共用题干 LeukemiaLeukemia is the most common type of cancer kids get,but it is still very rare.Leukemia involves the blood and blood-forming organs,such as the bone marrow.________(46)A kid with leukemia produces lots of abnormal white blood cells in the bone

共用题干
Scientists working on a problem do not know and sometimes can't even guess what the final result will be.Late on Friday,8 November,1895,Professor Rontgen,a German physicist,was doing an experiment in his laboratory when he noticed something extraordinary.He had covered an electric bulb with black cardboard,and when he switched on the current he saw little dancing lights on his table.Now the bulb was completely covered;_________(46)?On the table there were some pieces of paper which had been covered with metal salts.It was on this paper that the lights were shining. Professor Rontgen took a piece of this paper and held it at a distance from the lamp.Between it and the lamp he placed a variety of objects,a book,a pack of cards,a piece of wood and a door key. __________(47).He called his wife into the laboratory and asked her to hold her hand between the lamp and a photographic plate._________(48),but she held up her hand for a quarter of an hour, and when the plate was developed there was a picture of the bones of her hand and of the ring on one finger. The mysterious ray could pass through the flesh and not through the bone or the ring.
At a scientific meeting,Professor Rontegen called this new ray "the unknown" the X-ray. _________(49),and soon there were X-ray machines in all the big hospitals.The most obvious use for this discovery was to enable doctors to see exactly how a bone was fractured._________(50).It was found that these rays could be used to destroy cancer cells,just as they destroyed the healthy cells of the doctors who first used the machines.Methods were found later by which ulcers in the stomach could be located,and the lungs could be X-rayed to show if there was any tuberculosis present.

_______（46）
A:The ray penetrated every one of them except the key
B:She was very surprised by this request
C:how then could any ray penetrate
D:It was a great invention
E:Other uses came later
F: Doctors quickly saw how this could be used

共用题干
第二篇

Diabetes（糖尿病）and Eye Damage

Over 2 million Canadians have diabetes.It is the leading cause of blindness in North
Americans under 65 years of age.Diabetes is a condition where the body either cannot
produce enough insulin（胰岛素）or cannot respond properly to insulin. Insulin is important
because it moves glucose（葡萄糖）,a simple sugar, into the body's cells from the blood.
The food people eat provides the body with glucose,which is used by the cells as a source
of energy.If insulin isn't available or doesn't work correctly to move glucose from the blood
into the cells,glucose will stay in the blood,leading to high blood sugar levels.
High blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels,including the tiny blood vessels in
the eye．This leads to an eye disease known as diabetic retinopathy（糖尿病型视网膜病）.
The retina（视网膜）is an area at the back of the eye that changes light into nerve signals.
With diabetic retinopathy,some blood vessels in the retina are lost,and some of the other
blood vessels begin to"leak"blood.This causes the retina to swell,and gradually cuts off
its supply of oxygen and nutrients（滋养物）.Eventually , the retina starts to grow new
blood vessels to replace the damaged ones.Unfortunately,these new vessels are not as
strong as the old ones.They are more likely to break,causing bleeding in the eye.
At first,people with diabetic retinopathy will not notice any symptoms.As the disease
gets worse , they may notice blurred（模糊的）vision, black spots or flashing lights. As
time goes on,it can progress to blindness.Everyone with diabetes is at risk for diabetic
retinopathy,and the risk increases the longer you've had diabetes.
Fortunately,you can reduce your risk.If you do not have diabetes,but think you may
be at risk for this condition,visit your doctor to be screened for diabetes.If you do have
diabetes:
Have frequent eye check-ups.
Make sure that you monitor your blood sugar frequently and use your medications as
recommended by your doctor. There is evidence to show that keeping your blood sugar
under tight control can slow down eye damage.
If you have high blood pressure,follow your recommended diet and medications to
keep it under control.If you are not sure whether you have high blood pressure,or whether
your blood pressure is under control,discuss this with your doctor.

With diabetic retinopathy,the damaged blood vessels in the retina
A:are stronger than what they used to be.
B: cannot be properly replaced.
C:are more likely to break than the new ones.
D: may return to normal again.

