共用题干 第二篇Medical EducationIn 18th-century colonial America,those who wanted to become physicians either learned as personal students from established professionals or went abroad to study in the traditional schools of London,Paris, and Edinburgh.Medicine w

The British Medical Journal recently featured a strong response to what was judged an inappropriately lenient reaction by a medical school to a student cheating in an examination.
　　Although we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon, its prevention, or its effective management, much can be concluded and acted upon on the basis of common sense and concepts with face validity.
　　There is general agreement that there should be zero tolerance of cheating in a profession based on trust and one on which human lives depend. It is reasonable to assume that cheaters in medical school will be more likely than others to continue to act dishonestly with patients,colleagues, insurers, and government.
　　The behaviours under question are multifactorial in origin. There are familial, religious, and cultural values that are acquired long before medical school. For example, countries, cultures, and subcultures exist where bribes and dishonest behaviour are almost a norm. There are secondary schools in which neither staff nor students tolerate cheating and others where cheating is rampant;there are homes which imbue young people with high standards of ethical behaviour and others which leave ethical training to the harmful influence of television and the market place.
　　Medical schools reflect society and cannot be expected to remedy all the ills of a society. The selection process of medical students might be expected to favour candidates with integrity and positive ethical behaviour--if one had a reliable method for detecting such characteristics in advance. Medical schools should be the major focus of attention for imbuing future doctors with integrity and ethical sensitivity. Unfortunately there are troubling, if inconclusive, data that suggest that during medical school the ethical behaviour of medical students does not necessarily improve;indeed, moral development may actually stop or even regress.
　　The creation of a pervasive institutional culture of integrity is essential. It is critical that the academic and clinical leaders of the institution set a personal example of integrity. Medical schools must make their institutional position and their expectations of students absolutely clear from day one. The development of a school's culture of integrity requires a partnership with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and nurturing. Moreover, the school's examination system and general treatment of students must be perceived as fair. Finally, the treatment of infractions must be firm, fair, transparent, and consistent.
The author will probably agree with which of the following statements
　　

A. Medical schools should make exams easier for the students to alleviate the fierce competition.
B. Prominent figures in the medical institution should create a set of moral standards to be applied in medical schools.
C. Medical students should play an active role in the creation and preservation of a culture of integrity.
D. Those students who cheat in the exams should be instantly expelled from school.

The British Medical Journal recently featured a strong response to what was judged an inappropriately lenient reaction by a medical school to a student cheating in an examination.
　　Although we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon, its prevention, or its effective management, much can be concluded and acted upon on the basis of common sense and concepts with face validity.
　　There is general agreement that there should be zero tolerance of cheating in a profession based on trust and one on which human lives depend. It is reasonable to assume that cheaters in medical school will be more likely than others to continue to act dishonestly with patients,colleagues, insurers, and government.
　　The behaviours under question are multifactorial in origin. There are familial, religious, and cultural values that are acquired long before medical school. For example, countries, cultures, and subcultures exist where bribes and dishonest behaviour are almost a norm. There are secondary schools in which neither staff nor students tolerate cheating and others where cheating is rampant;there are homes which imbue young people with high standards of ethical behaviour and others which leave ethical training to the harmful influence of television and the market place.
　　Medical schools reflect society and cannot be expected to remedy all the ills of a society. The selection process of medical students might be expected to favour candidates with integrity and positive ethical behaviour--if one had a reliable method for detecting such characteristics in advance. Medical schools should be the major focus of attention for imbuing future doctors with integrity and ethical sensitivity. Unfortunately there are troubling, if inconclusive, data that suggest that during medical school the ethical behaviour of medical students does not necessarily improve;indeed, moral development may actually stop or even regress.
　　The creation of a pervasive institutional culture of integrity is essential. It is critical that the academic and clinical leaders of the institution set a personal example of integrity. Medical schools must make their institutional position and their expectations of students absolutely clear from day one. The development of a school's culture of integrity requires a partnership with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and nurturing. Moreover, the school's examination system and general treatment of students must be perceived as fair. Finally, the treatment of infractions must be firm, fair, transparent, and consistent.
According to the author, what precautions should medical schools take to prevent students from cheating
　　

A. Medical schools should establish a firm moral standard to weed out applicants with low integrity.
B. Medical schools should make efforts to remedy the ills of a society.
C. Medical schools should teach future doctors integrity and ethical values.
D. There is nothing medical schools can do to improve the ethical behaviour of their students.

