisoners who claimed to be inno-
cent. Through DNA testing,the students were able to prove that in fact the prisoners were not guilty of the
crimes they had been accused of. Thirteen of these men were set free,and in 2000,Governor Ryan of
Illinois decided to stop carrying out death sentences until further study could be made of the prisoners'
cases。
The use of DNA in criminal cases is still being debated around the world.Some fear that governments
will one day keep records of everyone'sDNA,which could put limits on the privacy and freedom of citizens.
Other people mistrust the science of DNA testing and think that lawyers use it to get their clients free whether
or not they are guilty.But for those whose innocence has been proven and who are now free men,DNA
testing has meant nothing less than a return to life.And with the careful use of DNA testing,no innocent
person should ever be convicted again.
第一篇
DNA Testing
DNA testing reveals the genes of each individual person.Since the early twentieth century scientists
have known that all human characteristics are contained in a person's genes and are passed from parents to
children.Genes work as a chemical instruction manual for each part and each function of the body.Their
basic chemical element is called DNA,a copy of which can be found in every cell. The existence of genes
and the chemical structure of DNA were understood by the mid-1900s,but scientists have only recently been
able to identify a person from just a drop of blood or a single hair.
One of the most important uses of DNA testing is in criminal investigation.The very first use of DNA
testing in a criminal case was in 1985 in Great Britain,when a man confessed to killing a young woman in
the English countryside.Because police had found samples of the killer's DNA at the scene of the crime,a
biologist suggested that it might be possible to compare that DNA to some from the confessor's blood.To
everyone's surprise,the tests showed that he was not the killer. Nor was he guilty of a similar murder that
had happened some time earlier. At that point he admitted that he had confessed to the crimes out of fear
and police pressure.The police then asked 5,000 local men for samples of their blood,and DNA testing
revealed that one of them was the real murderer,so the first man was set free.
In 1992,two law professors,Peter Neufeld and Bany Scheck,decided to use DNA evidence to help set free
such mistakenly convicted prisoners.With the help of their students.they created a not-for-profit organization
called the Innocence Project. Most of their clients are poor men,many from racial and ethnic minorities.In
fact,studies have shown that U. S. judges and juries are often influenced by racial and ethnic background,and
that people from minority groups are more likely to be convicted. Some of these men had been sentenced to
death,a form of punishment used in thirty eight states out of fifty(as of 2006).For most of these prisoners,their
only hope was another trial in which DNA testing could be used to prove their innocence.
Between 1992 and 2006,the Innocence Project helped free 100 men.Some of these prisoners had been
in jail for ten,twenty years or more for crimes they did not commit.However,the goal of the Innocence
Project is not simply to set free those who are wrongfully in jail.They also hope to bring about real changes
in the criminal justice system.
Illinois in the late 1990s,a group of journalism students at Northwestern University were able to bring
about such a change in that state.They began investigating some Illinois prisoners who claimed to be inno-
cent. Through DNA testing,the students were able to prove that in fact the prisoners were not guilty of the
crimes they had been accused of. Thirteen of these men were set free,and in 2000,Governor Ryan of
Illinois decided to stop carrying out death sentences until further study could be made of the prisoners'
cases。
The use of DNA in criminal cases is still being debated around the world.Some fear that governments
will one day keep records of everyone'sDNA,which could put limits on the privacy and freedom of citizens.
Other people mistrust the science of DNA testing and think that lawyers use it to get their clients free whether
or not they are guilty.But for those whose innocence has been proven and who are now free men,DNA
testing has meant nothing less than a return to life.And with the careful use of DNA testing,no innocent
person should ever be convicted again.
The Innocence Project uses DNA testing to
A:set free innocent prisoners
B:help the police put people in prison
C:find out which lawyers are incompetent
D:prove that suspects are guilty
A:set free innocent prisoners
B:help the police put people in prison
C:find out which lawyers are incompetent
D:prove that suspects are guilty
相似考题
更多“共用题干 第一篇DNA TestingDNA testing reveals the genes of each individual person.Since the early twentieth century scientists have known that all human characteristics are contained in a person's genes and are passed from parents to children.Genes work as a che”相关问题
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第1题：
共用题干
第一篇
IQ-Gene
In the angry debate over how much of IQ comes from the genes that children inherit from parents and how much comes from experiences,one little fact gets overlooked:no one has identified any genes(other than those that cause retardation)that affect intelligence.So researchers led by Robert Plomin of London's Institute of Psychiatry decided to look for some.They figured that if you want to find a"smart gene",you should look in smart kids.They therefore examined the DNA of students like those who are so bright that they take college entrance exams four years early一and still score at Princeton-caliber levels.The scientists found what they sought."We have,"says Plomin, "the first specific gene ever associated with general intelligence."
Plomin's colleagues drew blood from two groups of 51 children each,all 6 to 15 years old and living in six countries around Cleveland.In one group,the average IQ is 103.All the children are white.Isolating the blood cells,the researchers then examined each child's chromosome 6.Of the 37 land marks on chromosome 6 that the researchers looked for,one jumped out:a form of gene called IGF2R occurred in twice as many children in the high-IQ group as in the average group—32 percent versus 16 percent.The study,in the May issue of the journal Psychological Science concludes that it is this form of the IGF2R gene that contributes to intelligence.
Some geneticists see major problems with the IQ-gene study.One is the possibility that Plomin's group fell for"chopsticks fallacy".Geneticists might think they've found a gene for chopsticks flexibility,but all they've really found is a gene more common in Asians than,say,Africans. Similarly, Plomin's IQ gene might simply be one that is more common in groups that emphasize academic achievement."What is the gene that they've found reflects ethnicity?"asks geneticist Andrew Feinberg of Johns Hopkins University."That alone might explain the link to intelligence,since IQ tests are known for being culturally sensitive and affected by a child's environment."And Neil Risch of Standford University points out that if you look for 37 genes on chromosome,as the researchers did, and find that one is more common in smarter kids,that might reflect pure chance rather than a causal link between the gene and intelligence.Warns Feinberg:"I would take these findings with a whole box of salt."What does"some"in the second sentence of paragraph one stands for?
A:Parents.
B:Children.
C:Experiences.
D:Genes.答案：D解析：文章第一段第一句提到科学家们争论的是“how much of IQ comes from the genes that children inherit from parents and how much comes from experiences”，即智商中有多少来自孩子从父母身上继承的基因，多少来自个人经历。由此可见选项C是正确的。
从上下文我们可以清楚地了解Plomin的研究要找的是和智力有关的基因，因此只有选项D是正确的。
文章最后一段讲到“a gene more common in Asians than , say , Africans"，即在亚洲人中更普遍的基因，跟使用筷子的能力没关系。因此选择A项。
文章题干问的是Plomin的智力基因研究与筷子基因的发现共同之处在什么地方。文章最后一段讲到实验小组最终对比染色体上的基因找到的是“pure chance rather than a causal link between the gene and intelligence"，即仅仅是基因和智力之间偶然的而不是必然的联系。因此仅有选项A是正确的。
短语with a whole box of salt是“很怀疑”的意思，因此只有选项D的解释是正确的。 -
第2题：
共用题干
第二篇
Are These Food Safe to Eat?
Traditionally,in plant breeding,there are crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally.For example,disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with highyield wheat to combine these properties.This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.
Genetic engineering(GE)makes it possible to exchange genes between unrelated species that cannot exchange genes with each other in a natural way.GE can involve the exchange of genes be-tween vastly different species一e.g. putting scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes.It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene,even when it is in maize DNA,will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin一but what other effects may it have in this alien environment? We have already realized this problem一adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow一but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross-eyed,which was entirely out of expectation.
It won't be difficult to find out,for example,that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if it is inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA一but what side-effect would it have?In other words,is genetically modified(GM)food safe to eat?The answer is that no-body knows because long-term tests have not been carried out.
Those companies who want a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests.Monsanto's soya beans were apparently fed to fish for 10 weeks before being approved.There was no requirement for independent testing,for longterm testing,for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.
The present opinion of the British Government is that"There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods."In the US,the American Food and Drug Administration is now being prosecuted for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GM foods.What can we infer from the passage?
A:The British Government keeps silent when it comes to GM foods.
B:It's safe to buy GM soya beans in the supermarket.
C:The American Food and Drug Administration now set up some regulations for genetically modified plants.
D:Genetic Engineering is sometimes dangerous and rather unpredictable.答案：D解析：本题是细节判断题。题干是：哪种自然基因交换既安全又具有相当的可预见性？选B的依据是第一段第一句和最后一句：" Traditionally , in plant breeding , there are crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally.""This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.”传统的植物培育方法，是依照植物自然杂交的方式进行相同物种的人工杂交。这种自然的基因交换既安全，又具有相当的可预见性。这说明选项B, 传统植物培育中的自然基因交换，是正确答案。
本题是细节考查题。题干是：根据原文，如下关于转基因产品的说法哪个是正确的？选C的依据是第三段第一句："…… for example , that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if it is inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA.”例如，人类的智力基因在人体DNA内和注入卷心菜DNA后的作用是不同的。所以选项C符合题目要求，是正确答案。
本题是细节推理题。题干是：根据原文能推断出如下哪个句子？选D的依据是第二段和第四段的最后一句："… which was entirely out of expectation." " There was no requirement for independent testing,for long一term testing,for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.”而这一切是完全无法预测的。目前，尚无要求对转基因产品进行独立测试、长期测试、人体测试，或者就其对儿童或过敏者所造成的特定危险进行测试。选项D，基因工程有时有危险且难以预测，是对原文这两个事实的总结，是正确答案。
本题是细节判断题。题干是：作者可能持有的对于转基因产品的态度是什么？选B的依据是：作者在文中用来说明的事实通常和基因工程的危险和不确定性相关，所以选项B，拒绝的，是正确答案。
本题考查对于后文内容的预判能力。题干是：以下对文章的阐述哪个是正确的？选A的依据是全文第四段的第一句：" Those Companies who want a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests.”在英国或者美国，如果一个公司希望其转基因产品获得批准，它必须向管理机构提供本公司转基因产品安全测试的结果。这与选项A中谈到的内容相符：如果一个公司能向管理机构提供本公司转基因产品安全测试的结果，就能从英国或美国获得转基因产品的许可。 -
第3题：
共用题干
第二篇
Are These Food Safe to Eat?