共用题干
第二篇

Diabetes（糖尿病）and Eye Damage

Over 2 million Canadians have diabetes.It is the leading cause of blindness in North
Americans under 65 years of age.Diabetes is a condition where the body either cannot
produce enough insulin（胰岛素）or cannot respond properly to insulin. Insulin is important
because it moves glucose（葡萄糖）,a simple sugar, into the body's cells from the blood.
The food people eat provides the body with glucose,which is used by the cells as a source
of energy.If insulin isn't available or doesn't work correctly to move glucose from the blood
into the cells,glucose will stay in the blood,leading to high blood sugar levels.
High blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels,including the tiny blood vessels in
the eye．This leads to an eye disease known as diabetic retinopathy（糖尿病型视网膜病）.
The retina（视网膜）is an area at the back of the eye that changes light into nerve signals.
With diabetic retinopathy,some blood vessels in the retina are lost,and some of the other
blood vessels begin to"leak"blood.This causes the retina to swell,and gradually cuts off
its supply of oxygen and nutrients（滋养物）.Eventually , the retina starts to grow new
blood vessels to replace the damaged ones.Unfortunately,these new vessels are not as
strong as the old ones.They are more likely to break,causing bleeding in the eye.
At first,people with diabetic retinopathy will not notice any symptoms.As the disease
gets worse , they may notice blurred（模糊的）vision, black spots or flashing lights. As
time goes on,it can progress to blindness.Everyone with diabetes is at risk for diabetic
retinopathy,and the risk increases the longer you've had diabetes.
Fortunately,you can reduce your risk.If you do not have diabetes,but think you may
be at risk for this condition,visit your doctor to be screened for diabetes.If you do have
diabetes:
Have frequent eye check-ups.
Make sure that you monitor your blood sugar frequently and use your medications as
recommended by your doctor. There is evidence to show that keeping your blood sugar
under tight control can slow down eye damage.
If you have high blood pressure,follow your recommended diet and medications to
keep it under control.If you are not sure whether you have high blood pressure,or whether
your blood pressure is under control,discuss this with your doctor.

The word"its"in the second paragraph refers to
A: the nerve's.
B:the blood's.
C:the eye's.
D: the retina's,

共用题干
第二篇

Caffeine

Caffeine is probably the most widely used drug in the world.Humans have been consuming caffeine for
hundreds of years,primarily in the form of coffee,tea,and cocoa. Habitual coffee and tea drinkers had long
been observed to have a lower incidence of non-melanoma（黑色素瘤）skin cancers , although no one knew
why.A recent study found that caffeine affects skin cells damaged by ultraviolet radiation,a main cause of
skin cancer. Caffeine interferes with a protein that cancerous cells need to survive,leaving the damaged cells
to die before they become cancerous. Drinking caffeinated coffee has also been associated with a decreased
incidence of endometrial（子宫内膜的）cancer-that is , cancer of the cells lining the uterus. The strongest
effect appears to be in overweight women,who are at greatest risk for the disease.Researchers believe blood
sugar,fat cells,and estrogen（雌性激素）may play a role. Although the mechanism remains unknown,peo-
pie who drink more than two cups of coffee or tea a day reportedly have about half the risk of developing
chronic liver disease as those who drink less than one cup of coffee daily;caffeinated coffee has also been as-
sociated with lowered risk of cirrhosis（肝硬化）and liver cancer.
While many of caffeine's undesirable effects,such as elevated heart rate and blood pressure,are brief,
some short-term benefits,including pain relief,increased alertness,and increased physical endurance,have
also been attributed to caffeine.As a component of numerous over-the-counter diet pills and pain relievers,
caffeine increases their effectiveness and helps the body absorb them more quickly. By constricting（收缩）
blood vessels in the brain , it can alleviate headaches一even migraines（偏头痛）一and can help counter the
drowsiness（眩晕）caused by antihistamines（抗组胺药）.
Caffeine does not alter the need for sleep,but it does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people who
need to stay alert. Research has shown that sleep-deprived individuals who consumed caffeine had improved
memory and reasoning abilities,at least in the short term. Studies of runners and cyclists have shown that
caffeine can improve their stamina一hence its addition to energy-boosting sports drinks.
People who consume a lot of caffeine regularly may develop temporary withdrawal symptoms,headache
being the most common,if they quit or cut back on it abruptly. Fortunately,these symptoms last only a day
or two in most cases.Individuals who are more sensitive to the stimulatory side effects of caffeine may want to
avoid it,but most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee a day does not harm healthy
people.There is no medical basis to give up daily caffeine and many reasons to include a moderate amount in
one's diet.