共用题干
第二篇

Going Her Own Way

When she was twelve,Maria made her first important decision about the course of her life.She decided
that she wanted to continue her education.Most girls from middle-class families chose to stay at home after
primary school,though some attended private Catholic"finishing"schools.There they learned a little about
music,art,needlework,and how to make polite conversation. This was not the sort of education that interested
Maria-or her mother. By this time,she had begun to take her studies more seriously.She read constantly
and brought her books everywhere.One time she even brought her math book to the theater and tried to study
in the dark.
Maria knew that she wanted to go on learning in a serious way.That meant attending the public high
school,something that very few girls did.In Italy at the time,there were two types of high schools:the
"classical"schools and the"technical"schools. In the classical schools,the students followed a very tradi-
tional program of studies,with courses in Latin and Greek language and literature,and Italian literature and
history. The few girls who continued studying after primary school usually chose these schools.
Maria,however,wanted to attend a technical school.The technical schools were more modern than the
classical schools and they offered courses in modern languages,mathematics,science,and accounting. Most
people一including Maria's father一believed that girls would never be able to understand these subjects.
Furthermore,they did not think it was proper for girls to study them.
Maria did not care if it was proper or not.Math and science were the subjects that interested her most.
But before she could sign up for the technical school,she had to win her father's approval. She finally did,
with her mother's help,though for many years after,there was tension in the family. Maria's father continued to
oppose her plans,while her mother helped her.
In 1883,at age thirteen,Maria entered the"Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti"in Rome.
Her experience at this school is difficult for us to imagine.Though the courses included modern subjects,the
teaching methods were very traditional. Learning consisted of memorizing long lists of facts and repeating
them back to the teacher. Students were not supposed to ask questions or think for themselves in any way.
Teachers were very demanding;discipline in the classroom was strict;punishment was severe for those who
failed to achieve or were disobedient.

Maria's father probably__________.
A:had very modern views about women
B:had traditional views about women
C:had no opinion about women
D:thought women could not learn Latin

共用题干
第二篇

Going Her Own Way

When she was twelve,Maria made her first important decision about the course of her life.She decided
that she wanted to continue her education.Most girls from middle-class families chose to stay at home after
primary school,though some attended private Catholic"finishing"schools.There they learned a little about
music,art,needlework,and how to make polite conversation. This was not the sort of education that interested
Maria-or her mother. By this time,she had begun to take her studies more seriously.She read constantly
and brought her books everywhere.One time she even brought her math book to the theater and tried to study
in the dark.
Maria knew that she wanted to go on learning in a serious way.That meant attending the public high
school,something that very few girls did.In Italy at the time,there were two types of high schools:the
"classical"schools and the"technical"schools. In the classical schools,the students followed a very tradi-
tional program of studies,with courses in Latin and Greek language and literature,and Italian literature and
history. The few girls who continued studying after primary school usually chose these schools.
Maria,however,wanted to attend a technical school.The technical schools were more modern than the
classical schools and they offered courses in modern languages,mathematics,science,and accounting. Most
people一including Maria's father一believed that girls would never be able to understand these subjects.
Furthermore,they did not think it was proper for girls to study them.
Maria did not care if it was proper or not.Math and science were the subjects that interested her most.
But before she could sign up for the technical school,she had to win her father's approval. She finally did,
with her mother's help,though for many years after,there was tension in the family. Maria's father continued to
oppose her plans,while her mother helped her.
In 1883,at age thirteen,Maria entered the"Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti"in Rome.
Her experience at this school is difficult for us to imagine.Though the courses included modern subjects,the
teaching methods were very traditional. Learning consisted of memorizing long lists of facts and repeating
them back to the teacher. Students were not supposed to ask questions or think for themselves in any way.
Teachers were very demanding;discipline in the classroom was strict;punishment was severe for those who
failed to achieve or were disobedient.

