共用题干 Cancer Drug Trials Often Halted EarlyAn increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated,say Italian researchers,who warn that this growing trend could put patient
题目
共用题干
Cancer Drug Trials Often Halted Early
An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated,say Italian researchers,who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use.
The researchers looked at 25 randomized,controlled clinical trials that were stopped ear-ly because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients.
“When we analyzed 25 trials over a 10-year period between 1997 and 2007,we found a consistent increase in prematurely stopped trials一more than 50 percent were stopped within the last three years,”study co-author Giovanni Apolone said at a news conference Tuesday.
Of 14 trials halted early and published between 2005 and 2007,the researchers found that 11(79 percent)of them were used to support drug approval applications submitted to the European Medicines Agency and the U.S.Food and Drug Administration.
“This suggests a strong commercial component in stopping trials prematurely.In fact, this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies.On the other hand, a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an ‘immature’benefit/risk balance of new drugs,”Apolone said.
He and his colleagues“are aware that trials stopped early because they are showing ben-efit may result in identification of promising new treatments for patients.However,findings obtained following this strategy should be considered to be preliminary results that require subsequent confirmation.”
It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treat-ment to become apparent, Apolone noted, but the average duration（持续时间）of the 25 studies he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months,with a range from 12 to 64 months.
They also found that at the time five of the studies were stopped,they'd enrolled less than 40 percent of the total number of patients planned for final analysis.
“Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there's proof beyond rea- sonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior.That would be an ethical obligation,” Stuart Pocock,a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropi-cal Medicine in the United Kingdom,said at the news conference.“However,too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy（功效）without strong evidence being available.”
Cancer Drug Trials Often Halted Early
An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated,say Italian researchers,who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use.
The researchers looked at 25 randomized,controlled clinical trials that were stopped ear-ly because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients.
“When we analyzed 25 trials over a 10-year period between 1997 and 2007,we found a consistent increase in prematurely stopped trials一more than 50 percent were stopped within the last three years,”study co-author Giovanni Apolone said at a news conference Tuesday.
Of 14 trials halted early and published between 2005 and 2007,the researchers found that 11(79 percent)of them were used to support drug approval applications submitted to the European Medicines Agency and the U.S.Food and Drug Administration.
“This suggests a strong commercial component in stopping trials prematurely.In fact, this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies.On the other hand, a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an ‘immature’benefit/risk balance of new drugs,”Apolone said.
He and his colleagues“are aware that trials stopped early because they are showing ben-efit may result in identification of promising new treatments for patients.However,findings obtained following this strategy should be considered to be preliminary results that require subsequent confirmation.”
It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treat-ment to become apparent, Apolone noted, but the average duration（持续时间）of the 25 studies he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months,with a range from 12 to 64 months.
They also found that at the time five of the studies were stopped,they'd enrolled less than 40 percent of the total number of patients planned for final analysis.
“Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there's proof beyond rea- sonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior.That would be an ethical obligation,” Stuart Pocock,a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropi-cal Medicine in the United Kingdom,said at the news conference.“However,too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy（功效）without strong evidence being available.”
Participants in the trials were happy when they were stopped early.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
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更多“共用题干 Cancer Drug Trials Often Halted EarlyAn increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated,say Italian researchers,who warn that this growing trend could put patient”相关问题
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第1题：
共用题干
Clinical Trials
1. Many clinical trials are done to see if a new drug or device is safe and effective for people to use.Sometimes clinical trials are used to study different ways to use the standard treatments so they will be more effective,easier to use,and/or decrease side effects.Sometimes,studies are done to learn how to best use the treatment in a different population,such as children,in whom the treatment was not previously tested.
2. It is important to test drugs and medical products in the people they are meant to help.It is also important to conduct research in a variety of people because different people may respond differently to treatments.Some people participate in clinical trials because they have exhausted standard treatment options .Other people participate in trials because they want to contribute to the ad-vancement of medical knowledge.
3. The FDA（食品及药物管理局）works to protect participants in clinical trials and to ensure that people have reliable information as they decide whether to join a clinical trial.Although efforts are made to control the risks to clinical trial participants,some risks may be unavoidable because of the uncertainty inherent（内在的）in medical research studies involving new medical treatments.
4. People should learn as much as possible about the clinical trials that interest them.They should also feel comfortable discussing their questions and concerns with members of the health care team. Prospective（预期的）participants should understand what happens during the trial ,the type of health care they will receive,and any costs to them.Anyone considering a clinical trial should also know that there are benefits and risks associated with participating.New drugs or devices must be tested before being used______.
A: candidates for clinical trials
B: during the trial
C: medical knowledge
D: in humans
E: before participation
F: for some patients答案：D解析：第一段主要讲为什么要进行临床试验，其中谈到要研究如何安全有效地使用新药物或新仪器，如何使用方便并减少副作用，或用于不同人群等。
第二段主要讲什么人为什么参加临床试验，比方说，要观察不同人群的不同疗效，有的人已没有别的方法治疗，也有的人要为医疗事业作贡献等。
第三段主要讲参加临床试验的安全性问题。尽管FDA等会做出努力，但是新治疗方法的不确定性是不可避免的。
第四段主要讲人们参加临床试验前可以与有关医务人员充分讨论问题，了解试验的详情以及试验的利弊等。
短文第一句就说到，新药物或新仪器用于人体是否安全有效需要进行临床试验。
第二段第三句说到，有些人对于常规的治疗方法已无可选择，所以参加临床试验，当然就是他们的唯一希望了。
第三段第一句说到，FDA要保证，在人们决定是否参加临床试验的时候要获得可靠信，息。
整个第四段说到，准备参加临床试验的人们要尽可能多地了解有关临床试验的情况。 -
第2题：
共用题干
Clinical Trials
1. Many clinical trials are done to see if a new drug or device is safe and effective for people to use.Sometimes clinical trials are used to study different ways to use the standard treatments so they will be more effective,easier to use,and/or decrease side effects.Sometimes,studies are done to learn how to best use the treatment in a different population,such as children,in whom the treatment was not previously tested.
2. It is important to test drugs and medical products in the people they are meant to help.It is also important to conduct research in a variety of people because different people may respond differently to treatments.Some people participate in clinical trials because they have exhausted standard treatment options .Other people participate in trials because they want to contribute to the ad-vancement of medical knowledge.
3. The FDA（食品及药物管理局）works to protect participants in clinical trials and to ensure that people have reliable information as they decide whether to join a clinical trial.Although efforts are made to control the risks to clinical trial participants,some risks may be unavoidable because of the uncertainty inherent（内在的）in medical research studies involving new medical treatments.
4. People should learn as much as possible about the clinical trials that interest them.They should also feel comfortable discussing their questions and concerns with members of the health care team. Prospective（预期的）participants should understand what happens during the trial ,the type of health care they will receive,and any costs to them.Anyone considering a clinical trial should also know that there are benefits and risks associated with participating.Reliable information should be available to______.