Drinking coffee or tea may help_________.
A:lower the incidence of being overweight
B:lower the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer
C:increase the incidence of endometrial cancer
D: increase the incidence of liver cancer

共用题干
第二篇

Caffeine

Caffeine is probably the most widely used drug in the world.Humans have been consuming caffeine for
hundreds of years,primarily in the form of coffee,tea,and cocoa. Habitual coffee and tea drinkers had long
been observed to have a lower incidence of non-melanoma（黑色素瘤）skin cancers , although no one knew
why.A recent study found that caffeine affects skin cells damaged by ultraviolet radiation,a main cause of
skin cancer. Caffeine interferes with a protein that cancerous cells need to survive,leaving the damaged cells
to die before they become cancerous. Drinking caffeinated coffee has also been associated with a decreased
incidence of endometrial（子宫内膜的）cancer-that is , cancer of the cells lining the uterus. The strongest
effect appears to be in overweight women,who are at greatest risk for the disease.Researchers believe blood
sugar,fat cells,and estrogen（雌性激素）may play a role. Although the mechanism remains unknown,peo-
pie who drink more than two cups of coffee or tea a day reportedly have about half the risk of developing
chronic liver disease as those who drink less than one cup of coffee daily;caffeinated coffee has also been as-
sociated with lowered risk of cirrhosis（肝硬化）and liver cancer.
While many of caffeine's undesirable effects,such as elevated heart rate and blood pressure,are brief,
some short-term benefits,including pain relief,increased alertness,and increased physical endurance,have
also been attributed to caffeine.As a component of numerous over-the-counter diet pills and pain relievers,
caffeine increases their effectiveness and helps the body absorb them more quickly. By constricting（收缩）
blood vessels in the brain , it can alleviate headaches一even migraines（偏头痛）一and can help counter the
drowsiness（眩晕）caused by antihistamines（抗组胺药）.
Caffeine does not alter the need for sleep,but it does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people who
need to stay alert. Research has shown that sleep-deprived individuals who consumed caffeine had improved
memory and reasoning abilities,at least in the short term. Studies of runners and cyclists have shown that
caffeine can improve their stamina一hence its addition to energy-boosting sports drinks.
People who consume a lot of caffeine regularly may develop temporary withdrawal symptoms,headache
being the most common,if they quit or cut back on it abruptly. Fortunately,these symptoms last only a day
or two in most cases.Individuals who are more sensitive to the stimulatory side effects of caffeine may want to
avoid it,but most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee a day does not harm healthy
people.There is no medical basis to give up daily caffeine and many reasons to include a moderate amount in
one's diet.

Drinking three cups of coffee a day_________.
A:may not be recommended by most doctors
B:15 harmful to healthy people
C:will probably not cause problems
D:may benefit sensitive people

You have been badly injured in a car accident．It is necessary to give you a blood transfusion because you lost a great deal of blood in the accident．However,special care must be taken in selecting new blood for you．If the blood is too different from your own,the transfusion could kill you.
There are four basic types of blood;A,B,AB and O．A simple test can indicate a person's blood type．Everybody is born with one of these four types of blood．Blood type,like hair color and height,is inherited from parents.
Because of substances contained in each type,the four groups must be trans fused carefully．Basically,A and B cannot be mixed．A and B cannot receive AB,but AB may receive A or B．O can give to any other group,hence it is often called the universal donor．For the opposite reason,AB sometimes called the universal recipient．However,because so many reactions can occur in transfusions,patients usually receive only salt or plasma until their blood can be matched as exactly as possible in the blood bank of a hospital．In this way,it is possible to avoid any bad reactions to the transfusion.
There is a relationship between your blood type and your nationality．Among Europeans and people of European ancestry,about 42 percent have type A while 45 percent have type O．The rarest is type AB．Other races have different percentages．For example,some American Indian groups have nearly 100 percent type O.

A good title for this passage is__.