Traditionally,in plant breeding,there are crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally.For example,disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with highyield wheat to combine these properties.This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.
Genetic engineering(GE)makes it possible to exchange genes between unrelated species that cannot exchange genes with each other in a natural way.GE can involve the exchange of genes be-tween vastly different species一e.g. putting scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes.It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene,even when it is in maize DNA,will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin一but what other effects may it have in this alien environment? We have already realized this problem一adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow一but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross-eyed,which was entirely out of expectation.
It won't be difficult to find out,for example,that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if it is inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA一but what side-effect would it have?In other words,is genetically modified(GM)food safe to eat?The answer is that no-body knows because long-term tests have not been carried out.
Those companies who want a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests.Monsanto's soya beans were apparently fed to fish for 10 weeks before being approved.There was no requirement for independent testing,for longterm testing,for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.
The present opinion of the British Government is that"There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods."In the US,the American Food and Drug Administration is now being prosecuted for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GM foods.Which statement about GM product is true according to the passage?
A:Adding human growth hormone genes to pigs does not make them grow.
B:The American Food and Drug Administration is now doing a research that suggested possible risks from GM foods.
C:The gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if it is inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA.
D: There has been requirement for independent testing,for long-term testing,for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.答案：C解析：本题是细节判断题。题干是：哪种自然基因交换既安全又具有相当的可预见性？选B的依据是第一段第一句和最后一句：" Traditionally , in plant breeding , there are crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally.""This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.”传统的植物培育方法，是依照植物自然杂交的方式进行相同物种的人工杂交。这种自然的基因交换既安全，又具有相当的可预见性。这说明选项B, 传统植物培育中的自然基因交换，是正确答案。
本题是细节考查题。题干是：根据原文，如下关于转基因产品的说法哪个是正确的？选C的依据是第三段第一句："…… for example , that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if it is inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA.”例如，人类的智力基因在人体DNA内和注入卷心菜DNA后的作用是不同的。所以选项C符合题目要求，是正确答案。
本题是细节推理题。题干是：根据原文能推断出如下哪个句子？选D的依据是第二段和第四段的最后一句："… which was entirely out of expectation." " There was no requirement for independent testing,for long一term testing,for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.”而这一切是完全无法预测的。目前，尚无要求对转基因产品进行独立测试、长期测试、人体测试，或者就其对儿童或过敏者所造成的特定危险进行测试。选项D，基因工程有时有危险且难以预测，是对原文这两个事实的总结，是正确答案。
本题是细节判断题。题干是：作者可能持有的对于转基因产品的态度是什么？选B的依据是：作者在文中用来说明的事实通常和基因工程的危险和不确定性相关，所以选项B，拒绝的，是正确答案。
本题考查对于后文内容的预判能力。题干是：以下对文章的阐述哪个是正确的？选A的依据是全文第四段的第一句：" Those Companies who want a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests.”在英国或者美国，如果一个公司希望其转基因产品获得批准，它必须向管理机构提供本公司转基因产品安全测试的结果。这与选项A中谈到的内容相符：如果一个公司能向管理机构提供本公司转基因产品安全测试的结果，就能从英国或美国获得转基因产品的许可。 -
第4题：
共用题干
第二篇
Are These Food Safe to Eat?
Traditionally,in plant breeding,there are crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally.For example,disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with highyield wheat to combine these properties.This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.
Genetic engineering(GE)makes it possible to exchange genes between unrelated species that cannot exchange genes with each other in a natural way.GE can involve the exchange of genes be-tween vastly different species一e.g. putting scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes.It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene,even when it is in maize DNA,will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin一but what other effects may it have in this alien environment? We have already realized this problem一adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow一but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross-eyed,which was entirely out of expectation.
It won't be difficult to find out,for example,that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if it is inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA一but what side-effect would it have?In other words,is genetically modified(GM)food safe to eat?The answer is that no-body knows because long-term tests have not been carried out.
Those companies who want a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests.Monsanto's soya beans were apparently fed to fish for 10 weeks before being approved.There was no requirement for independent testing,for longterm testing,for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.
The present opinion of the British Government is that"There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods."In the US,the American Food and Drug Administration is now being prosecuted for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GM foods.Which type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable?
A:Adding human growth hormone genes to pigs.
B:Natural gene exchange in traditional plant breeding.
C:Inserting fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes.
D:Putting scorpion toxin genes into maize.答案：B解析：本题是细节判断题。题干是：哪种自然基因交换既安全又具有相当的可预见性？选B的依据是第一段第一句和最后一句：" Traditionally , in plant breeding , there are crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally.""This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.”传统的植物培育方法，是依照植物自然杂交的方式进行相同物种的人工杂交。这种自然的基因交换既安全，又具有相当的可预见性。这说明选项B, 传统植物培育中的自然基因交换，是正确答案。
本题是细节考查题。题干是：根据原文，如下关于转基因产品的说法哪个是正确的？选C的依据是第三段第一句："…… for example , that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if it is inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA.”例如，人类的智力基因在人体DNA内和注入卷心菜DNA后的作用是不同的。所以选项C符合题目要求，是正确答案。
本题是细节推理题。题干是：根据原文能推断出如下哪个句子？选D的依据是第二段和第四段的最后一句："… which was entirely out of expectation." " There was no requirement for independent testing,for long一term testing,for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.”而这一切是完全无法预测的。目前，尚无要求对转基因产品进行独立测试、长期测试、人体测试，或者就其对儿童或过敏者所造成的特定危险进行测试。选项D，基因工程有时有危险且难以预测，是对原文这两个事实的总结，是正确答案。
本题是细节判断题。题干是：作者可能持有的对于转基因产品的态度是什么？选B的依据是：作者在文中用来说明的事实通常和基因工程的危险和不确定性相关，所以选项B，拒绝的，是正确答案。
本题考查对于后文内容的预判能力。题干是：以下对文章的阐述哪个是正确的？选A的依据是全文第四段的第一句：" Those Companies who want a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests.”在英国或者美国，如果一个公司希望其转基因产品获得批准，它必须向管理机构提供本公司转基因产品安全测试的结果。这与选项A中谈到的内容相符：如果一个公司能向管理机构提供本公司转基因产品安全测试的结果，就能从英国或美国获得转基因产品的许可。 -
第5题：
共用题干
第一篇
DNA Testing
DNA testing reveals the genes of each individual person.Since the early twentieth century scientists
have known that all human characteristics are contained in a person's genes and are passed from parents to
children.Genes work as a chemical instruction manual for each part and each function of the body.Their
basic chemical element is called DNA,a copy of which can be found in every cell. The existence of genes
and the chemical structure of DNA were understood by the mid-1900s,but scientists have only recently been
able to identify a person from just a drop of blood or a single hair.
One of the most important uses of DNA testing is in criminal investigation.The very first use of DNA
testing in a criminal case was in 1985 in Great Britain,when a man confessed to killing a young woman in
the English countryside.Because police had found samples of the killer's DNA at the scene of the crime,a
biologist suggested that it might be possible to compare that DNA to some from the confessor's blood.To
everyone's surprise,the tests showed that he was not the killer. Nor was he guilty of a similar murder that
had happened some time earlier. At that point he admitted that he had confessed to the crimes out of fear
and police pressure.The police then asked 5,000 local men for samples of their blood,and DNA testing
revealed that one of them was the real murderer,so the first man was set free.
In 1992,two law professors,Peter Neufeld and Bany Scheck,decided to use DNA evidence to help set free
such mistakenly convicted prisoners.With the help of their students.they created a not-for-profit organization
called the Innocence Project. Most of their clients are poor men,many from racial and ethnic minorities.In
fact,studies have shown that U. S. judges and juries are often influenced by racial and ethnic background,and
that people from minority groups are more likely to be convicted. Some of these men had been sentenced to
death,a form of punishment used in thirty eight states out of fifty(as of 2006).For most of these prisoners,their
only hope was another trial in which DNA testing could be used to prove their innocence.
Between 1992 and 2006,the Innocence Project helped free 100 men.Some of these prisoners had been
in jail for ten,twenty years or more for crimes they did not commit.However,the goal of the Innocence
Project is not simply to set free those who are wrongfully in jail.They also hope to bring about real changes
in the criminal justice system.
Illinois in the late 1990s,a group of journalism students at Northwestern University were able to bring
about such a change in that state.They began investigating some Illinois prisoners who claimed to be inno-
cent. Through DNA testing,the students were able to prove that in fact the prisoners were not guilty of the
crimes they had been accused of. Thirteen of these men were set free,and in 2000,Governor Ryan of
Illinois decided to stop carrying out death sentences until further study could be made of the prisoners'
cases。
The use of DNA in criminal cases is still being debated around the world.Some fear that governments
will one day keep records of everyone'sDNA,which could put limits on the privacy and freedom of citizens.