A: candidates for clinical trials
B: during the trial
C: medical knowledge
D: in humans
E: before participation
F: for some patients答案：A解析：第一段主要讲为什么要进行临床试验，其中谈到要研究如何安全有效地使用新药物或新仪器，如何使用方便并减少副作用，或用于不同人群等。
第二段主要讲什么人为什么参加临床试验，比方说，要观察不同人群的不同疗效，有的人已没有别的方法治疗，也有的人要为医疗事业作贡献等。
第三段主要讲参加临床试验的安全性问题。尽管FDA等会做出努力，但是新治疗方法的不确定性是不可避免的。
第四段主要讲人们参加临床试验前可以与有关医务人员充分讨论问题，了解试验的详情以及试验的利弊等。
短文第一句就说到，新药物或新仪器用于人体是否安全有效需要进行临床试验。
第二段第三句说到，有些人对于常规的治疗方法已无可选择，所以参加临床试验，当然就是他们的唯一希望了。
第三段第一句说到，FDA要保证，在人们决定是否参加临床试验的时候要获得可靠信，息。
整个第四段说到，准备参加临床试验的人们要尽可能多地了解有关临床试验的情况。 -
第3题：
共用题干
Clinical Trials
1 Many clinical trials are done to see if a new drug or device is safe and effective for people
to use .Sometimes clinical trials are used to study different ways to use the standard
treatments so they will be more effective,easier to use,and/or decrease side effects.
Sometimes,studies are done to learn how to best use the treatment in a different group,
such as children,in whom the treatment was not previously tested.
2 It is important to test drugs and medical products in the people they are meant to help,It
is also important to conduct research in a variety of people because different people may
respond differently to treatments.Some people participate in clinical trials because they
have exhausted standard treatment options.Other people participate in trials because they
want to contribute to the advancement of medical knowledge.
3 The FDA（食品及药物管理局）works to protect participants in clinical trials and to
ensure that people have reliable information as they decide whether to join a clinical trial.
Although efforts are made to control the risks to clinical trial participants,some risks may be
unavoidable because of the uncertainty inherent（内在的）in medical research studies
involving new medical treatments.
4 People should learn as much as possible about the clinical trials that interest them.They
should also feel comfortable discussing their questions and concerns with members of the
health care team. Prospective（预期的）participants should understand what happens
during the trial,the type of health care they will receive,and any costs to them.Anyone
considering a clinical trial should also know that there are benefits and risks associated with
participating.Clinical trials provide the only hope_________.
A: for some patients
B: before participation
C: in humans
D:medical knowledge
E: during the trial
F: candidates for clinical trials答案：A解析： -
第4题：
共用题干
Promising Resnlts from Cancer Study
A new experimental vaccine（疫苗）has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer.In a small Texas-based study,a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.
Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study.Forty一three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in tho advanced stages of the disease.They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months,and were carefully monitored for three years.In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.
This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.It stimulates（刺激）the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful,and attacks and destroys them.
The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general,although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.All the patients were from Dallas.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：C解析：阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了七个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请选择C。
【解析】
题干意为“疫苗治愈了所有参与试验的人。”关键词是cured。依据此关键词，可在文中第一段第二句找到相关叙述：“In a small Texas-based study, a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.”（位于美国达拉斯的贝勒大学医学中心的几位科学家研制出了一种疫苗，这种疫苗在一个基于德克萨斯州的小型研究中治愈了一些肺癌患者，减缓了其他患者的病情发展过程。）由此可见，这种疫苗并没有治愈所有参与实验者，故此题说法为“错误”的。
题干意为“超过四十人参与了这次研究。”关键词是forty。依据此关键词，可在文中第二段第二句找到相关叙述：“Forty-three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.”（四十三个肺癌患者参与到这些试验中。）由此可见参与人数确实超过了四十人，故此题说法为“正确”的。
题干意为“在试验中，处于疾病早期的患者恢复得更快。”关键词是the early stages和recovered。依据此关键词，可在文中第二段最后两句找到相关叙述：“In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.”（晚期患者中有三名患者的疾病消失，其他患者的病情在5 到24个月内没有扩散。然而，处于疾病早期的患者没有出现任何不同。）可见这种疫苗对晚期患者的效果比较明显，故此题说法为“错误”的。
题干意为“所有患者都来自达拉斯。”关键词是Dallas。依据此关键词，可在文中第一段第二句找到相关叙述：“In a small Texas-based study, a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.”（位于美国达拉斯的贝勒大学医学中心的几位科学家研制出了一种疫苗，这种疫苗在一个基于德克萨斯州的小型研究中治愈了一些肺癌患者，减缓了其他患者的病情发展过程。）由此可知，研制疫苗的科学家都来自位于达拉斯的贝勒大学医学中心，而病人是不是都来自达拉斯，这一点文中并没有提到，故此说法为“未提及”的。
题干意为“每一个病人都被注射同样的疫苗。”关键词是the same vaccine。 依据此关键词，可在文中第三段第一句、第二句找到相关叙述：“This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.”（这种新型疫苗使用了人体自身的免疫系统。每个病人的疫苗都是专门制造，然后被注射到手臂或腿上。）由此可见每个患者的疫苗都是不一样的，故此题说法为“错误”的。
题干意为“这种疫苗激活了免疫系统。”关键词是activates。依据此关键词， 可在文中第三段第三句找到相关叙述：“It stimulates the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful, and attacks and destroys them.”(疫苗能刺激人体免疫系统，使免疫系统意识到癌细胞是有害的，从而攻击和破坏它们。）由此可见这种疫苗是通过激活免疫系统发挥作用的，故此题说法为“正确”的。
题干意为“这种疫苗或许可用于治疗其他癌症。”关键词是other cancers。 依据此关键词，可在文中第四段第一句找到相关叙述：“The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.”（这种疫苗或许可以有效地对抗其他癌症。）由此可知，它是可以用于治疗其他癌症的，故此题说法为“正确”的。 -
第5题：
共用题干
Cancer Drug Trials Often Halted Early
An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated,say Italian researchers,who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use.
The researchers looked at 25 randomized,controlled clinical trials that were stopped ear-ly because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients.
“When we analyzed 25 trials over a 10-year period between 1997 and 2007,we found a consistent increase in prematurely stopped trials一more than 50 percent were stopped within the last three years,”study co-author Giovanni Apolone said at a news conference Tuesday.
Of 14 trials halted early and published between 2005 and 2007,the researchers found that 11(79 percent)of them were used to support drug approval applications submitted to the European Medicines Agency and the U.S.Food and Drug Administration.
“This suggests a strong commercial component in stopping trials prematurely.In fact, this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies.On the other hand, a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an ‘immature’benefit/risk balance of new drugs,”Apolone said.
He and his colleagues“are aware that trials stopped early because they are showing ben-efit may result in identification of promising new treatments for patients.However,findings obtained following this strategy should be considered to be preliminary results that require subsequent confirmation.”
It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treat-ment to become apparent, Apolone noted, but the average duration（持续时间）of the 25 studies he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months,with a range from 12 to 64 months.
They also found that at the time five of the studies were stopped,they'd enrolled less than 40 percent of the total number of patients planned for final analysis.
“Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there's proof beyond rea- sonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior.That would be an ethical obligation,” Stuart Pocock,a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropi-cal Medicine in the United Kingdom,said at the news conference.“However,too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy（功效）without strong evidence being available.”The 25 trials involved roughly the same number of participants.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：C解析：阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了七个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请选择C。
【解析】
题干意为“过早中止临床试验的数量最近一直在增加”。利用题干中的细节 信息词/短语the number of prematurely stopped clinical trials, recently作为定位线索，在短 文第一段中找到相关句：An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated,say Italian researchers, who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use．该段是独立成段句（提示：独立成段句上常设考点），该句意为“意大利的研究者们说‘越来越多对治疗癌症的新方法进行的临床试验在试验风险和益处未到充分评价之前就中止了’”，这表明“被提前中止的临床试验的数量呈上升趋势”，显然该句意义与题干意义一致。
题干意为“试验被过早中止的原因是因为治疗方法被证明是没有价值的”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语treatments , no value作为定位线索（trial是短文主题词，因此不用作定位线索），在短文第二段中找到相关句：The researchers looked at 25 randomized, controlled clinical trials that were stopped early because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients．相关句意为“研究者们随机分析了25项临床试验，这些试验被过早中止的原因是因为这些试验显现出了一些有益于病人的长处”。由此可见短文陈述的试验被过早中 止的原因和题干陈述的原因不一致，因此题干陈述了错误的信息。
题干意为“25项临床试验所涉及到的参与者人数大致相同”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语25 trials,the same number of participants作为定位线索，结果发现短文中涉及到25项试验的句子都没有具体提到参与试验的人数，因此题干陈述的信息（参与试验人数的信息）是短文中未提及的信息。
题干意为“一些试验被过早中止可能是出于商业方面的原因”。利用题干中的细节信息短语some of the trials, commercial reasons作为定位线索，在短文第五段中找到相关句：“This suggests a strong commercial component（与commercial reaons呼应）in stop-ping trials prematurely.In fact,this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies.On the other hand,a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an ‘immature' benefit/risk balance of new drugs,” Apolone said．相关句（第五段第一句）意为 “这表明在过早中止临床试验中含有明显的商业因素”，这表明过早中止临床试验有商业因素方面的影响。由此可见题干陈述的信息与短文内容一致。
题干意为“临床试验的参与者们对临床试验被提早中止感到高兴”。利用题干中的细节信息短语participants in the trials作为定位线索，同时关注题干中出现的修饰词 happy“高兴的”，结果发现短文中提到试验对象的句子并没有涉及到试验对象对试验中止的态度，因此题干陈述的信息是短文中未提及的信息。
题干意为“一些试验进行的时间太短因而不能显示出这些试验的长期效果”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语some of the trials, long-term effects作为定位线索，同时关注题干中出现的修饰词short，在短文第七段中找到相关句：It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treatment to become apparent,Apolo-ne noted, but the average duration（持续时间）of the 25 studies（与some of the trials呼应） he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months, with a range from 12 to 64 months．该句意为 “Apolone指出新的治疗方法是否长期具有益处或者是毒副作用可能要几年之后才能显现出来，但是他和他的同事们所研究的25项临床试验的平均试验时间为30个月，最短的为12个月，最长的为64个月”，这表明一些临床试验持续的时间太短，没有达到几年的时间，也因此不能显现出这些试验的长期效果。由此可见题干陈述的意义与短文意义一致。
题干意为“Stuart Pocock认为临床试验在任何情况都决不应该过早中止”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语Stuart Pocock, clinical trials作为定位线索，在短文最后一段中找到相关句：“Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there's proof beyond reasonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior.That would be an ethical obligation,”Stuart Pocock,a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom,said at the news conference.“However,too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy（功效）without strong evidence being availa- ble.”最后一段意为“Stuart Pocock说如果有充分的证据证明新的治疗方法更有优势时就应该提前中止该临床试验，然而太多的临床试验虽然没有充分的证据证明它们所谓的功效，却宣称有功效而提前中止了”。由此可知Stuart Pocock认为只要有充分的证据证明新的治疗方法更有优势时可以提前中止该临床试验，而不是题干提到的“在任何情况下都决不应该中止 临床试验”，因此题干陈述的信息与短文内容不一致。 -
第6题：
共用题干
Promising Resnlts from Cancer Study
A new experimental vaccine（疫苗）has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer.In a small Texas-based study,a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.
Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study.Forty一three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in tho advanced stages of the disease.They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months,and were carefully monitored for three years.In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.
This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.It stimulates（刺激）the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful,and attacks and destroys them.
The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general,although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.The vaccine may be useful for treating other cancers.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：A解析：阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了七个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请选择C。
【解析】
题干意为“疫苗治愈了所有参与试验的人。”关键词是cured。依据此关键词，可在文中第一段第二句找到相关叙述：“In a small Texas-based study, a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.”（位于美国达拉斯的贝勒大学医学中心的几位科学家研制出了一种疫苗，这种疫苗在一个基于德克萨斯州的小型研究中治愈了一些肺癌患者，减缓了其他患者的病情发展过程。）由此可见，这种疫苗并没有治愈所有参与实验者，故此题说法为“错误”的。
题干意为“超过四十人参与了这次研究。”关键词是forty。依据此关键词，可在文中第二段第二句找到相关叙述：“Forty-three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.”（四十三个肺癌患者参与到这些试验中。）由此可见参与人数确实超过了四十人，故此题说法为“正确”的。
题干意为“在试验中，处于疾病早期的患者恢复得更快。”关键词是the early stages和recovered。依据此关键词，可在文中第二段最后两句找到相关叙述：“In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.”（晚期患者中有三名患者的疾病消失，其他患者的病情在5 到24个月内没有扩散。然而，处于疾病早期的患者没有出现任何不同。）可见这种疫苗对晚期患者的效果比较明显，故此题说法为“错误”的。
题干意为“所有患者都来自达拉斯。”关键词是Dallas。依据此关键词，可在文中第一段第二句找到相关叙述：“In a small Texas-based study, a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.”（位于美国达拉斯的贝勒大学医学中心的几位科学家研制出了一种疫苗，这种疫苗在一个基于德克萨斯州的小型研究中治愈了一些肺癌患者，减缓了其他患者的病情发展过程。）由此可知，研制疫苗的科学家都来自位于达拉斯的贝勒大学医学中心，而病人是不是都来自达拉斯，这一点文中并没有提到，故此说法为“未提及”的。
题干意为“每一个病人都被注射同样的疫苗。”关键词是the same vaccine。 依据此关键词，可在文中第三段第一句、第二句找到相关叙述：“This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.”（这种新型疫苗使用了人体自身的免疫系统。每个病人的疫苗都是专门制造，然后被注射到手臂或腿上。）由此可见每个患者的疫苗都是不一样的，故此题说法为“错误”的。
题干意为“这种疫苗激活了免疫系统。”关键词是activates。依据此关键词， 可在文中第三段第三句找到相关叙述：“It stimulates the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful, and attacks and destroys them.”(疫苗能刺激人体免疫系统，使免疫系统意识到癌细胞是有害的，从而攻击和破坏它们。）由此可见这种疫苗是通过激活免疫系统发挥作用的，故此题说法为“正确”的。
题干意为“这种疫苗或许可用于治疗其他癌症。”关键词是other cancers。 依据此关键词，可在文中第四段第一句找到相关叙述：“The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.”（这种疫苗或许可以有效地对抗其他癌症。）由此可知，它是可以用于治疗其他癌症的，故此题说法为“正确”的。 -
第7题：
共用题干
Cancer Drug Trials Often Halted Early
An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated,say Italian researchers,who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use.
The researchers looked at 25 randomized,controlled clinical trials that were stopped ear-ly because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients.
“When we analyzed 25 trials over a 10-year period between 1997 and 2007,we found a consistent increase in prematurely stopped trials一more than 50 percent were stopped within the last three years,”study co-author Giovanni Apolone said at a news conference Tuesday.
Of 14 trials halted early and published between 2005 and 2007,the researchers found that 11(79 percent)of them were used to support drug approval applications submitted to the European Medicines Agency and the U.S.Food and Drug Administration.
“This suggests a strong commercial component in stopping trials prematurely.In fact, this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies.On the other hand, a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an ‘immature’benefit/risk balance of new drugs,”Apolone said.