A.Getting Blood arid Plasma
B.Special Blood and Colors
C.Human Blood Types
D.The Blood Bank of a Hospital

You have been badly injured in a car accident．It is necessary to give you a blood transfusion because you lost a great deal of blood in the accident．However,special care must be taken in selecting new blood for you．If the blood is too different from your own,the transfusion could kill you.
There are four basic types of blood;A,B,AB and O．A simple test can indicate a person's blood type．Everybody is born with one of these four types of blood．Blood type,like hair color and height,is inherited from parents.
Because of substances contained in each type,the four groups must be trans fused carefully．Basically,A and B cannot be mixed．A and B cannot receive AB,but AB may receive A or B．O can give to any other group,hence it is often called the universal donor．For the opposite reason,AB sometimes called the universal recipient．However,because so many reactions can occur in transfusions,patients usually receive only salt or plasma until their blood can be matched as exactly as possible in the blood bank of a hospital．In this way,it is possible to avoid any bad reactions to the transfusion.
There is a relationship between your blood type and your nationality．Among Europeans and people of European ancestry,about 42 percent have type A while 45 percent have type O．The rarest is type AB．Other races have different percentages．For example,some American Indian groups have nearly 100 percent type O.

The word“hence”in line 10 means__.

A.always
B.often
C.therefore
D.seldom

共用题干
第二篇

Bone Marrow Transplantation

Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside some of your bones,such as your hip and thigh bones. It contains immature cells,called stem cells.The stem cells can develop into the red blood cells that carry oxygen through your body,the white blood cells that fight infections,and the platelets that help with blood clotting.
If there is a problem with your bone marrow,a transplant can give you healthy new marrow. You could need a transplant because of a disease,such as bone marrow diseases or cancers like leukemia kemia or lymphoma.Or you might need one if a strong cancer treatment kills your healthy blood cells.
People with cancer sometimes donate bone marrow before treatment to be transplanted later. But often the new marrow comes from a donor,either a close family member or someone unrelated.
The healthy cells for a transplant can come from three sources:bone marrow;peripheral (circulating) blood that has an increased number of healthy blood-forming cells(also called peripheral blood stem cells or PBSC);umbilical cord blood that is collected after a baby is born.
If you need an allogeneic transplant,your doctor will look for a marrow donor or cord blood unit that matches your HLA tissue type.HLA stands for human leukocyte antigen,a markei your immune system uses to recognize which cells belong in your body and which do not.
Before your body can receive the healthy cells,the diseased cells must be destroyed.This is done using chemotherapy and sometimes radiation. The destruction of diseased cells is called a preparative regimen or a conditioning regimen.
On the day of transplant,the cells from the marrow donor or cord blood unit are infused intravenously(go into your body through a large vein).These healthy cells move into the spaces inside your bones where they create new marrow. They grow and make healthy new red blood cells,white blood cells,and platelets.

Before receiving healthy cells,diseased cells must_________.
A:undergo chemotherapy
B:go through radiation
C:be prepared
D:be wrecked

共用题干
第二篇

Bone Marrow Transplantation

Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside some of your bones,such as your hip and thigh bones. It contains immature cells,called stem cells.The stem cells can develop into the red blood cells that carry oxygen through your body,the white blood cells that fight infections,and the platelets that help with blood clotting.
If there is a problem with your bone marrow,a transplant can give you healthy new marrow. You could need a transplant because of a disease,such as bone marrow diseases or cancers like leukemia kemia or lymphoma.Or you might need one if a strong cancer treatment kills your healthy blood cells.
People with cancer sometimes donate bone marrow before treatment to be transplanted later. But often the new marrow comes from a donor,either a close family member or someone unrelated.
The healthy cells for a transplant can come from three sources:bone marrow;peripheral (circulating) blood that has an increased number of healthy blood-forming cells(also called peripheral blood stem cells or PBSC);umbilical cord blood that is collected after a baby is born.
If you need an allogeneic transplant,your doctor will look for a marrow donor or cord blood unit that matches your HLA tissue type.HLA stands for human leukocyte antigen,a markei your immune system uses to recognize which cells belong in your body and which do not.
Before your body can receive the healthy cells,the diseased cells must be destroyed.This is done using chemotherapy and sometimes radiation. The destruction of diseased cells is called a preparative regimen or a conditioning regimen.
On the day of transplant,the cells from the marrow donor or cord blood unit are infused intravenously(go into your body through a large vein).These healthy cells move into the spaces inside your bones where they create new marrow. They grow and make healthy new red blood cells,white blood cells,and platelets.