Other people mistrust the science of DNA testing and think that lawyers use it to get their clients free whether
or not they are guilty.But for those whose innocence has been proven and who are now free men,DNA
testing has meant nothing less than a return to life.And with the careful use of DNA testing,no innocent
person should ever be convicted again.DNA testing was first used in a criminal case by___________.
A:a lawyer in New York
B:students in Illinois
C:doctors in the United States
D:police in Great Britain答案：D解析：文章第一段总领全文，最后一段是对全文的总结，中间其他段落通过举例说明DNA测 试法在当今犯罪侦查中起着重要的作用。
由文章第二段第二、三句话“The very first use of DNA testing in a criminal case was in 1985 in Great Britain...Because police had found samples of the killer' s DNA...”可知答案为D。
由文章第三段第一、二句话“In 1992...Peter Neufeld and Barry Scheck, decided to use DNA evidence to help set free such mistakenly convicted prisoners…they created a not-for-profit organization called the Innocence Project.”可知答案为A。
由文章第五段第三句话“Through DNA testing, the students were able to prove that in fact the prisoners were not guilty of the crimes they had been accused of.”中，这些学生是指西北大学 的学生，由此可知答案为A。
本文主要讲述了DNA测试法在犯罪侦查当中起的积极作用，同时还举了例子，比如西 北大学的一些学生用DNA测试法来证明了一些人的清白。既然作者认为这种方法是有效、积 极的东西，当然是对其支持的。选项中表示支持、赞成的词为Positive，由此可以确定本题答案 为B选项。 -
第6题：
共用题干
第一篇
DNA Testing
DNA testing reveals the genes of each individual person.Since the early twentieth century scientists
have known that all human characteristics are contained in a person's genes and are passed from parents to
children.Genes work as a chemical instruction manual for each part and each function of the body.Their
basic chemical element is called DNA,a copy of which can be found in every cell. The existence of genes
and the chemical structure of DNA were understood by the mid-1900s,but scientists have only recently been
able to identify a person from just a drop of blood or a single hair.
One of the most important uses of DNA testing is in criminal investigation.The very first use of DNA
testing in a criminal case was in 1985 in Great Britain,when a man confessed to killing a young woman in
the English countryside.Because police had found samples of the killer's DNA at the scene of the crime,a
biologist suggested that it might be possible to compare that DNA to some from the confessor's blood.To
everyone's surprise,the tests showed that he was not the killer. Nor was he guilty of a similar murder that
had happened some time earlier. At that point he admitted that he had confessed to the crimes out of fear
and police pressure.The police then asked 5,000 local men for samples of their blood,and DNA testing
revealed that one of them was the real murderer,so the first man was set free.
In 1992,two law professors,Peter Neufeld and Bany Scheck,decided to use DNA evidence to help set free
such mistakenly convicted prisoners.With the help of their students.they created a not-for-profit organization
called the Innocence Project. Most of their clients are poor men,many from racial and ethnic minorities.In
fact,studies have shown that U. S. judges and juries are often influenced by racial and ethnic background,and
that people from minority groups are more likely to be convicted. Some of these men had been sentenced to
death,a form of punishment used in thirty eight states out of fifty(as of 2006).For most of these prisoners,their
only hope was another trial in which DNA testing could be used to prove their innocence.
Between 1992 and 2006,the Innocence Project helped free 100 men.Some of these prisoners had been
in jail for ten,twenty years or more for crimes they did not commit.However,the goal of the Innocence
Project is not simply to set free those who are wrongfully in jail.They also hope to bring about real changes
in the criminal justice system.
Illinois in the late 1990s,a group of journalism students at Northwestern University were able to bring
about such a change in that state.They began investigating some Illinois prisoners who claimed to be inno-
cent. Through DNA testing,the students were able to prove that in fact the prisoners were not guilty of the
crimes they had been accused of. Thirteen of these men were set free,and in 2000,Governor Ryan of
Illinois decided to stop carrying out death sentences until further study could be made of the prisoners'
cases。
The use of DNA in criminal cases is still being debated around the world.Some fear that governments
will one day keep records of everyone'sDNA,which could put limits on the privacy and freedom of citizens.
Other people mistrust the science of DNA testing and think that lawyers use it to get their clients free whether
or not they are guilty.But for those whose innocence has been proven and who are now free men,DNA
testing has meant nothing less than a return to life.And with the careful use of DNA testing,no innocent
person should ever be convicted again.Some students in Northwestern University__________.
A:proved some prisoners were not guilty
B:believed some suspects were from ethnic groups
C:told the governors of Illinois not to free the prisoners
D:showed DNA testing was not always reliable答案：A解析：文章第一段总领全文，最后一段是对全文的总结，中间其他段落通过举例说明DNA测 试法在当今犯罪侦查中起着重要的作用。
由文章第二段第二、三句话“The very first use of DNA testing in a criminal case was in 1985 in Great Britain...Because police had found samples of the killer' s DNA...”可知答案为D。
由文章第三段第一、二句话“In 1992...Peter Neufeld and Barry Scheck, decided to use DNA evidence to help set free such mistakenly convicted prisoners…they created a not-for-profit organization called the Innocence Project.”可知答案为A。
由文章第五段第三句话“Through DNA testing, the students were able to prove that in fact the prisoners were not guilty of the crimes they had been accused of.”中，这些学生是指西北大学 的学生，由此可知答案为A。
本文主要讲述了DNA测试法在犯罪侦查当中起的积极作用，同时还举了例子，比如西 北大学的一些学生用DNA测试法来证明了一些人的清白。既然作者认为这种方法是有效、积 极的东西，当然是对其支持的。选项中表示支持、赞成的词为Positive，由此可以确定本题答案 为B选项。 -
第7题：
共用题干
What Is Insulin-dependent Diabetes?
When you eat,your body takes the sugar from food and turns it into fuel.______(46)Your body uses glucose for energy,so it can do everything from breathing air to playing a video game.But glucose can't be used by the body on its own-it needs a hormone called insulin to bring it into the cells of the body.
Most people get the insulin they need from the pancreas,a large organ near the stomach?The pancreas makes insulin;insulin brings glucose into the cells;and the body gets the energy it needs.When a person has insulin一dependent diabetes,it's because the pancreas is not making insulin.So someone could be eating lots of food and getting all the glucose he needs,but without insulin,there is no way for the body to use the glucose for energy.______(47)
You may have heard older people talk about having diabetes,maybe people of your grandparents'age.Usually,this is a different kind of diabetes called non一insulin一dependent diabetes.It can also be called Type 2 diabetes,or adult-onset diabetes.______(48)
When a kid is diagnosed with juvenile(insulin-dependent)diabetes,he will have that type of diabetes for his whole life.It won't ever change to non-insulin-dependent diabetes when he gets older.
Scientists now think that a person who has juvenile diabetes was born with a certain gene or genes that made the person more likely to get the illness.______(49)
Many scientists believe that along with having certain genes,something else outside the person's body, like a viral infection,is necessary to set the diabetes in motion by affecting the cells in the pancreas that make insulin.
But the person must have the gene(or genes)for diabetes to start' out with一this means you can't get diabetes just from catching a flu,virus,or cold.And this type of diabetes isn't caused by eating too many sugary foods,either.Diabetes can take a long time to develop in a person's body-sometimes months or years?Another important thing to remember is that diabetes is not contagious.______(50)______(47)
A:Genes are something that you inherit from your parents,and they are in your body even before you're born.
B:This sugar-fuel is called glucose?
C:It may be possible to beat insulin resistance through lifestyle changes.
D:You can't catch diabetes from people who have it,no matter how close you sit to them or if you kiss them.
E:The glucose can't get into the cells of the body without insulin.
F:When a person has this kind of diabetes,the pancreas usually can still make insulin,but the person's body needs more than the pancreas can make?答案：E解析：文章第一句所讲的内容是当人进食时，身体会从食物中摄取糖分，并把它转化为燃料。B项是对这种燃料的解释，且空白处后的句子中又出现了B项中的名词glucose。故此处选B。
此空处之前的内容提到，如果一个人患上了胰岛素依赖型糖尿病，虽然其通过大量进食获取了所需的全部葡萄糖，但如果没有胰岛素的参与，身体就不能通过利用这些葡萄糖来获得能量。选项E的内容和此处为顺承关系，故选E。
上一段指出胰岛素依赖型糖尿病患者的胰腺无法分泌胰岛素，本段此空处之前的内容提到了非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病，并指出它不同于胰岛素依赖型糖尿病。故此空处应详细介绍此种类型的糖尿病。F项符合文意。
此空处之前的内容是患有青少年糖尿病的人带有先天性的易患此病的基因。A项介绍基因的概念，比较各个选项，可知本题选A。
此空处之前陈述的内容是糖尿病不具有传染性。D项的内容和此处是承接关系，进一步说明其不具有传染性。故本题选D。 -
第8题：
共用题干
Unlocking the Human Genome（基因组）
1 A project to unlock secrets一what scientist could resist that challenge?This is what many
scientists are doing as they work on the Human Genome Project.The aim of the project is
to decode（破译）all of the some 100,000 genes in the human body. Scientists are using
DNA fingerprinting techniques to do the decoding.