He and his colleagues“are aware that trials stopped early because they are showing ben-efit may result in identification of promising new treatments for patients.However,findings obtained following this strategy should be considered to be preliminary results that require subsequent confirmation.”
It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treat-ment to become apparent, Apolone noted, but the average duration（持续时间）of the 25 studies he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months,with a range from 12 to 64 months.
They also found that at the time five of the studies were stopped,they'd enrolled less than 40 percent of the total number of patients planned for final analysis.
“Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there's proof beyond rea- sonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior.That would be an ethical obligation,” Stuart Pocock,a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropi-cal Medicine in the United Kingdom,said at the news conference.“However,too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy（功效）without strong evidence being available.”The trials were stopped early because the treatments proved to be of no value.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：B解析：阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了七个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请选择C。
【解析】
题干意为“过早中止临床试验的数量最近一直在增加”。利用题干中的细节 信息词/短语the number of prematurely stopped clinical trials, recently作为定位线索，在短 文第一段中找到相关句：An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated,say Italian researchers, who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use．该段是独立成段句（提示：独立成段句上常设考点），该句意为“意大利的研究者们说‘越来越多对治疗癌症的新方法进行的临床试验在试验风险和益处未到充分评价之前就中止了’”，这表明“被提前中止的临床试验的数量呈上升趋势”，显然该句意义与题干意义一致。
题干意为“试验被过早中止的原因是因为治疗方法被证明是没有价值的”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语treatments , no value作为定位线索（trial是短文主题词，因此不用作定位线索），在短文第二段中找到相关句：The researchers looked at 25 randomized, controlled clinical trials that were stopped early because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients．相关句意为“研究者们随机分析了25项临床试验，这些试验被过早中止的原因是因为这些试验显现出了一些有益于病人的长处”。由此可见短文陈述的试验被过早中 止的原因和题干陈述的原因不一致，因此题干陈述了错误的信息。
题干意为“25项临床试验所涉及到的参与者人数大致相同”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语25 trials,the same number of participants作为定位线索，结果发现短文中涉及到25项试验的句子都没有具体提到参与试验的人数，因此题干陈述的信息（参与试验人数的信息）是短文中未提及的信息。
题干意为“一些试验被过早中止可能是出于商业方面的原因”。利用题干中的细节信息短语some of the trials, commercial reasons作为定位线索，在短文第五段中找到相关句：“This suggests a strong commercial component（与commercial reaons呼应）in stop-ping trials prematurely.In fact,this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies.On the other hand,a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an ‘immature' benefit/risk balance of new drugs,” Apolone said．相关句（第五段第一句）意为 “这表明在过早中止临床试验中含有明显的商业因素”，这表明过早中止临床试验有商业因素方面的影响。由此可见题干陈述的信息与短文内容一致。
题干意为“临床试验的参与者们对临床试验被提早中止感到高兴”。利用题干中的细节信息短语participants in the trials作为定位线索，同时关注题干中出现的修饰词 happy“高兴的”，结果发现短文中提到试验对象的句子并没有涉及到试验对象对试验中止的态度，因此题干陈述的信息是短文中未提及的信息。
题干意为“一些试验进行的时间太短因而不能显示出这些试验的长期效果”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语some of the trials, long-term effects作为定位线索，同时关注题干中出现的修饰词short，在短文第七段中找到相关句：It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treatment to become apparent,Apolo-ne noted, but the average duration（持续时间）of the 25 studies（与some of the trials呼应） he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months, with a range from 12 to 64 months．该句意为 “Apolone指出新的治疗方法是否长期具有益处或者是毒副作用可能要几年之后才能显现出来，但是他和他的同事们所研究的25项临床试验的平均试验时间为30个月，最短的为12个月，最长的为64个月”，这表明一些临床试验持续的时间太短，没有达到几年的时间，也因此不能显现出这些试验的长期效果。由此可见题干陈述的意义与短文意义一致。
题干意为“Stuart Pocock认为临床试验在任何情况都决不应该过早中止”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语Stuart Pocock, clinical trials作为定位线索，在短文最后一段中找到相关句：“Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there's proof beyond reasonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior.That would be an ethical obligation,”Stuart Pocock,a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom,said at the news conference.“However,too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy（功效）without strong evidence being availa- ble.”最后一段意为“Stuart Pocock说如果有充分的证据证明新的治疗方法更有优势时就应该提前中止该临床试验，然而太多的临床试验虽然没有充分的证据证明它们所谓的功效，却宣称有功效而提前中止了”。由此可知Stuart Pocock认为只要有充分的证据证明新的治疗方法更有优势时可以提前中止该临床试验，而不是题干提到的“在任何情况下都决不应该中止 临床试验”，因此题干陈述的信息与短文内容不一致。 -
第8题：
共用题干
第三篇
Global Cancer Rates to Rise by 50% by 2020
The number of new cancer cases worldwide is expected to increase by 50%by the year
2020.But a new report suggests that as many as a third of new cancers could be avoided
by adopting healthier lifestyles and through public health action.
The World Cancer Report,released by the International Agency for Research on
Cancer,shows that cancer has now emerged as a major public health threat in developing
countries as well as rich ones.
Overall,cancer was responsible for 12%of all deaths in 2000.But in many countries
more than a quarter of all deaths are caused by cancer.
The report shows that 1 0 million new cancers were diagnosed globally in 2000,and that
number is expected to rise to 15 million by 2020.Researchers say most of that increase will
mainly be due to steadily aging populations in both developed and developing countries and
current trends in smoking and other unhealthy habits.
"Cancer has emerged as a major public health problem in developing countries for the
first time, matching its effect in industrialized（工业化的）countries , " said researcher Paul
Kleihues,MD,director of IARC,in a news release."Once considered a'Western'
disease,the Report highlights that more than 50 percent of the world's cancer burden,in
terms of both numbers of cases and deaths,already occurs in developing countries."
The risk of being diagnosed with cancer in developed countries is double that in less-
developed ones.However,the risk of dying from cancer is much higher in developing
countries , where 80% of cancer patients already have late-stage incurable tumors（肿瘤）
at the time of diagnosis.
Researchers say cancer rates have traditionally been higher in developed countries due
to greater exposure to tobacco,occupational carcinogens（致癌物）,and an unhealthy
Western diet and lifestyle.As less-developed countries become industrialized and more
prosperous,they tend to adopt the high-fat diet and low physical activity levels typically seen
in the West,which increase cancer rates.The report says that steps could be taken to reduce about
A:50% of new cancers.
B:33% of new cancers.
C:12% of new cancers.
D:80% of new cancers.答案：B解析： -
第9题：
共用题干
第三篇
Global Cancer Rates to Rise by 50% by 2020
The number of new cancer cases worldwide is expected to increase by 50%by the year
2020.But a new report suggests that as many as a third of new cancers could be avoided
by adopting healthier lifestyles and through public health action.
The World Cancer Report,released by the International Agency for Research on
Cancer,shows that cancer has now emerged as a major public health threat in developing
countries as well as rich ones.
Overall,cancer was responsible for 12%of all deaths in 2000.But in many countries
more than a quarter of all deaths are caused by cancer.
The report shows that 1 0 million new cancers were diagnosed globally in 2000,and that
number is expected to rise to 15 million by 2020.Researchers say most of that increase will
mainly be due to steadily aging populations in both developed and developing countries and
current trends in smoking and other unhealthy habits.