We can infer from this passage that_________.
A:bone marrow transplantation requires five procedures
B:bone marrow transplantation is complex
C:people with leukemia must need transplantation
D:people with cancer must donate bone marrow before treatment

共用题干
第二篇

Caffeine

Caffeine is probably the most widely used drug in the world.Humans have been consuming caffeine for
hundreds of years,primarily in the form of coffee,tea,and cocoa. Habitual coffee and tea drinkers had long
been observed to have a lower incidence of non-melanoma（黑色素瘤）skin cancers , although no one knew
why.A recent study found that caffeine affects skin cells damaged by ultraviolet radiation,a main cause of
skin cancer. Caffeine interferes with a protein that cancerous cells need to survive,leaving the damaged cells
to die before they become cancerous. Drinking caffeinated coffee has also been associated with a decreased
incidence of endometrial（子宫内膜的）cancer-that is , cancer of the cells lining the uterus. The strongest
effect appears to be in overweight women,who are at greatest risk for the disease.Researchers believe blood
sugar,fat cells,and estrogen（雌性激素）may play a role. Although the mechanism remains unknown,peo-
pie who drink more than two cups of coffee or tea a day reportedly have about half the risk of developing
chronic liver disease as those who drink less than one cup of coffee daily;caffeinated coffee has also been as-
sociated with lowered risk of cirrhosis（肝硬化）and liver cancer.
While many of caffeine's undesirable effects,such as elevated heart rate and blood pressure,are brief,
some short-term benefits,including pain relief,increased alertness,and increased physical endurance,have
also been attributed to caffeine.As a component of numerous over-the-counter diet pills and pain relievers,
caffeine increases their effectiveness and helps the body absorb them more quickly. By constricting（收缩）
blood vessels in the brain , it can alleviate headaches一even migraines（偏头痛）一and can help counter the
drowsiness（眩晕）caused by antihistamines（抗组胺药）.
Caffeine does not alter the need for sleep,but it does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people who
need to stay alert. Research has shown that sleep-deprived individuals who consumed caffeine had improved
memory and reasoning abilities,at least in the short term. Studies of runners and cyclists have shown that
caffeine can improve their stamina一hence its addition to energy-boosting sports drinks.
People who consume a lot of caffeine regularly may develop temporary withdrawal symptoms,headache
being the most common,if they quit or cut back on it abruptly. Fortunately,these symptoms last only a day
or two in most cases.Individuals who are more sensitive to the stimulatory side effects of caffeine may want to
avoid it,but most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee a day does not harm healthy
people.There is no medical basis to give up daily caffeine and many reasons to include a moderate amount in
one's diet.

Cafffeine withdrawal symptoms_________.
A:can become an ongoing problem
B:may last as long as a week
C:are weight 1055 and mental disorder
D:are usually short-lived

共用题干
The Death

Modern scientists divide the process of dying into two stages一(46)________.Clinical death occurs when the vital organs,such as the heart or lungs,have ceased to function,but have not suffered permanent damage. The organism can still be revived（复活）.Biological death occurs when changes in the organism lead to the disintegration（解体）of vital cells and tissues. Death is then irreversible and final.
Scientists have been seeking a way to prolong the period of clinical death so that(47) ________.The best method developed so far involves cooling of the organism,combined with narcotic（麻醉的）sleep. By slowing down the body's metabolism（新陈代谢）,cooling delays the processes leading to biological death.
To illustrate how this works,scientists performed an experiment on a six-year-old female monkey called Keta.(48)_________.Then they surrounded her body with ice-bags and began checking her body temperature.When it had dropped to 28 degrees the scientists began draining blood from its body.The monkey's blood pressure decreased and an hour later both the heart and breathing stopped,clinical death set in.For twenty minutes Keta remained in this state.Her temperature dropped to 22 degrees.At this point the scientists pumped blood into its body in the direction of the heart and started artificial breathing.(49)_______.After fifteen minutes,spontaneous breathing began,and after four hours Keta opened her eyes and lifted her head.After six hours,when the scientists tried to give her a penicillin injection,Keta seized the syringe and ran with it around the room.(50)__________.