2 DNA is the substance found in the chromosomes（染色体）of a cell. A chromosome is a
chain of genes.Each gene carries a piece of genetic information.At any one moment in a
cell, thousands of genes are turned on and off to produce proteins（蛋白质）.The challenge
for scientists is to find out what role each gene plays in protein production.At some point
this decoding will be complete.Then scientists will have a map of an ideal genome,or a
picture of the total genetic nature of a human being.The ideal genome is called a
consensus（交感）genome. Everything works well in a consensus genome.
3 But no one in the world has a consensus genome.Everyone's genome is different from
the ideal. These differences are referred to as genetic mutations（突变）.Genetic
mutations in a person's genome mean that the person has a greater than average chance of
suffering from health problems.Some problems are not life-threatening.These would
include things like colorblindness,or mild headaches.Other problems are serious,such as
heart disease,or cancer.
4 It will take years to identify the role of each of the 100,000 genes.The short-term goal of
the project is to find the physical and mental health problems a person is likely to encounter
during his or her lifetime.The long-term goal is to have each person live a longer,healthier
life.Genetic mutations in a person's genome may affect_________.
A:that person's health
B:a scientific answer
C:scientific researchers
D:the genes
E:the function
F:the size答案：A解析： -
第9题：
共用题干
Unlocking the Human Genome（基因组）
1 A project to unlock secrets一what scientist could resist that challenge?This is what many
scientists are doing as they work on the Human Genome Project.The aim of the project is
to decode（破译）all of the some 100,000 genes in the human body. Scientists are using
DNA fingerprinting techniques to do the decoding.
2 DNA is the substance found in the chromosomes（染色体）of a cell. A chromosome is a
chain of genes.Each gene carries a piece of genetic information.At any one moment in a
cell, thousands of genes are turned on and off to produce proteins（蛋白质）.The challenge
for scientists is to find out what role each gene plays in protein production.At some point
this decoding will be complete.Then scientists will have a map of an ideal genome,or a
picture of the total genetic nature of a human being.The ideal genome is called a
consensus（交感）genome. Everything works well in a consensus genome.
3 But no one in the world has a consensus genome.Everyone's genome is different from
the ideal. These differences are referred to as genetic mutations（突变）.Genetic
mutations in a person's genome mean that the person has a greater than average chance of
suffering from health problems.Some problems are not life-threatening.These would
include things like colorblindness,or mild headaches.Other problems are serious,such as
heart disease,or cancer.
4 It will take years to identify the role of each of the 100,000 genes.The short-term goal of
the project is to find the physical and mental health problems a person is likely to encounter
during his or her lifetime.The long-term goal is to have each person live a longer,healthier
life.Decoding the human genome is a challenge to_________.
A:that person's health
B:a scientific answer
C:scientific researchers
D:the genes
E:the function
F:the size答案：C解析： -
第10题：
共用题干
第一篇
The Mystery of Clones
Scientists have cloned goats,cats,cows,pigs and mice.Now it has been suggested by many commentators and scientists that it might be ethically acceptable to clone existing people in certain cases.One possibility is generating a replacement for a dying relative.All such possibilities,however,makes more and more people concerned that it would be possible that the clone is subjected to expectations and limitations based on the family's knowledge of the genetic"twin",so he or she would not be treated as an individual with independent personality.For the reason that human personality is only partly determined by genes,those assumptions might not be right.The clone of a shy person might behave quite differently if he or she is brought up in a family with encouraging atmosphere.Clones of writers,scholars,scientists or athletes are very likely to choose different careers because of chance event in early life.
Some researchers have suggested the idea that couples,in which one part is infertile,might choose to make a copy of one or the other partner. But the notion raises the concerns that the child who is a copy of just one of a couple might not treat naturally,and it is not in the interests of the resulting kid.Moreover,the treatments of all known types of infertility are available nowadays;conventional therapies seem more ethnically acceptable to ordinary people's way of thinking,so the majority of population strongly opposed to allowing cloned human embryos（胚胎）to develop.
However,the positive side of the cloning technology cannot be denied,for instance,cloning from cultured cells will provide essential medical opportunities.Scientists are trying to grow an embryo,cloned from a single cell of a human being with goals to design therapies for diseases which are currently untreatable.
Of course,people's predictions about this new technology might be all wrong,because social attitudes change and unexpected developments take place.Only time will tell.But biomedical researchers who are dedicated to finding the potential of cloning have plenty to do.Maybe someday soon,a human will be cloned,and mankind will embark on a scientific and moral journey whose destination is not under his own control. Or maybe one day you will be happy to have a clone of your own.A person's personality is determined by_______.
A:both their genes and the environment they live in
B:their genes
C:the environment they live in
D:Not mentioned答案：A解析：从文章第一段的第五句“human personality is only partly determined by genes”可以看出人类的性格只是部分由基因决定。接着又说一个害羞的人的克隆人若成长于一个拥有激励氛围的家庭，那么也可能会表现得截然不同，所以所处的环境也对人的性格产生影响。由此可以判断A正确。
第二段第二句谈到被克隆出的孩子可能不会被父母以自然的方式对待， "it is not in the interests of the resulting kid"，所以选B，意为“这对孩子没有好处”,not good for 和文中的not in the interests of意思一样。
第三段提到克隆的积极面也不可否定，如“design therapies for diseases which are currently untreatable"，所以选D。
综观全文，作者提到了人们对于克隆技术的担心，也谈到克隆技术的积极面，所以作者态度是客观的、中立的（neutral：中立的），而不是赞同的（approved)或是不赞同的(disapproved）。
最后一段说到人们对这个新技术的预测可能都是错的，所以“Only time will tell"，没有人能真正知道克隆技术的未来如何，只有随着时间的流逝，克隆技术所带来的影响才能逐一显现出来，所以A正确。 -
第11题：
共用题干
第一篇
The Mystery of Clones
Scientists have cloned goats,cats,cows,pigs and mice.Now it has been suggested by many commentators and scientists that it might be ethically acceptable to clone existing people in certain cases.One possibility is generating a replacement for a dying relative.All such possibilities,however,makes more and more people concerned that it would be possible that the clone is subjected to expectations and limitations based on the family's knowledge of the genetic"twin",so he or she would not be treated as an individual with independent personality.For the reason that human personality is only partly determined by genes,those assumptions might not be right.The clone of a shy person might behave quite differently if he or she is brought up in a family with encouraging atmosphere.Clones of writers,scholars,scientists or athletes are very likely to choose different careers because of chance event in early life.
Some researchers have suggested the idea that couples,in which one part is infertile,might choose to make a copy of one or the other partner. But the notion raises the concerns that the child who is a copy of just one of a couple might not treat naturally,and it is not in the interests of the resulting kid.Moreover,the treatments of all known types of infertility are available nowadays;conventional therapies seem more ethnically acceptable to ordinary people's way of thinking,so the majority of population strongly opposed to allowing cloned human embryos（胚胎）to develop.
However,the positive side of the cloning technology cannot be denied,for instance,cloning from cultured cells will provide essential medical opportunities.Scientists are trying to grow an embryo,cloned from a single cell of a human being with goals to design therapies for diseases which are currently untreatable.
Of course,people's predictions about this new technology might be all wrong,because social attitudes change and unexpected developments take place.Only time will tell.But biomedical researchers who are dedicated to finding the potential of cloning have plenty to do.Maybe someday soon,a human will be cloned,and mankind will embark on a scientific and moral journey whose destination is not under his own control. Or maybe one day you will be happy to have a clone of your own.What is the author's attitude towards cloning technology?
A: Disapproved.
B:Approved.
C:Neutral.
D:No opinion.答案：C解析：从文章第一段的第五句“human personality is only partly determined by genes”可以看出人类的性格只是部分由基因决定。接着又说一个害羞的人的克隆人若成长于一个拥有激励氛围的家庭，那么也可能会表现得截然不同，所以所处的环境也对人的性格产生影响。由此可以判断A正确。
第二段第二句谈到被克隆出的孩子可能不会被父母以自然的方式对待， "it is not in the interests of the resulting kid"，所以选B，意为“这对孩子没有好处”,not good for 和文中的not in the interests of意思一样。
第三段提到克隆的积极面也不可否定，如“design therapies for diseases which are currently untreatable"，所以选D。
综观全文，作者提到了人们对于克隆技术的担心，也谈到克隆技术的积极面，所以作者态度是客观的、中立的（neutral：中立的），而不是赞同的（approved)或是不赞同的(disapproved）。
最后一段说到人们对这个新技术的预测可能都是错的，所以“Only time will tell"，没有人能真正知道克隆技术的未来如何，只有随着时间的流逝，克隆技术所带来的影响才能逐一显现出来，所以A正确。 -
第12题：
共用题干
第一篇
The Mystery of Clones
Scientists have cloned goats,cats,cows,pigs and mice.Now it has been suggested by many commentators and scientists that it might be ethically acceptable to clone existing people in certain cases.One possibility is generating a replacement for a dying relative.All such possibilities,however,makes more and more people concerned that it would be possible that the clone is subjected to expectations and limitations based on the family's knowledge of the genetic"twin",so he or she would not be treated as an individual with independent personality.For the reason that human personality is only partly determined by genes,those assumptions might not be right.The clone of a shy person might behave quite differently if he or she is brought up in a family with encouraging atmosphere.Clones of writers,scholars,scientists or athletes are very likely to choose different careers because of chance event in early life.