"Cancer has emerged as a major public health problem in developing countries for the
first time, matching its effect in industrialized（工业化的）countries , " said researcher Paul
Kleihues,MD,director of IARC,in a news release."Once considered a'Western'
disease,the Report highlights that more than 50 percent of the world's cancer burden,in
terms of both numbers of cases and deaths,already occurs in developing countries."
The risk of being diagnosed with cancer in developed countries is double that in less-
developed ones.However,the risk of dying from cancer is much higher in developing
countries , where 80% of cancer patients already have late-stage incurable tumors（肿瘤）
at the time of diagnosis.
Researchers say cancer rates have traditionally been higher in developed countries due
to greater exposure to tobacco,occupational carcinogens（致癌物）,and an unhealthy
Western diet and lifestyle.As less-developed countries become industrialized and more
prosperous,they tend to adopt the high-fat diet and low physical activity levels typically seen
in the West,which increase cancer rates.The risk of dying from cancer in developed countries is
A:double that in developing countries.
B:much higher than that in developing countries.
C:the same as that in developing countries.
D:much lower than that in developing countries.答案：D解析： -
第10题：
共用题干
Clinical Trials
1. Many clinical trials are done to see if a new drug or device is safe and effective for people to use.Sometimes clinical trials are used to study different ways to use the standard treatments so they will be more effective,easier to use,and/or decrease side effects.Sometimes,studies are done to learn how to best use the treatment in a different population,such as children,in whom the treatment was not previously tested.
2. It is important to test drugs and medical products in the people they are meant to help.It is also important to conduct research in a variety of people because different people may respond differently to treatments.Some people participate in clinical trials because they have exhausted standard treatment options .Other people participate in trials because they want to contribute to the ad-vancement of medical knowledge.
3. The FDA（食品及药物管理局）works to protect participants in clinical trials and to ensure that people have reliable information as they decide whether to join a clinical trial.Although efforts are made to control the risks to clinical trial participants,some risks may be unavoidable because of the uncertainty inherent（内在的）in medical research studies involving new medical treatments.
4. People should learn as much as possible about the clinical trials that interest them.They should also feel comfortable discussing their questions and concerns with members of the health care team. Prospective（预期的）participants should understand what happens during the trial ,the type of health care they will receive,and any costs to them.Anyone considering a clinical trial should also know that there are benefits and risks associated with participating.Learn as much as you can about a clinical trial______.
A: candidates for clinical trials
B: during the trial
C: medical knowledge
D: in humans
E: before participation
F: for some patients答案：E解析：第一段主要讲为什么要进行临床试验，其中谈到要研究如何安全有效地使用新药物或新仪器，如何使用方便并减少副作用，或用于不同人群等。
第二段主要讲什么人为什么参加临床试验，比方说，要观察不同人群的不同疗效，有的人已没有别的方法治疗，也有的人要为医疗事业作贡献等。
第三段主要讲参加临床试验的安全性问题。尽管FDA等会做出努力，但是新治疗方法的不确定性是不可避免的。
第四段主要讲人们参加临床试验前可以与有关医务人员充分讨论问题，了解试验的详情以及试验的利弊等。
短文第一句就说到，新药物或新仪器用于人体是否安全有效需要进行临床试验。
第二段第三句说到，有些人对于常规的治疗方法已无可选择，所以参加临床试验，当然就是他们的唯一希望了。
第三段第一句说到，FDA要保证，在人们决定是否参加临床试验的时候要获得可靠信，息。
整个第四段说到，准备参加临床试验的人们要尽可能多地了解有关临床试验的情况。 -
第11题：
共用题干
Clinical Trials
1 Many clinical trials are done to see if a new drug or device is safe and effective for people
to use .Sometimes clinical trials are used to study different ways to use the standard
treatments so they will be more effective,easier to use,and/or decrease side effects.
Sometimes,studies are done to learn how to best use the treatment in a different group,
such as children,in whom the treatment was not previously tested.
2 It is important to test drugs and medical products in the people they are meant to help,It
is also important to conduct research in a variety of people because different people may
respond differently to treatments.Some people participate in clinical trials because they
have exhausted standard treatment options.Other people participate in trials because they
want to contribute to the advancement of medical knowledge.
3 The FDA（食品及药物管理局）works to protect participants in clinical trials and to
ensure that people have reliable information as they decide whether to join a clinical trial.
Although efforts are made to control the risks to clinical trial participants,some risks may be
unavoidable because of the uncertainty inherent（内在的）in medical research studies
involving new medical treatments.
4 People should learn as much as possible about the clinical trials that interest them.They
should also feel comfortable discussing their questions and concerns with members of the
health care team. Prospective（预期的）participants should understand what happens
during the trial,the type of health care they will receive,and any costs to them.Anyone
considering a clinical trial should also know that there are benefits and risks associated with
participating.Learn as much as you can about a clinical trial_________.
A: for some patients
B: before participation
C: in humans
D:medical knowledge
E: during the trial
F: candidates for clinical trials答案：B解析： -
第12题：
共用题干
Cancer Drug Trials Often Halted Early
An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated,say Italian researchers,who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use.
The researchers looked at 25 randomized,controlled clinical trials that were stopped ear-ly because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients.
“When we analyzed 25 trials over a 10-year period between 1997 and 2007,we found a consistent increase in prematurely stopped trials一more than 50 percent were stopped within the last three years,”study co-author Giovanni Apolone said at a news conference Tuesday.
Of 14 trials halted early and published between 2005 and 2007,the researchers found that 11(79 percent)of them were used to support drug approval applications submitted to the European Medicines Agency and the U.S.Food and Drug Administration.
“This suggests a strong commercial component in stopping trials prematurely.In fact, this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies.On the other hand, a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an ‘immature’benefit/risk balance of new drugs,”Apolone said.
He and his colleagues“are aware that trials stopped early because they are showing ben-efit may result in identification of promising new treatments for patients.However,findings obtained following this strategy should be considered to be preliminary results that require subsequent confirmation.”
It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treat-ment to become apparent, Apolone noted, but the average duration（持续时间）of the 25 studies he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months,with a range from 12 to 64 months.
They also found that at the time five of the studies were stopped,they'd enrolled less than 40 percent of the total number of patients planned for final analysis.
“Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there's proof beyond rea- sonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior.That would be an ethical obligation,” Stuart Pocock,a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropi-cal Medicine in the United Kingdom,said at the news conference.“However,too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy（功效）without strong evidence being available.”The number of prematurely stopped clinical trials has increased recently.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：A解析：阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了七个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请选择C。
【解析】
题干意为“过早中止临床试验的数量最近一直在增加”。利用题干中的细节 信息词/短语the number of prematurely stopped clinical trials, recently作为定位线索，在短 文第一段中找到相关句：An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated,say Italian researchers, who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use．该段是独立成段句（提示：独立成段句上常设考点），该句意为“意大利的研究者们说‘越来越多对治疗癌症的新方法进行的临床试验在试验风险和益处未到充分评价之前就中止了’”，这表明“被提前中止的临床试验的数量呈上升趋势”，显然该句意义与题干意义一致。
题干意为“试验被过早中止的原因是因为治疗方法被证明是没有价值的”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语treatments , no value作为定位线索（trial是短文主题词，因此不用作定位线索），在短文第二段中找到相关句：The researchers looked at 25 randomized, controlled clinical trials that were stopped early because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients．相关句意为“研究者们随机分析了25项临床试验，这些试验被过早中止的原因是因为这些试验显现出了一些有益于病人的长处”。由此可见短文陈述的试验被过早中 止的原因和题干陈述的原因不一致，因此题干陈述了错误的信息。
题干意为“25项临床试验所涉及到的参与者人数大致相同”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语25 trials,the same number of participants作为定位线索，结果发现短文中涉及到25项试验的句子都没有具体提到参与试验的人数，因此题干陈述的信息（参与试验人数的信息）是短文中未提及的信息。
题干意为“一些试验被过早中止可能是出于商业方面的原因”。利用题干中的细节信息短语some of the trials, commercial reasons作为定位线索，在短文第五段中找到相关句：“This suggests a strong commercial component（与commercial reaons呼应）in stop-ping trials prematurely.In fact,this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies.On the other hand,a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an ‘immature' benefit/risk balance of new drugs,” Apolone said．相关句（第五段第一句）意为 “这表明在过早中止临床试验中含有明显的商业因素”，这表明过早中止临床试验有商业因素方面的影响。由此可见题干陈述的信息与短文内容一致。
题干意为“临床试验的参与者们对临床试验被提早中止感到高兴”。利用题干中的细节信息短语participants in the trials作为定位线索，同时关注题干中出现的修饰词 happy“高兴的”，结果发现短文中提到试验对象的句子并没有涉及到试验对象对试验中止的态度，因此题干陈述的信息是短文中未提及的信息。
题干意为“一些试验进行的时间太短因而不能显示出这些试验的长期效果”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语some of the trials, long-term effects作为定位线索，同时关注题干中出现的修饰词short，在短文第七段中找到相关句：It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treatment to become apparent,Apolo-ne noted, but the average duration（持续时间）of the 25 studies（与some of the trials呼应） he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months, with a range from 12 to 64 months．该句意为 “Apolone指出新的治疗方法是否长期具有益处或者是毒副作用可能要几年之后才能显现出来，但是他和他的同事们所研究的25项临床试验的平均试验时间为30个月，最短的为12个月，最长的为64个月”，这表明一些临床试验持续的时间太短，没有达到几年的时间，也因此不能显现出这些试验的长期效果。由此可见题干陈述的意义与短文意义一致。
题干意为“Stuart Pocock认为临床试验在任何情况都决不应该过早中止”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语Stuart Pocock, clinical trials作为定位线索，在短文最后一段中找到相关句：“Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there's proof beyond reasonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior.That would be an ethical obligation,”Stuart Pocock,a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom,said at the news conference.“However,too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy（功效）without strong evidence being availa- ble.”最后一段意为“Stuart Pocock说如果有充分的证据证明新的治疗方法更有优势时就应该提前中止该临床试验，然而太多的临床试验虽然没有充分的证据证明它们所谓的功效，却宣称有功效而提前中止了”。由此可知Stuart Pocock认为只要有充分的证据证明新的治疗方法更有优势时可以提前中止该临床试验，而不是题干提到的“在任何情况下都决不应该中止 临床试验”，因此题干陈述的信息与短文内容不一致。 -
第13题：
共用题干
Promising Resnlts from Cancer Study
A new experimental vaccine（疫苗）has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer.In a small Texas-based study,a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.
Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study.Forty一three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in tho advanced stages of the disease.They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months,and were carefully monitored for three years.In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.
This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.It stimulates（刺激）the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful,and attacks and destroys them.
The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general,although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.Every patient was injected with the same vaccine.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：B解析：阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了七个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请选择C。
【解析】
题干意为“疫苗治愈了所有参与试验的人。”关键词是cured。依据此关键词，可在文中第一段第二句找到相关叙述：“In a small Texas-based study, a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.”（位于美国达拉斯的贝勒大学医学中心的几位科学家研制出了一种疫苗，这种疫苗在一个基于德克萨斯州的小型研究中治愈了一些肺癌患者，减缓了其他患者的病情发展过程。）由此可见，这种疫苗并没有治愈所有参与实验者，故此题说法为“错误”的。
题干意为“超过四十人参与了这次研究。”关键词是forty。依据此关键词，可在文中第二段第二句找到相关叙述：“Forty-three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.”（四十三个肺癌患者参与到这些试验中。）由此可见参与人数确实超过了四十人，故此题说法为“正确”的。
题干意为“在试验中，处于疾病早期的患者恢复得更快。”关键词是the early stages和recovered。依据此关键词，可在文中第二段最后两句找到相关叙述：“In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.”（晚期患者中有三名患者的疾病消失，其他患者的病情在5 到24个月内没有扩散。然而，处于疾病早期的患者没有出现任何不同。）可见这种疫苗对晚期患者的效果比较明显，故此题说法为“错误”的。
题干意为“所有患者都来自达拉斯。”关键词是Dallas。依据此关键词，可在文中第一段第二句找到相关叙述：“In a small Texas-based study, a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.”（位于美国达拉斯的贝勒大学医学中心的几位科学家研制出了一种疫苗，这种疫苗在一个基于德克萨斯州的小型研究中治愈了一些肺癌患者，减缓了其他患者的病情发展过程。）由此可知，研制疫苗的科学家都来自位于达拉斯的贝勒大学医学中心，而病人是不是都来自达拉斯，这一点文中并没有提到，故此说法为“未提及”的。
题干意为“每一个病人都被注射同样的疫苗。”关键词是the same vaccine。 依据此关键词，可在文中第三段第一句、第二句找到相关叙述：“This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.”（这种新型疫苗使用了人体自身的免疫系统。每个病人的疫苗都是专门制造，然后被注射到手臂或腿上。）由此可见每个患者的疫苗都是不一样的，故此题说法为“错误”的。
题干意为“这种疫苗激活了免疫系统。”关键词是activates。依据此关键词， 可在文中第三段第三句找到相关叙述：“It stimulates the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful, and attacks and destroys them.”(疫苗能刺激人体免疫系统，使免疫系统意识到癌细胞是有害的，从而攻击和破坏它们。）由此可见这种疫苗是通过激活免疫系统发挥作用的，故此题说法为“正确”的。
题干意为“这种疫苗或许可用于治疗其他癌症。”关键词是other cancers。 依据此关键词，可在文中第四段第一句找到相关叙述：“The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.”（这种疫苗或许可以有效地对抗其他癌症。）由此可知，它是可以用于治疗其他癌症的，故此题说法为“正确”的。 -
第14题：
共用题干
Cancer Drug Trials Often Halted Early
An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated,say Italian researchers,who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use.
The researchers looked at 25 randomized,controlled clinical trials that were stopped ear-ly because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients.
“When we analyzed 25 trials over a 10-year period between 1997 and 2007,we found a consistent increase in prematurely stopped trials一more than 50 percent were stopped within the last three years,”study co-author Giovanni Apolone said at a news conference Tuesday.
Of 14 trials halted early and published between 2005 and 2007,the researchers found that 11(79 percent)of them were used to support drug approval applications submitted to the European Medicines Agency and the U.S.Food and Drug Administration.
“This suggests a strong commercial component in stopping trials prematurely.In fact, this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies.On the other hand, a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an ‘immature’benefit/risk balance of new drugs,”Apolone said.
He and his colleagues“are aware that trials stopped early because they are showing ben-efit may result in identification of promising new treatments for patients.However,findings obtained following this strategy should be considered to be preliminary results that require subsequent confirmation.”
It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treat-ment to become apparent, Apolone noted, but the average duration（持续时间）of the 25 studies he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months,with a range from 12 to 64 months.
They also found that at the time five of the studies were stopped,they'd enrolled less than 40 percent of the total number of patients planned for final analysis.
“Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there's proof beyond rea- sonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior.That would be an ethical obligation,” Stuart Pocock,a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropi-cal Medicine in the United Kingdom,said at the news conference.“However,too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy（功效）without strong evidence being available.”Stuart Pocock believed that in no case should clinical trials stop early.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：B解析：阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了七个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请选择C。
【解析】
题干意为“过早中止临床试验的数量最近一直在增加”。利用题干中的细节 信息词/短语the number of prematurely stopped clinical trials, recently作为定位线索，在短 文第一段中找到相关句：An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated,say Italian researchers, who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use．该段是独立成段句（提示：独立成段句上常设考点），该句意为“意大利的研究者们说‘越来越多对治疗癌症的新方法进行的临床试验在试验风险和益处未到充分评价之前就中止了’”，这表明“被提前中止的临床试验的数量呈上升趋势”，显然该句意义与题干意义一致。
题干意为“试验被过早中止的原因是因为治疗方法被证明是没有价值的”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语treatments , no value作为定位线索（trial是短文主题词，因此不用作定位线索），在短文第二段中找到相关句：The researchers looked at 25 randomized, controlled clinical trials that were stopped early because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients．相关句意为“研究者们随机分析了25项临床试验，这些试验被过早中止的原因是因为这些试验显现出了一些有益于病人的长处”。由此可见短文陈述的试验被过早中 止的原因和题干陈述的原因不一致，因此题干陈述了错误的信息。
题干意为“25项临床试验所涉及到的参与者人数大致相同”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语25 trials,the same number of participants作为定位线索，结果发现短文中涉及到25项试验的句子都没有具体提到参与试验的人数，因此题干陈述的信息（参与试验人数的信息）是短文中未提及的信息。
题干意为“一些试验被过早中止可能是出于商业方面的原因”。利用题干中的细节信息短语some of the trials, commercial reasons作为定位线索，在短文第五段中找到相关句：“This suggests a strong commercial component（与commercial reaons呼应）in stop-ping trials prematurely.In fact,this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies.On the other hand,a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an ‘immature' benefit/risk balance of new drugs,” Apolone said．相关句（第五段第一句）意为 “这表明在过早中止临床试验中含有明显的商业因素”，这表明过早中止临床试验有商业因素方面的影响。由此可见题干陈述的信息与短文内容一致。
题干意为“临床试验的参与者们对临床试验被提早中止感到高兴”。利用题干中的细节信息短语participants in the trials作为定位线索，同时关注题干中出现的修饰词 happy“高兴的”，结果发现短文中提到试验对象的句子并没有涉及到试验对象对试验中止的态度，因此题干陈述的信息是短文中未提及的信息。
题干意为“一些试验进行的时间太短因而不能显示出这些试验的长期效果”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语some of the trials, long-term effects作为定位线索，同时关注题干中出现的修饰词short，在短文第七段中找到相关句：It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treatment to become apparent,Apolo-ne noted, but the average duration（持续时间）of the 25 studies（与some of the trials呼应） he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months, with a range from 12 to 64 months．该句意为 “Apolone指出新的治疗方法是否长期具有益处或者是毒副作用可能要几年之后才能显现出来，但是他和他的同事们所研究的25项临床试验的平均试验时间为30个月，最短的为12个月，最长的为64个月”，这表明一些临床试验持续的时间太短，没有达到几年的时间，也因此不能显现出这些试验的长期效果。由此可见题干陈述的意义与短文意义一致。
题干意为“Stuart Pocock认为临床试验在任何情况都决不应该过早中止”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语Stuart Pocock, clinical trials作为定位线索，在短文最后一段中找到相关句：“Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there's proof beyond reasonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior.That would be an ethical obligation,”Stuart Pocock,a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom,said at the news conference.“However,too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy（功效）without strong evidence being availa- ble.”最后一段意为“Stuart Pocock说如果有充分的证据证明新的治疗方法更有优势时就应该提前中止该临床试验，然而太多的临床试验虽然没有充分的证据证明它们所谓的功效，却宣称有功效而提前中止了”。由此可知Stuart Pocock认为只要有充分的证据证明新的治疗方法更有优势时可以提前中止该临床试验，而不是题干提到的“在任何情况下都决不应该中止 临床试验”，因此题干陈述的信息与短文内容不一致。 -
第15题：
共用题干
Cancer Drug Trials Often Halted Early
An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated,say Italian researchers,who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use.
The researchers looked at 25 randomized,controlled clinical trials that were stopped ear-ly because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients.
“When we analyzed 25 trials over a 10-year period between 1997 and 2007,we found a consistent increase in prematurely stopped trials一more than 50 percent were stopped within the last three years,”study co-author Giovanni Apolone said at a news conference Tuesday.
Of 14 trials halted early and published between 2005 and 2007,the researchers found that 11(79 percent)of them were used to support drug approval applications submitted to the European Medicines Agency and the U.S.Food and Drug Administration.
“This suggests a strong commercial component in stopping trials prematurely.In fact, this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies.On the other hand, a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an ‘immature’benefit/risk balance of new drugs,”Apolone said.
He and his colleagues“are aware that trials stopped early because they are showing ben-efit may result in identification of promising new treatments for patients.However,findings obtained following this strategy should be considered to be preliminary results that require subsequent confirmation.”
It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treat-ment to become apparent, Apolone noted, but the average duration（持续时间）of the 25 studies he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months,with a range from 12 to 64 months.
They also found that at the time five of the studies were stopped,they'd enrolled less than 40 percent of the total number of patients planned for final analysis.
“Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there's proof beyond rea- sonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior.That would be an ethical obligation,” Stuart Pocock,a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropi-cal Medicine in the United Kingdom,said at the news conference.“However,too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy（功效）without strong evidence being available.”Some of the trials were probably stopped early for commercial reasons.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：A解析：阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了七个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请选择C。
【解析】
题干意为“过早中止临床试验的数量最近一直在增加”。利用题干中的细节 信息词/短语the number of prematurely stopped clinical trials, recently作为定位线索，在短 文第一段中找到相关句：An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated,say Italian researchers, who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use．该段是独立成段句（提示：独立成段句上常设考点），该句意为“意大利的研究者们说‘越来越多对治疗癌症的新方法进行的临床试验在试验风险和益处未到充分评价之前就中止了’”，这表明“被提前中止的临床试验的数量呈上升趋势”，显然该句意义与题干意义一致。
题干意为“试验被过早中止的原因是因为治疗方法被证明是没有价值的”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语treatments , no value作为定位线索（trial是短文主题词，因此不用作定位线索），在短文第二段中找到相关句：The researchers looked at 25 randomized, controlled clinical trials that were stopped early because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients．相关句意为“研究者们随机分析了25项临床试验，这些试验被过早中止的原因是因为这些试验显现出了一些有益于病人的长处”。由此可见短文陈述的试验被过早中 止的原因和题干陈述的原因不一致，因此题干陈述了错误的信息。
题干意为“25项临床试验所涉及到的参与者人数大致相同”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语25 trials,the same number of participants作为定位线索，结果发现短文中涉及到25项试验的句子都没有具体提到参与试验的人数，因此题干陈述的信息（参与试验人数的信息）是短文中未提及的信息。
题干意为“一些试验被过早中止可能是出于商业方面的原因”。利用题干中的细节信息短语some of the trials, commercial reasons作为定位线索，在短文第五段中找到相关句：“This suggests a strong commercial component（与commercial reaons呼应）in stop-ping trials prematurely.In fact,this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies.On the other hand,a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an ‘immature' benefit/risk balance of new drugs,” Apolone said．相关句（第五段第一句）意为 “这表明在过早中止临床试验中含有明显的商业因素”，这表明过早中止临床试验有商业因素方面的影响。由此可见题干陈述的信息与短文内容一致。
题干意为“临床试验的参与者们对临床试验被提早中止感到高兴”。利用题干中的细节信息短语participants in the trials作为定位线索，同时关注题干中出现的修饰词 happy“高兴的”，结果发现短文中提到试验对象的句子并没有涉及到试验对象对试验中止的态度，因此题干陈述的信息是短文中未提及的信息。
题干意为“一些试验进行的时间太短因而不能显示出这些试验的长期效果”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语some of the trials, long-term effects作为定位线索，同时关注题干中出现的修饰词short，在短文第七段中找到相关句：It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treatment to become apparent,Apolo-ne noted, but the average duration（持续时间）of the 25 studies（与some of the trials呼应） he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months, with a range from 12 to 64 months．该句意为 “Apolone指出新的治疗方法是否长期具有益处或者是毒副作用可能要几年之后才能显现出来，但是他和他的同事们所研究的25项临床试验的平均试验时间为30个月，最短的为12个月，最长的为64个月”，这表明一些临床试验持续的时间太短，没有达到几年的时间，也因此不能显现出这些试验的长期效果。由此可见题干陈述的意义与短文意义一致。
题干意为“Stuart Pocock认为临床试验在任何情况都决不应该过早中止”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语Stuart Pocock, clinical trials作为定位线索，在短文最后一段中找到相关句：“Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there's proof beyond reasonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior.That would be an ethical obligation,”Stuart Pocock,a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom,said at the news conference.“However,too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy（功效）without strong evidence being availa- ble.”最后一段意为“Stuart Pocock说如果有充分的证据证明新的治疗方法更有优势时就应该提前中止该临床试验，然而太多的临床试验虽然没有充分的证据证明它们所谓的功效，却宣称有功效而提前中止了”。由此可知Stuart Pocock认为只要有充分的证据证明新的治疗方法更有优势时可以提前中止该临床试验，而不是题干提到的“在任何情况下都决不应该中止 临床试验”，因此题干陈述的信息与短文内容不一致。 -
第16题：
共用题干
Rise in Number of Cancer Survivors
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States,after heart disease.
In the__________(1),it was often considered a death sentence.But many patients now
live longer_________(2)of improvements in discovery and treatment.
Researchers say death_________(3)in the United States from all cancers
combined have fallen for thirty years.Survival rates have increased for most of the top
fifteen cancers in both men and women,and for cancers in_________(4).
The National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
studied the number of cancer survivors.A cancer survivor is defined________(5)
anyone who has been found to have cancer. This would include current patients.
The study covered the period________(6)1971 to 2001.The researchers found
there are three__________(7)as many cancer survivors today as there were thirty years
ago.In 1971, the United States had about three million cancer__________(8).Today
there are about ten million.
The study also found that 64% of adults with cancer can expect to still be_______
(9)in five years,Thirty years ago,the five-year survival rate was 50%.The government
wants to________(10)the five-year survival rate to 70% by 2010.
The risk of cancer increases with age.The report says the majority of survivors are 65
years and ________(11).
But it says medical improvements have also helped children with cancer live
________(12)longer.Researchers say 80% of children with cancer will survive at
least five years after the discovery.About 75% will survive at________(13)ten years.
In the 1970s,the five-year survival rate for children was about 50%.In the 1960s,
most children did not survive cancer. Researchers say they ________(14)more
improvements in cancer treatment in the future.In fact,they say traditional cancer-
prevention programs are not enough anymore.They say public health programs should also
aim to support the_______(15)numbers of cancer survivors and their families._________(11)
A:older
B:old
C:younger
D:young答案：D解析： -
第17题：
共用题干
第三篇
Global Cancer Rates to Rise by 50% by 2020
The number of new cancer cases worldwide is expected to increase by 50%by the year
2020.But a new report suggests that as many as a third of new cancers could be avoided
by adopting healthier lifestyles and through public health action.
The World Cancer Report,released by the International Agency for Research on
Cancer,shows that cancer has now emerged as a major public health threat in developing
countries as well as rich ones.
Overall,cancer was responsible for 12%of all deaths in 2000.But in many countries
more than a quarter of all deaths are caused by cancer.
The report shows that 1 0 million new cancers were diagnosed globally in 2000,and that
number is expected to rise to 15 million by 2020.Researchers say most of that increase will
mainly be due to steadily aging populations in both developed and developing countries and
current trends in smoking and other unhealthy habits.
"Cancer has emerged as a major public health problem in developing countries for the
first time, matching its effect in industrialized（工业化的）countries , " said researcher Paul
Kleihues,MD,director of IARC,in a news release."Once considered a'Western'
disease,the Report highlights that more than 50 percent of the world's cancer burden,in
terms of both numbers of cases and deaths,already occurs in developing countries."
The risk of being diagnosed with cancer in developed countries is double that in less-
developed ones.However,the risk of dying from cancer is much higher in developing
countries , where 80% of cancer patients already have late-stage incurable tumors（肿瘤）
at the time of diagnosis.
Researchers say cancer rates have traditionally been higher in developed countries due
to greater exposure to tobacco,occupational carcinogens（致癌物）,and an unhealthy
Western diet and lifestyle.As less-developed countries become industrialized and more
prosperous,they tend to adopt the high-fat diet and low physical activity levels typically seen
in the West,which increase cancer rates.Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
A:There were 1 0 million cancer patients worldwide in 2000.
B:Generally,cancer accounted for 12% of all deaths in 2000.
C:Cancer is the cause of over 25%of all deaths in many countries.
D:It is expected that global cancer rates will go up by 50%by 2020.答案：A解析： -
第18题：
共用题干
Rise in Number of Cancer Survivors
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States,after heart disease.
In the__________(1),it was often considered a death sentence.But many patients now
live longer_________(2)of improvements in discovery and treatment.
Researchers say death_________(3)in the United States from all cancers
combined have fallen for thirty years.Survival rates have increased for most of the top
fifteen cancers in both men and women,and for cancers in_________(4).
The National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
studied the number of cancer survivors.A cancer survivor is defined________(5)
anyone who has been found to have cancer. This would include current patients.
The study covered the period________(6)1971 to 2001.The researchers found
there are three__________(7)as many cancer survivors today as there were thirty years
ago.In 1971, the United States had about three million cancer__________(8).Today
there are about ten million.
The study also found that 64% of adults with cancer can expect to still be_______
(9)in five years,Thirty years ago,the five-year survival rate was 50%.The government
wants to________(10)the five-year survival rate to 70% by 2010.
The risk of cancer increases with age.The report says the majority of survivors are 65
years and ________(11).
But it says medical improvements have also helped children with cancer live
________(12)longer.Researchers say 80% of children with cancer will survive at
least five years after the discovery.About 75% will survive at________(13)ten years.
In the 1970s,the five-year survival rate for children was about 50%.In the 1960s,
most children did not survive cancer. Researchers say they ________(14)more
improvements in cancer treatment in the future.In fact,they say traditional cancer-
prevention programs are not enough anymore.They say public health programs should also
aim to support the_______(15)numbers of cancer survivors and their families._________(8)
A:survivors
B:patients
C:doctors
D:researchers答案：A解析：