________（46）
A:the organism can be revived before biological death occurs
B:clinical or temporary death and biological death
C:After two minutes the monkey's heart became active once more
D:Her behavior differed little from that of a healthy animal
E:The scientists put Keta to sleep with a narcotic
F:Clinical death process should be prolonged

共用题干
第二篇

Diabetes（糖尿病）and Eye Damage

Over 2 million Canadians have diabetes.It is the leading cause of blindness in North
Americans under 65 years of age.Diabetes is a condition where the body either cannot
produce enough insulin（胰岛素）or cannot respond properly to insulin. Insulin is important
because it moves glucose（葡萄糖）,a simple sugar, into the body's cells from the blood.
The food people eat provides the body with glucose,which is used by the cells as a source
of energy.If insulin isn't available or doesn't work correctly to move glucose from the blood
into the cells,glucose will stay in the blood,leading to high blood sugar levels.
High blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels,including the tiny blood vessels in
the eye．This leads to an eye disease known as diabetic retinopathy（糖尿病型视网膜病）.
The retina（视网膜）is an area at the back of the eye that changes light into nerve signals.
With diabetic retinopathy,some blood vessels in the retina are lost,and some of the other
blood vessels begin to"leak"blood.This causes the retina to swell,and gradually cuts off
its supply of oxygen and nutrients（滋养物）.Eventually , the retina starts to grow new
blood vessels to replace the damaged ones.Unfortunately,these new vessels are not as
strong as the old ones.They are more likely to break,causing bleeding in the eye.
At first,people with diabetic retinopathy will not notice any symptoms.As the disease
gets worse , they may notice blurred（模糊的）vision, black spots or flashing lights. As
time goes on,it can progress to blindness.Everyone with diabetes is at risk for diabetic
retinopathy,and the risk increases the longer you've had diabetes.
Fortunately,you can reduce your risk.If you do not have diabetes,but think you may
be at risk for this condition,visit your doctor to be screened for diabetes.If you do have
diabetes:
Have frequent eye check-ups.
Make sure that you monitor your blood sugar frequently and use your medications as
recommended by your doctor. There is evidence to show that keeping your blood sugar
under tight control can slow down eye damage.
If you have high blood pressure,follow your recommended diet and medications to
keep it under control.If you are not sure whether you have high blood pressure,or whether
your blood pressure is under control,discuss this with your doctor.

The worst eye damage induced by diabetes is
A:blurred vision.
B: black spots,
C: blindness.
D: flashing lights.

共用题干
Leukemia

Leukemia is the most common type of cancer kids get,but it is still very rare.Leukemia involves the
blood and blood-forming organs,such as the bone marrow.________(46)
A kid with leukemia produces lots of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow. Usually,white
blood cells fight infection,but the white blood cells in a person with leukemia don't work the way they're
supposed to.________(47)The abnormal white blood cells multiply out of control,filling the bone marrow
and making it hard for enough normal,infection-fighting white blood cells to form.Other blood cells一such as
red blood cells(that carry oxygen in the blood to the body's tissues)and platelets(that allow blood to
clot）一are also crowded out by the white blood cells of leukemia. These cancer cells may also move to other
parts of the body,including the bloodstream,where they continue to multiply and build up.
Although leukemia can make kids sick,most of the time it is treatable,and kids get better. Almost all
leukemia patients are treated with chemotherapy,which means using anti-cancer drug.
________(48)Chemotherapy quickly goes to work,traveling through the blood to the bone marrow.
There,the drugs can attack the cancer cells.After several weeks of chemotherapy,many kids begin to feel
better.
Some children with leukemia will also have to have radiation therapy,too.________(49)If the cancer
isn't getting better from using the usual amounts of chemotherapy and radiation,then a kid with leukemia
will probably need more treatment一with higher doses of chemotherapy and radiation to finally kill the cancer
cells.But this heavy-duty treatment will also harm the normal cells in the kid's bone marrow too,and the
bone marrow will no longer be able to produce normal blood cells.So,doctors will then give a kid一or anyone
else with bone marrow that is no longer working一normal bone marrow tissue from someone else who is
healthy.________(50)

___________（46）
A:The chemotherapy drugs are given through a catheter,a narrow tube that is inserted into a blood vessel, sometimes in the kid's upper chest.
B:Early symptoms of leukemia are often overlooked,since they may resemble symptoms of the flu or other common diseases.
C:This is a special procedure called a bone marrow transplant,and it helps the patient make new blood cells so they can recover from the leukemia.
D:Bone marrow is the innermost part of some bones where blood cells are first made.
E:They don't protect the person from infections very well.
F: Radiation therapy uses invisible high-energy waves(similar to X-rays)to kill cancerous cells.