Some researchers have suggested the idea that couples,in which one part is infertile,might choose to make a copy of one or the other partner. But the notion raises the concerns that the child who is a copy of just one of a couple might not treat naturally,and it is not in the interests of the resulting kid.Moreover,the treatments of all known types of infertility are available nowadays;conventional therapies seem more ethnically acceptable to ordinary people's way of thinking,so the majority of population strongly opposed to allowing cloned human embryos（胚胎）to develop.
However,the positive side of the cloning technology cannot be denied,for instance,cloning from cultured cells will provide essential medical opportunities.Scientists are trying to grow an embryo,cloned from a single cell of a human being with goals to design therapies for diseases which are currently untreatable.
Of course,people's predictions about this new technology might be all wrong,because social attitudes change and unexpected developments take place.Only time will tell.But biomedical researchers who are dedicated to finding the potential of cloning have plenty to do.Maybe someday soon,a human will be cloned,and mankind will embark on a scientific and moral journey whose destination is not under his own control. Or maybe one day you will be happy to have a clone of your own.It can be inferred from the text that_______.
A:no one can tell the future of the cloning technology
B:it would be common for a clone to make appearance on magazines
C:a clone will have same personalities with the person he/she is created from
D:a clone will choose the same career as the person he/she is created from答案：A解析：从文章第一段的第五句“human personality is only partly determined by genes”可以看出人类的性格只是部分由基因决定。接着又说一个害羞的人的克隆人若成长于一个拥有激励氛围的家庭，那么也可能会表现得截然不同，所以所处的环境也对人的性格产生影响。由此可以判断A正确。
第二段第二句谈到被克隆出的孩子可能不会被父母以自然的方式对待， "it is not in the interests of the resulting kid"，所以选B，意为“这对孩子没有好处”,not good for 和文中的not in the interests of意思一样。
第三段提到克隆的积极面也不可否定，如“design therapies for diseases which are currently untreatable"，所以选D。
综观全文，作者提到了人们对于克隆技术的担心，也谈到克隆技术的积极面，所以作者态度是客观的、中立的（neutral：中立的），而不是赞同的（approved)或是不赞同的(disapproved）。
最后一段说到人们对这个新技术的预测可能都是错的，所以“Only time will tell"，没有人能真正知道克隆技术的未来如何，只有随着时间的流逝，克隆技术所带来的影响才能逐一显现出来，所以A正确。 -
第13题：
共用题干
第一篇
IQ-Gene
In the angry debate over how much of IQ comes from the genes that children inherit from parents and how much comes from experiences,one little fact gets overlooked:no one has identified any genes(other than those that cause retardation)that affect intelligence.So researchers led by Robert Plomin of London's Institute of Psychiatry decided to look for some.They figured that if you want to find a"smart gene",you should look in smart kids.They therefore examined the DNA of students like those who are so bright that they take college entrance exams four years early一and still score at Princeton-caliber levels.The scientists found what they sought."We have,"says Plomin, "the first specific gene ever associated with general intelligence."
Plomin's colleagues drew blood from two groups of 51 children each,all 6 to 15 years old and living in six countries around Cleveland.In one group,the average IQ is 103.All the children are white.Isolating the blood cells,the researchers then examined each child's chromosome 6.Of the 37 land marks on chromosome 6 that the researchers looked for,one jumped out:a form of gene called IGF2R occurred in twice as many children in the high-IQ group as in the average group—32 percent versus 16 percent.The study,in the May issue of the journal Psychological Science concludes that it is this form of the IGF2R gene that contributes to intelligence.
Some geneticists see major problems with the IQ-gene study.One is the possibility that Plomin's group fell for"chopsticks fallacy".Geneticists might think they've found a gene for chopsticks flexibility,but all they've really found is a gene more common in Asians than,say,Africans. Similarly, Plomin's IQ gene might simply be one that is more common in groups that emphasize academic achievement."What is the gene that they've found reflects ethnicity?"asks geneticist Andrew Feinberg of Johns Hopkins University."That alone might explain the link to intelligence,since IQ tests are known for being culturally sensitive and affected by a child's environment."And Neil Risch of Standford University points out that if you look for 37 genes on chromosome,as the researchers did, and find that one is more common in smarter kids,that might reflect pure chance rather than a causal link between the gene and intelligence.Warns Feinberg:"I would take these findings with a whole box of salt."In the beginning of paragraph one we are told that scientist can not agree_________.
A:how much of IQ comes from intelligence
B:how many children inherit genes from parents
C:how much of IQ comes from genes
D:how many children learn by experience答案：C解析：文章第一段第一句提到科学家们争论的是“how much of IQ comes from the genes that children inherit from parents and how much comes from experiences”，即智商中有多少来自孩子从父母身上继承的基因，多少来自个人经历。由此可见选项C是正确的。
从上下文我们可以清楚地了解Plomin的研究要找的是和智力有关的基因，因此只有选项D是正确的。
文章最后一段讲到“a gene more common in Asians than , say , Africans"，即在亚洲人中更普遍的基因，跟使用筷子的能力没关系。因此选择A项。
文章题干问的是Plomin的智力基因研究与筷子基因的发现共同之处在什么地方。文章最后一段讲到实验小组最终对比染色体上的基因找到的是“pure chance rather than a causal link between the gene and intelligence"，即仅仅是基因和智力之间偶然的而不是必然的联系。因此仅有选项A是正确的。
短语with a whole box of salt是“很怀疑”的意思，因此只有选项D的解释是正确的。 -
第14题：
共用题干
第二篇
Are These Food Safe to Eat?
Traditionally,in plant breeding,there are crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally.For example,disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with highyield wheat to combine these properties.This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.
Genetic engineering(GE)makes it possible to exchange genes between unrelated species that cannot exchange genes with each other in a natural way.GE can involve the exchange of genes be-tween vastly different species一e.g. putting scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes.It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene,even when it is in maize DNA,will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin一but what other effects may it have in this alien environment? We have already realized this problem一adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow一but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross-eyed,which was entirely out of expectation.
It won't be difficult to find out,for example,that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if it is inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA一but what side-effect would it have?In other words,is genetically modified(GM)food safe to eat?The answer is that no-body knows because long-term tests have not been carried out.
Those companies who want a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests.Monsanto's soya beans were apparently fed to fish for 10 weeks before being approved.There was no requirement for independent testing,for longterm testing,for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.
The present opinion of the British Government is that"There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods."In the US,the American Food and Drug Administration is now being prosecuted for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GM foods.Which statement is true based on the passages?
A:If a company can provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests,it can get GM product approvals from the UK or USA.
B:The present opinion of the British Government is right.
C:Monsanto's soya beans were apparently fed to fish for 10 weeks after being approved.
D:Adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them allergic.答案：A解析：本题是细节判断题。题干是：哪种自然基因交换既安全又具有相当的可预见性？选B的依据是第一段第一句和最后一句：" Traditionally , in plant breeding , there are crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally.""This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.”传统的植物培育方法，是依照植物自然杂交的方式进行相同物种的人工杂交。这种自然的基因交换既安全，又具有相当的可预见性。这说明选项B, 传统植物培育中的自然基因交换，是正确答案。
本题是细节考查题。题干是：根据原文，如下关于转基因产品的说法哪个是正确的？选C的依据是第三段第一句："…… for example , that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if it is inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA.”例如，人类的智力基因在人体DNA内和注入卷心菜DNA后的作用是不同的。所以选项C符合题目要求，是正确答案。
本题是细节推理题。题干是：根据原文能推断出如下哪个句子？选D的依据是第二段和第四段的最后一句："… which was entirely out of expectation." " There was no requirement for independent testing,for long一term testing,for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.”而这一切是完全无法预测的。目前，尚无要求对转基因产品进行独立测试、长期测试、人体测试，或者就其对儿童或过敏者所造成的特定危险进行测试。选项D，基因工程有时有危险且难以预测，是对原文这两个事实的总结，是正确答案。
本题是细节判断题。题干是：作者可能持有的对于转基因产品的态度是什么？选B的依据是：作者在文中用来说明的事实通常和基因工程的危险和不确定性相关，所以选项B，拒绝的，是正确答案。
本题考查对于后文内容的预判能力。题干是：以下对文章的阐述哪个是正确的？选A的依据是全文第四段的第一句：" Those Companies who want a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests.”在英国或者美国，如果一个公司希望其转基因产品获得批准，它必须向管理机构提供本公司转基因产品安全测试的结果。这与选项A中谈到的内容相符：如果一个公司能向管理机构提供本公司转基因产品安全测试的结果，就能从英国或美国获得转基因产品的许可。 -
第15题：
共用题干
第二篇
Are These Food Safe to Eat?
Traditionally,in plant breeding,there are crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally.For example,disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with highyield wheat to combine these properties.This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.
Genetic engineering(GE)makes it possible to exchange genes between unrelated species that cannot exchange genes with each other in a natural way.GE can involve the exchange of genes be-tween vastly different species一e.g. putting scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes.It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene,even when it is in maize DNA,will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin一but what other effects may it have in this alien environment? We have already realized this problem一adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow一but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross-eyed,which was entirely out of expectation.
It won't be difficult to find out,for example,that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if it is inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA一but what side-effect would it have?In other words,is genetically modified(GM)food safe to eat?The answer is that no-body knows because long-term tests have not been carried out.
Those companies who want a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests.Monsanto's soya beans were apparently fed to fish for 10 weeks before being approved.There was no requirement for independent testing,for longterm testing,for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.