共用题干
第二篇

Caffeine

Caffeine is probably the most widely used drug in the world.Humans have been consuming caffeine for
hundreds of years,primarily in the form of coffee,tea,and cocoa. Habitual coffee and tea drinkers had long
been observed to have a lower incidence of non-melanoma（黑色素瘤）skin cancers , although no one knew
why.A recent study found that caffeine affects skin cells damaged by ultraviolet radiation,a main cause of
skin cancer. Caffeine interferes with a protein that cancerous cells need to survive,leaving the damaged cells
to die before they become cancerous. Drinking caffeinated coffee has also been associated with a decreased
incidence of endometrial（子宫内膜的）cancer-that is , cancer of the cells lining the uterus. The strongest
effect appears to be in overweight women,who are at greatest risk for the disease.Researchers believe blood
sugar,fat cells,and estrogen（雌性激素）may play a role. Although the mechanism remains unknown,peo-
pie who drink more than two cups of coffee or tea a day reportedly have about half the risk of developing
chronic liver disease as those who drink less than one cup of coffee daily;caffeinated coffee has also been as-
sociated with lowered risk of cirrhosis（肝硬化）and liver cancer.
While many of caffeine's undesirable effects,such as elevated heart rate and blood pressure,are brief,
some short-term benefits,including pain relief,increased alertness,and increased physical endurance,have
also been attributed to caffeine.As a component of numerous over-the-counter diet pills and pain relievers,
caffeine increases their effectiveness and helps the body absorb them more quickly. By constricting（收缩）
blood vessels in the brain , it can alleviate headaches一even migraines（偏头痛）一and can help counter the
drowsiness（眩晕）caused by antihistamines（抗组胺药）.
Caffeine does not alter the need for sleep,but it does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people who
need to stay alert. Research has shown that sleep-deprived individuals who consumed caffeine had improved
memory and reasoning abilities,at least in the short term. Studies of runners and cyclists have shown that
caffeine can improve their stamina一hence its addition to energy-boosting sports drinks.
People who consume a lot of caffeine regularly may develop temporary withdrawal symptoms,headache
being the most common,if they quit or cut back on it abruptly. Fortunately,these symptoms last only a day
or two in most cases.Individuals who are more sensitive to the stimulatory side effects of caffeine may want to
avoid it,but most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee a day does not harm healthy
people.There is no medical basis to give up daily caffeine and many reasons to include a moderate amount in
one's diet.

Caffeine is used to_________.
A:reduce high blood pressure
B:relieve headaches
C:cure liver cancer
D:treat skin cancer

You have been badly injured in a car accident．It is necessary to give you a blood transfusion because you lost a great deal of blood in the accident．However,special care must be taken in selecting new blood for you．If the blood is too different from your own,the transfusion could kill you.
There are four basic types of blood;A,B,AB and O．A simple test can indicate a person's blood type．Everybody is born with one of these four types of blood．Blood type,like hair color and height,is inherited from parents.
Because of substances contained in each type,the four groups must be trans fused carefully．Basically,A and B cannot be mixed．A and B cannot receive AB,but AB may receive A or B．O can give to any other group,hence it is often called the universal donor．For the opposite reason,AB sometimes called the universal recipient．However,because so many reactions can occur in transfusions,patients usually receive only salt or plasma until their blood can be matched as exactly as possible in the blood bank of a hospital．In this way,it is possible to avoid any bad reactions to the transfusion.
There is a relationship between your blood type and your nationality．Among Europeans and people of European ancestry,about 42 percent have type A while 45 percent have type O．The rarest is type AB．Other races have different percentages．For example,some American Indian groups have nearly 100 percent type O.

If you need a transfusion,the best and safest blood for you is__.