The present opinion of the British Government is that"There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods."In the US,the American Food and Drug Administration is now being prosecuted for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GM foods.What is the possible attitude of the author to genetically modified agricultural products?
A:Supportive.
B:Rejective.
C:Nervous.
D:Neutral.答案：B解析：本题是细节判断题。题干是：哪种自然基因交换既安全又具有相当的可预见性？选B的依据是第一段第一句和最后一句：" Traditionally , in plant breeding , there are crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally.""This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.”传统的植物培育方法，是依照植物自然杂交的方式进行相同物种的人工杂交。这种自然的基因交换既安全，又具有相当的可预见性。这说明选项B, 传统植物培育中的自然基因交换，是正确答案。
本题是细节考查题。题干是：根据原文，如下关于转基因产品的说法哪个是正确的？选C的依据是第三段第一句："…… for example , that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if it is inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA.”例如，人类的智力基因在人体DNA内和注入卷心菜DNA后的作用是不同的。所以选项C符合题目要求，是正确答案。
本题是细节推理题。题干是：根据原文能推断出如下哪个句子？选D的依据是第二段和第四段的最后一句："… which was entirely out of expectation." " There was no requirement for independent testing,for long一term testing,for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.”而这一切是完全无法预测的。目前，尚无要求对转基因产品进行独立测试、长期测试、人体测试，或者就其对儿童或过敏者所造成的特定危险进行测试。选项D，基因工程有时有危险且难以预测，是对原文这两个事实的总结，是正确答案。
本题是细节判断题。题干是：作者可能持有的对于转基因产品的态度是什么？选B的依据是：作者在文中用来说明的事实通常和基因工程的危险和不确定性相关，所以选项B，拒绝的，是正确答案。
本题考查对于后文内容的预判能力。题干是：以下对文章的阐述哪个是正确的？选A的依据是全文第四段的第一句：" Those Companies who want a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests.”在英国或者美国，如果一个公司希望其转基因产品获得批准，它必须向管理机构提供本公司转基因产品安全测试的结果。这与选项A中谈到的内容相符：如果一个公司能向管理机构提供本公司转基因产品安全测试的结果，就能从英国或美国获得转基因产品的许可。 -
第16题：
共用题干
第一篇
DNA Testing
DNA testing reveals the genes of each individual person.Since the early twentieth century scientists
have known that all human characteristics are contained in a person's genes and are passed from parents to
children.Genes work as a chemical instruction manual for each part and each function of the body.Their
basic chemical element is called DNA,a copy of which can be found in every cell. The existence of genes
and the chemical structure of DNA were understood by the mid-1900s,but scientists have only recently been
able to identify a person from just a drop of blood or a single hair.
One of the most important uses of DNA testing is in criminal investigation.The very first use of DNA
testing in a criminal case was in 1985 in Great Britain,when a man confessed to killing a young woman in
the English countryside.Because police had found samples of the killer's DNA at the scene of the crime,a
biologist suggested that it might be possible to compare that DNA to some from the confessor's blood.To
everyone's surprise,the tests showed that he was not the killer. Nor was he guilty of a similar murder that
had happened some time earlier. At that point he admitted that he had confessed to the crimes out of fear
and police pressure.The police then asked 5,000 local men for samples of their blood,and DNA testing
revealed that one of them was the real murderer,so the first man was set free.
In 1992,two law professors,Peter Neufeld and Bany Scheck,decided to use DNA evidence to help set free
such mistakenly convicted prisoners.With the help of their students.they created a not-for-profit organization
called the Innocence Project. Most of their clients are poor men,many from racial and ethnic minorities.In
fact,studies have shown that U. S. judges and juries are often influenced by racial and ethnic background,and
that people from minority groups are more likely to be convicted. Some of these men had been sentenced to
death,a form of punishment used in thirty eight states out of fifty(as of 2006).For most of these prisoners,their
only hope was another trial in which DNA testing could be used to prove their innocence.
Between 1992 and 2006,the Innocence Project helped free 100 men.Some of these prisoners had been
in jail for ten,twenty years or more for crimes they did not commit.However,the goal of the Innocence
Project is not simply to set free those who are wrongfully in jail.They also hope to bring about real changes
in the criminal justice system.
Illinois in the late 1990s,a group of journalism students at Northwestern University were able to bring
about such a change in that state.They began investigating some Illinois prisoners who claimed to be inno-
cent. Through DNA testing,the students were able to prove that in fact the prisoners were not guilty of the
crimes they had been accused of. Thirteen of these men were set free,and in 2000,Governor Ryan of
Illinois decided to stop carrying out death sentences until further study could be made of the prisoners'
cases。
The use of DNA in criminal cases is still being debated around the world.Some fear that governments
will one day keep records of everyone'sDNA,which could put limits on the privacy and freedom of citizens.
Other people mistrust the science of DNA testing and think that lawyers use it to get their clients free whether
or not they are guilty.But for those whose innocence has been proven and who are now free men,DNA
testing has meant nothing less than a return to life.And with the careful use of DNA testing,no innocent
person should ever be convicted again.What is the main idea of this passage?
A:DNA testing has changed the American legal system.
B:DNA testing has helped innocent men go free in Illinois.
C:DNA testing uses genetics to identify a person.
D:DNA testing has played a key role in criminal investigation.答案：D解析：文章第一段总领全文，最后一段是对全文的总结，中间其他段落通过举例说明DNA测 试法在当今犯罪侦查中起着重要的作用。
由文章第二段第二、三句话“The very first use of DNA testing in a criminal case was in 1985 in Great Britain...Because police had found samples of the killer' s DNA...”可知答案为D。
由文章第三段第一、二句话“In 1992...Peter Neufeld and Barry Scheck, decided to use DNA evidence to help set free such mistakenly convicted prisoners…they created a not-for-profit organization called the Innocence Project.”可知答案为A。
由文章第五段第三句话“Through DNA testing, the students were able to prove that in fact the prisoners were not guilty of the crimes they had been accused of.”中，这些学生是指西北大学 的学生，由此可知答案为A。
本文主要讲述了DNA测试法在犯罪侦查当中起的积极作用，同时还举了例子，比如西 北大学的一些学生用DNA测试法来证明了一些人的清白。既然作者认为这种方法是有效、积 极的东西，当然是对其支持的。选项中表示支持、赞成的词为Positive，由此可以确定本题答案 为B选项。 -
第17题：
共用题干
第一篇
DNA Testing
DNA testing reveals the genes of each individual person.Since the early twentieth century scientists
have known that all human characteristics are contained in a person's genes and are passed from parents to
children.Genes work as a chemical instruction manual for each part and each function of the body.Their
basic chemical element is called DNA,a copy of which can be found in every cell. The existence of genes
and the chemical structure of DNA were understood by the mid-1900s,but scientists have only recently been
able to identify a person from just a drop of blood or a single hair.
One of the most important uses of DNA testing is in criminal investigation.The very first use of DNA
testing in a criminal case was in 1985 in Great Britain,when a man confessed to killing a young woman in
the English countryside.Because police had found samples of the killer's DNA at the scene of the crime,a
biologist suggested that it might be possible to compare that DNA to some from the confessor's blood.To
everyone's surprise,the tests showed that he was not the killer. Nor was he guilty of a similar murder that
had happened some time earlier. At that point he admitted that he had confessed to the crimes out of fear
and police pressure.The police then asked 5,000 local men for samples of their blood,and DNA testing
revealed that one of them was the real murderer,so the first man was set free.
In 1992,two law professors,Peter Neufeld and Bany Scheck,decided to use DNA evidence to help set free
such mistakenly convicted prisoners.With the help of their students.they created a not-for-profit organization
called the Innocence Project. Most of their clients are poor men,many from racial and ethnic minorities.In
fact,studies have shown that U. S. judges and juries are often influenced by racial and ethnic background,and
that people from minority groups are more likely to be convicted. Some of these men had been sentenced to
death,a form of punishment used in thirty eight states out of fifty(as of 2006).For most of these prisoners,their
only hope was another trial in which DNA testing could be used to prove their innocence.
Between 1992 and 2006,the Innocence Project helped free 100 men.Some of these prisoners had been
in jail for ten,twenty years or more for crimes they did not commit.However,the goal of the Innocence
Project is not simply to set free those who are wrongfully in jail.They also hope to bring about real changes
in the criminal justice system.
Illinois in the late 1990s,a group of journalism students at Northwestern University were able to bring
about such a change in that state.They began investigating some Illinois prisoners who claimed to be inno-
cent. Through DNA testing,the students were able to prove that in fact the prisoners were not guilty of the
crimes they had been accused of. Thirteen of these men were set free,and in 2000,Governor Ryan of
Illinois decided to stop carrying out death sentences until further study could be made of the prisoners'
cases。
The use of DNA in criminal cases is still being debated around the world.Some fear that governments
will one day keep records of everyone'sDNA,which could put limits on the privacy and freedom of citizens.
Other people mistrust the science of DNA testing and think that lawyers use it to get their clients free whether
or not they are guilty.But for those whose innocence has been proven and who are now free men,DNA
testing has meant nothing less than a return to life.And with the careful use of DNA testing,no innocent
person should ever be convicted again.What is the author's attitude toward DNA testing?
A:Negative.
B:Positive.
C:Suspicious.