A.type AB
B.exactly the same type as yours
C.a mixture of salt,plasma and type O
D.type A

You have been badly injured in a car accident．It is necessary to give you a blood transfusion because you lost a great deal of blood in the accident．However,special care must be taken in selecting new blood for you．If the blood is too different from your own,the transfusion could kill you.
There are four basic types of blood;A,B,AB and O．A simple test can indicate a person's blood type．Everybody is born with one of these four types of blood．Blood type,like hair color and height,is inherited from parents.
Because of substances contained in each type,the four groups must be trans fused carefully．Basically,A and B cannot be mixed．A and B cannot receive AB,but AB may receive A or B．O can give to any other group,hence it is often called the universal donor．For the opposite reason,AB sometimes called the universal recipient．However,because so many reactions can occur in transfusions,patients usually receive only salt or plasma until their blood can be matched as exactly as possible in the blood bank of a hospital．In this way,it is possible to avoid any bad reactions to the transfusion.
There is a relationship between your blood type and your nationality．Among Europeans and people of European ancestry,about 42 percent have type A while 45 percent have type O．The rarest is type AB．Other races have different percentages．For example,some American Indian groups have nearly 100 percent type O.

People with type A blood can receive__.

A.AB
B.B
C.O
D.None of the above

共用题干
第二篇

Bone Marrow Transplantation

Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside some of your bones,such as your hip and thigh bones. It contains immature cells,called stem cells.The stem cells can develop into the red blood cells that carry oxygen through your body,the white blood cells that fight infections,and the platelets that help with blood clotting.
If there is a problem with your bone marrow,a transplant can give you healthy new marrow. You could need a transplant because of a disease,such as bone marrow diseases or cancers like leukemia kemia or lymphoma.Or you might need one if a strong cancer treatment kills your healthy blood cells.
People with cancer sometimes donate bone marrow before treatment to be transplanted later. But often the new marrow comes from a donor,either a close family member or someone unrelated.
The healthy cells for a transplant can come from three sources:bone marrow;peripheral (circulating) blood that has an increased number of healthy blood-forming cells(also called peripheral blood stem cells or PBSC);umbilical cord blood that is collected after a baby is born.
If you need an allogeneic transplant,your doctor will look for a marrow donor or cord blood unit that matches your HLA tissue type.HLA stands for human leukocyte antigen,a markei your immune system uses to recognize which cells belong in your body and which do not.
Before your body can receive the healthy cells,the diseased cells must be destroyed.This is done using chemotherapy and sometimes radiation. The destruction of diseased cells is called a preparative regimen or a conditioning regimen.
On the day of transplant,the cells from the marrow donor or cord blood unit are infused intravenously(go into your body through a large vein).These healthy cells move into the spaces inside your bones where they create new marrow. They grow and make healthy new red blood cells,white blood cells,and platelets.

Healthy stem cells may come from the following sources EXCEPT__________.
A:peripheral blood stem cells
B:baby blood
C:bone marrow
D:cord blood

共用题干
第二篇

Bone Marrow Transplantation

Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside some of your bones,such as your hip and thigh bones. It contains immature cells,called stem cells.The stem cells can develop into the red blood cells that carry oxygen through your body,the white blood cells that fight infections,and the platelets that help with blood clotting.
If there is a problem with your bone marrow,a transplant can give you healthy new marrow. You could need a transplant because of a disease,such as bone marrow diseases or cancers like leukemia kemia or lymphoma.Or you might need one if a strong cancer treatment kills your healthy blood cells.
People with cancer sometimes donate bone marrow before treatment to be transplanted later. But often the new marrow comes from a donor,either a close family member or someone unrelated.
The healthy cells for a transplant can come from three sources:bone marrow;peripheral (circulating) blood that has an increased number of healthy blood-forming cells(also called peripheral blood stem cells or PBSC);umbilical cord blood that is collected after a baby is born.
If you need an allogeneic transplant,your doctor will look for a marrow donor or cord blood unit that matches your HLA tissue type.HLA stands for human leukocyte antigen,a markei your immune system uses to recognize which cells belong in your body and which do not.
Before your body can receive the healthy cells,the diseased cells must be destroyed.This is done using chemotherapy and sometimes radiation. The destruction of diseased cells is called a preparative regimen or a conditioning regimen.
On the day of transplant,the cells from the marrow donor or cord blood unit are infused intravenously(go into your body through a large vein).These healthy cells move into the spaces inside your bones where they create new marrow. They grow and make healthy new red blood cells,white blood cells,and platelets.

The new marrow usually comes from__________.
A:people with cancer
B:a family member
C:an organ donor
D:a relative or a stranger