D:Indifferent.答案：B解析：文章第一段总领全文，最后一段是对全文的总结，中间其他段落通过举例说明DNA测 试法在当今犯罪侦查中起着重要的作用。
由文章第二段第二、三句话“The very first use of DNA testing in a criminal case was in 1985 in Great Britain...Because police had found samples of the killer' s DNA...”可知答案为D。
由文章第三段第一、二句话“In 1992...Peter Neufeld and Barry Scheck, decided to use DNA evidence to help set free such mistakenly convicted prisoners…they created a not-for-profit organization called the Innocence Project.”可知答案为A。
由文章第五段第三句话“Through DNA testing, the students were able to prove that in fact the prisoners were not guilty of the crimes they had been accused of.”中，这些学生是指西北大学 的学生，由此可知答案为A。
本文主要讲述了DNA测试法在犯罪侦查当中起的积极作用，同时还举了例子，比如西 北大学的一些学生用DNA测试法来证明了一些人的清白。既然作者认为这种方法是有效、积 极的东西，当然是对其支持的。选项中表示支持、赞成的词为Positive，由此可以确定本题答案 为B选项。 -
第18题：
共用题干
Congratulations, It Will Be A Boy!
Until just a few years ago,making a baby boy or a girl was pretty much a hit-or-miss affair. Not anymore .Parents who have access to the latest genetic testing techniques can now predeter-mine their baby's sex with great accuracy,as Monique and Scott Collins learned to their delight two years ago,when their long-wished-for daughter Jessica was born after genetic prescreening（基因筛选）.
And baby Jessica is just the beginning. Within a decade or two,it may be possible to screen kids almost before conception（怀孕）for an enormous range of attributes（特性）,such as how tall they are likely to be,what body type they will have,their hair and eye color,what sort of ill-ness they will be naturally resistant to, and even,conceivably（可想见地）,their IQ and person-ality type.
In fact,if gene therapy lives up to its promise,parents may someday be able to go beyond weeding out（筛去）undesirable traits and start actually inserting the genes they want-perhaps e-ven genes that have been crafted（创造）in a lab. Before the new millennium is many years old, parents may be going to fertility clinics（生殖诊所）and picking from a list of options the way car buyers order air conditioning and chrome alloy（铬合金）wheels."It is the ultimate shopping ex- perience:designing your baby,"says biotechnology critic Jeremy Rilkin,who is appalled by the prospect."But in a society used to cosmetic surgery（整容手术）,this is not a big step."
The prospect of designer（定制）babies,like many of the ethnical conundrums（难题）posed by the genetic revolution,is confronting the world so rapidly that doctors,ethicists（伦理学家）, religious leaders and politicians are just starting to grapple with（与……进行格斗）the implica- tions-and trying to decide how they feel about it all.
They still have a bit of time .Aside from gender,the only traits they can now be identified at the earliest stages of development are about a dozen of the most serious genetic diseases.Gene therapy in embryos（胚胎）is at least a few years away. And the gene or combination of genes responsible for most of our physical and mental attributes has not even been identified yet. Besides, say clinicians,even if the techniques for making designer babies are perfected within the next decade,they should be applied in the service of disease prevention,not improving on nature.What can scientists do now?
A: Prescreen a baby's sex.
B: Screen babies for desirable attributes.
C: Insert genes that parents want.
D: Craft genes in a lab.答案：A解析：第三段的开头说到“if gene therapy lives up to its promise, parents may someday be able to go beyond weeding out undesirable traits and start actually inserting the genes they want"，由此可见，只有选项C与原文相符。选项A“选择婴儿的性别”，这是将基因技术运用于胚胎的最初阶段就可以实现的，而不是该技术发展一段时间后才可以实现的。选项B“预先确定婴儿性别”，这与选项A类似，同样不能选。选项D“鉴别基因的无序状态”，这在文中没有提及，所以不选。
根据第二段可知“在怀孕前挑选婴儿的优良品质”是一二十年后的事，排除B。根据第三段可知“在婴儿基因中加入父母希望孩子拥有的基因——甚至是在实验室中人为创造的基因”，这是基因疗法按照预期不断发展、走向成熟后才能实现的事情，由此可以排除C和D。而根据第一段“as Monique and Scott Collins learned to their delight two years ago,when their long-wished-for daughter Jessica was born after genetic prescreening", 可以知道选项A符合题意。
阅读完题干后应立即回到原文，细读Jeremy Rifkins的那一番话，前半句“It is the ultimate shopping experience: designing your baby”还不能确切体会出他的态度，但接下来，作者描述Rifkins为基因技术的发展前景所震惊“who is appalled by the prospect"，震惊一词至少可以说明Rifkins是不赞成先将基因技术用于胚胎的。而后半句“But in a society used to cosmetic surgery, this is not a big step.”就明确表明7 Rilkins的立场：这一技术并不稀奇，不值得大肆宣扬，从这里可以看出其态度是批评性的。
根据第四段内容“就像基因革命所带来的许多道德上的困惑一样，通过基因疗法来设计婴儿的这一前景，使得各方人士，如医生、伦理学家、宗教领袖和政治家，开始试图理解这一技术的含义，并试图决定他们对待这一技术的态度”，可以判断A正确。然后再一一分析后三个选项。选项B“设计婴儿是纯粹科学方面的事，不会引起道德争论。”文中没提及“设计婴儿是纯粹科学方面的事”，而认为“不会引起道德争论”则明显不符合原文。选项C“设计婴儿的前景已经引起了各方强烈谴责”，而原文只说各方人士开始关注这一技术，并未引来谴责。选项D“人们关心设计婴儿可能会伤害到科学”，这在文中没有提及，所以也不选。 最后一段说，当今基因技术尚不完善，可以为自己的孩子挑选优良品质也是几十年后的事，而且医界人士也表态说“将来这些技术也应该用来服务于疾病预防，而不用来改变自然”，所以有关人士还有时间来考虑究竟应该对基因技术作出什么样的评价。这些都在劝慰人们不要对该技术的发展太过担心。 -
第19题：
共用题干
Unlocking the Human Genome（基因组）
1 A project to unlock secrets一what scientist could resist that challenge?This is what many
scientists are doing as they work on the Human Genome Project.The aim of the project is
to decode（破译）all of the some 100,000 genes in the human body. Scientists are using
DNA fingerprinting techniques to do the decoding.
2 DNA is the substance found in the chromosomes（染色体）of a cell. A chromosome is a
chain of genes.Each gene carries a piece of genetic information.At any one moment in a
cell, thousands of genes are turned on and off to produce proteins（蛋白质）.The challenge
for scientists is to find out what role each gene plays in protein production.At some point
this decoding will be complete.Then scientists will have a map of an ideal genome,or a
picture of the total genetic nature of a human being.The ideal genome is called a
consensus（交感）genome. Everything works well in a consensus genome.
3 But no one in the world has a consensus genome.Everyone's genome is different from
the ideal. These differences are referred to as genetic mutations（突变）.Genetic
mutations in a person's genome mean that the person has a greater than average chance of
suffering from health problems.Some problems are not life-threatening.These would
include things like colorblindness,or mild headaches.Other problems are serious,such as
heart disease,or cancer.
4 It will take years to identify the role of each of the 100,000 genes.The short-term goal of
the project is to find the physical and mental health problems a person is likely to encounter
during his or her lifetime.The long-term goal is to have each person live a longer,healthier
life.Paragraph 2_________
A:How does DNA work?
B:What is the Human Genome Project about?
C:How are the DNA samples collected?
D:What are the goals of the Human Genome Project?
E:What is the role of each gene?
F:What are the consequences of genetic mutations?答案：E解析： -
第20题：
共用题干
Unlocking the Human Genome（基因组）
1 A project to unlock secrets一what scientist could resist that challenge?This is what many
scientists are doing as they work on the Human Genome Project.The aim of the project is
to decode（破译）all of the some 100,000 genes in the human body. Scientists are using
DNA fingerprinting techniques to do the decoding.
2 DNA is the substance found in the chromosomes（染色体）of a cell. A chromosome is a
chain of genes.Each gene carries a piece of genetic information.At any one moment in a
cell, thousands of genes are turned on and off to produce proteins（蛋白质）.The challenge
for scientists is to find out what role each gene plays in protein production.At some point
this decoding will be complete.Then scientists will have a map of an ideal genome,or a
picture of the total genetic nature of a human being.The ideal genome is called a
consensus（交感）genome. Everything works well in a consensus genome.
3 But no one in the world has a consensus genome.Everyone's genome is different from
the ideal. These differences are referred to as genetic mutations（突变）.Genetic
mutations in a person's genome mean that the person has a greater than average chance of
suffering from health problems.Some problems are not life-threatening.These would
include things like colorblindness,or mild headaches.Other problems are serious,such as
heart disease,or cancer.
4 It will take years to identify the role of each of the 100,000 genes.The short-term goal of
the project is to find the physical and mental health problems a person is likely to encounter
during his or her lifetime.The long-term goal is to have each person live a longer,healthier
life.The Human Genome Project is trying to map all_________that make us human.
A:that person's health
B:a scientific answer
C:scientific researchers
D:the genes
E:the function
F:the size答案：D解析： -
第21题：
共用题干
Unlocking the Human Genome（基因组）
1 A project to unlock secrets一what scientist could resist that challenge?This is what many
scientists are doing as they work on the Human Genome Project.The aim of the project is
to decode（破译）all of the some 100,000 genes in the human body. Scientists are using
DNA fingerprinting techniques to do the decoding.
2 DNA is the substance found in the chromosomes（染色体）of a cell. A chromosome is a
chain of genes.Each gene carries a piece of genetic information.At any one moment in a
cell, thousands of genes are turned on and off to produce proteins（蛋白质）.The challenge
for scientists is to find out what role each gene plays in protein production.At some point
this decoding will be complete.Then scientists will have a map of an ideal genome,or a
picture of the total genetic nature of a human being.The ideal genome is called a
consensus（交感）genome. Everything works well in a consensus genome.
3 But no one in the world has a consensus genome.Everyone's genome is different from
the ideal. These differences are referred to as genetic mutations（突变）.Genetic
mutations in a person's genome mean that the person has a greater than average chance of
suffering from health problems.Some problems are not life-threatening.These would
include things like colorblindness,or mild headaches.Other problems are serious,such as
heart disease,or cancer.
4 It will take years to identify the role of each of the 100,000 genes.The short-term goal of
the project is to find the physical and mental health problems a person is likely to encounter
during his or her lifetime.The long-term goal is to have each person live a longer,healthier
life.Scientists are trying hard to discover_________of each of the genes in our body.
A:that person's health
B:a scientific answer
C:scientific researchers
D:the genes
E:the function
F:the size答案：E解析： -
第22题：
共用题干
第一篇
The Mystery of Clones
Scientists have cloned goats,cats,cows,pigs and mice.Now it has been suggested by many commentators and scientists that it might be ethically acceptable to clone existing people in certain cases.One possibility is generating a replacement for a dying relative.All such possibilities,however,makes more and more people concerned that it would be possible that the clone is subjected to expectations and limitations based on the family's knowledge of the genetic"twin",so he or she would not be treated as an individual with independent personality.For the reason that human personality is only partly determined by genes,those assumptions might not be right.The clone of a shy person might behave quite differently if he or she is brought up in a family with encouraging atmosphere.Clones of writers,scholars,scientists or athletes are very likely to choose different careers because of chance event in early life.
Some researchers have suggested the idea that couples,in which one part is infertile,might choose to make a copy of one or the other partner. But the notion raises the concerns that the child who is a copy of just one of a couple might not treat naturally,and it is not in the interests of the resulting kid.Moreover,the treatments of all known types of infertility are available nowadays;conventional therapies seem more ethnically acceptable to ordinary people's way of thinking,so the majority of population strongly opposed to allowing cloned human embryos（胚胎）to develop.
However,the positive side of the cloning technology cannot be denied,for instance,cloning from cultured cells will provide essential medical opportunities.Scientists are trying to grow an embryo,cloned from a single cell of a human being with goals to design therapies for diseases which are currently untreatable.
Of course,people's predictions about this new technology might be all wrong,because social attitudes change and unexpected developments take place.Only time will tell.But biomedical researchers who are dedicated to finding the potential of cloning have plenty to do.Maybe someday soon,a human will be cloned,and mankind will embark on a scientific and moral journey whose destination is not under his own control. Or maybe one day you will be happy to have a clone of your own.What is people's concern about cloning a child for infertile couples?
A:The child might not be treated kindly.
B:It's not for the good of the resulting child.
C:The couples would not accept the resulting child.
D:It would be wild to have a clone of one's own.答案：B解析：从文章第一段的第五句“human personality is only partly determined by genes”可以看出人类的性格只是部分由基因决定。接着又说一个害羞的人的克隆人若成长于一个拥有激励氛围的家庭，那么也可能会表现得截然不同，所以所处的环境也对人的性格产生影响。由此可以判断A正确。
第二段第二句谈到被克隆出的孩子可能不会被父母以自然的方式对待， "it is not in the interests of the resulting kid"，所以选B，意为“这对孩子没有好处”,not good for 和文中的not in the interests of意思一样。
第三段提到克隆的积极面也不可否定，如“design therapies for diseases which are currently untreatable"，所以选D。
综观全文，作者提到了人们对于克隆技术的担心，也谈到克隆技术的积极面，所以作者态度是客观的、中立的（neutral：中立的），而不是赞同的（approved)或是不赞同的(disapproved）。
最后一段说到人们对这个新技术的预测可能都是错的，所以“Only time will tell"，没有人能真正知道克隆技术的未来如何，只有随着时间的流逝，克隆技术所带来的影响才能逐一显现出来，所以A正确。 -
第23题：
共用题干
第一篇
The Mystery of Clones
Scientists have cloned goats,cats,cows,pigs and mice.Now it has been suggested by many commentators and scientists that it might be ethically acceptable to clone existing people in certain cases.One possibility is generating a replacement for a dying relative.All such possibilities,however,makes more and more people concerned that it would be possible that the clone is subjected to expectations and limitations based on the family's knowledge of the genetic"twin",so he or she would not be treated as an individual with independent personality.For the reason that human personality is only partly determined by genes,those assumptions might not be right.The clone of a shy person might behave quite differently if he or she is brought up in a family with encouraging atmosphere.Clones of writers,scholars,scientists or athletes are very likely to choose different careers because of chance event in early life.
Some researchers have suggested the idea that couples,in which one part is infertile,might choose to make a copy of one or the other partner. But the notion raises the concerns that the child who is a copy of just one of a couple might not treat naturally,and it is not in the interests of the resulting kid.Moreover,the treatments of all known types of infertility are available nowadays;conventional therapies seem more ethnically acceptable to ordinary people's way of thinking,so the majority of population strongly opposed to allowing cloned human embryos（胚胎）to develop.
However,the positive side of the cloning technology cannot be denied,for instance,cloning from cultured cells will provide essential medical opportunities.Scientists are trying to grow an embryo,cloned from a single cell of a human being with goals to design therapies for diseases which are currently untreatable.
Of course,people's predictions about this new technology might be all wrong,because social attitudes change and unexpected developments take place.Only time will tell.But biomedical researchers who are dedicated to finding the potential of cloning have plenty to do.Maybe someday soon,a human will be cloned,and mankind will embark on a scientific and moral journey whose destination is not under his own control. Or maybe one day you will be happy to have a clone of your own.Which of the following uses of cloning is justifiable,according to the passage?
A:To have a clone of one's own.
B:To replace a dying relative.
C:To help infertile couples to have a child.
D:To cure currently untreatable diseases.答案：D解析：从文章第一段的第五句“human personality is only partly determined by genes”可以看出人类的性格只是部分由基因决定。接着又说一个害羞的人的克隆人若成长于一个拥有激励氛围的家庭，那么也可能会表现得截然不同，所以所处的环境也对人的性格产生影响。由此可以判断A正确。
第二段第二句谈到被克隆出的孩子可能不会被父母以自然的方式对待， "it is not in the interests of the resulting kid"，所以选B，意为“这对孩子没有好处”,not good for 和文中的not in the interests of意思一样。
第三段提到克隆的积极面也不可否定，如“design therapies for diseases which are currently untreatable"，所以选D。
综观全文，作者提到了人们对于克隆技术的担心，也谈到克隆技术的积极面，所以作者态度是客观的、中立的（neutral：中立的），而不是赞同的（approved)或是不赞同的(disapproved）。
最后一段说到人们对这个新技术的预测可能都是错的，所以“Only time will tell"，没有人能真正知道克隆技术的未来如何，只有随着时间的流逝，克隆技术所带来的影响才能逐一显现出来，所以A正确。 -
第24题：
单选题Passage1Lonely people, it seems, are at greater risk than the gregarious of developing illnesses associated with chronic inflammation, such as heart disease and certain cancers.A paper published last year in the Public Library of Science, Medicine, shows the effect on mortality of loneliness is comparable with that of smoking and drinking after examining the results of 148 previous studies and controlled for factors such as age and pre-existing illness.Steven Cole of the University of Califormia, Los Angeles, thinks he may know why this is so.He told the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Washington,D.C., about his work studying the expression of genes in lonely people. Dr. Cole harvested samples of white blood cells from both lonely and gregarious people. He then analysed the activity of their genes, as measured by the production of a substance called messenger RNA. This molecule carries instructions from the genes telling a cell which proteins to make. The level of messenger RNA from most genes was the same in both types of people. There were several dozen genes, however, that were less active in the lonely, and several dozen others that were more active. Moreover, both the less active and the more active gene types came from a small number of functional groups.Broadly speaking, the genes less active in the lonely were those involved in staving off viral infections. Those that were more active were involved in protecting against bacteria. Dr. Cole suspects this could help explain not only why the lonely are iller, but how, in evolutionary terms, this odd state of affairs has come about.The crucial bit of the puzzle is that viruses have to be caught from another infected individual and they are usually species-specific. Bacteria, in contrast, often just lurk in the environment, and may thrive on many hosts. The gregarious are therefore at greater risk than the lonely of catching viruses, and Dr. Cole thus suggests that past evolution has created a mechanism which causes white cells to respond appropriately. Conversely, the lonely are better off ramping up their protection against bacterial infection, which is a bigger relative risk to them.What Dr. Cole seems to have revealed, then, is a mechanism by which social environment reaches inside a person's body and tweaks its genome so that it responds appropriately. It is not that the lonely and the gregarious are genetically different from each other. Rather, their genes are regulated differently, according to how sociable an individual is. Dr. Cole thinks this regulation is part of a wider mechanism that tunes individuals to the circumstances they find themselves in.What message does Dr.Cole seem to convey by the mechanism？AThe lonely people differ in genes from the gregarious people.
BSociability can adjust a person's genome and make it work properly.
CThe lonely people can become sociable if they regulate their genes.
DIndividuals have to find their own ways to adapt to the environment.
正确答案： A解析：