High school teachers in Italy in those days were very_________.
A:modern
B:intelligent
C:scientific
D:strict

共用题干
College Night Owls Have Lower Grades
College students who are morning people tend to get better grades than those who are night owls（晚睡的人）,according to University of North Texas researchers.
They had 824 undergraduate（大学本科生的）students complete a health survey that includ-ed questions about sleep habits and daytime functioning,and found that students who are morning people had higher grade point averages(GPAs)than those who are night people.
"The finding that college students who are evening types have lower GPAs is a very important finding,sure to make its way into undergraduate psychology texts in the near future,along with the research showing that memory is improved by sleep,"study co-author Daniel J.Taylor said in a prepared statement.
"Further,these results suggest that it might be possible to improve academic performance by using chronotherapy（时间疗法）to help students retrain their biological clock to become more morning types,"Taylor said.
The research was expected to be presented Monday at SLEEP,the annual meeting of the As-sociated Professional（专业的）Sleep Societies ,in Baltimore.
In other findings expected to be heard at the meeting,University of Colorado researchers found a significant association between insomnia（失眠）and a decline in college students' aca-demic performance.
The study included 64 psychology,nursing and medical students,average age 27 .4 years,who were divided into two groups-low GPAs and high GPAs.
Among those with low GPAs,69 .7 percent had trouble falling asleep,53 .1 percent experi- enced leg kicks or twitches（痉挛）at night,65. 6 percent reported waking at night and having trouble falling back to sleep,and 72 .7 percent had difficulty concentrating during the day.
"In college、students,the complaint of difficulty concentrating during the day continues to have a considerable impact on their ability to succeed in the classroom,"study author Dr. James F. Pagel said in a prepared statement."This study showed that disordered sleep has significant harmful effects on a student's academic performance,including GPAs."

In the second study,students with low GPAs did NOT complain of______.
A: having trouble falling asleep
B: waking at night and having trouble falling back to sleep
C: having difficulty concentrating during the day
D: being kicked in the leg at night

共用题干
College Night Owls Have Lower Grades
College students who are morning people tend to get better grades than those who are night owls（晚睡的人）,according to University of North Texas researchers.
They had 824 undergraduate（大学本科生的）students complete a health survey that includ-ed questions about sleep habits and daytime functioning,and found that students who are morning people had higher grade point averages(GPAs)than those who are night people.
"The finding that college students who are evening types have lower GPAs is a very important finding,sure to make its way into undergraduate psychology texts in the near future,along with the research showing that memory is improved by sleep,"study co-author Daniel J.Taylor said in a prepared statement.
"Further,these results suggest that it might be possible to improve academic performance by using chronotherapy（时间疗法）to help students retrain their biological clock to become more morning types,"Taylor said.
The research was expected to be presented Monday at SLEEP,the annual meeting of the As-sociated Professional（专业的）Sleep Societies ,in Baltimore.
In other findings expected to be heard at the meeting,University of Colorado researchers found a significant association between insomnia（失眠）and a decline in college students' aca-demic performance.
The study included 64 psychology,nursing and medical students,average age 27 .4 years,who were divided into two groups-low GPAs and high GPAs.
Among those with low GPAs,69 .7 percent had trouble falling asleep,53 .1 percent experi- enced leg kicks or twitches（痉挛）at night,65. 6 percent reported waking at night and having trouble falling back to sleep,and 72 .7 percent had difficulty concentrating during the day.
"In college、students,the complaint of difficulty concentrating during the day continues to have a considerable impact on their ability to succeed in the classroom,"study author Dr. James F. Pagel said in a prepared statement."This study showed that disordered sleep has significant harmful effects on a student's academic performance,including GPAs."

In the first study,students who stay up late______.
A: had lower GPAs
B: had higher GPAs
C: performed equally well in their studies
D: had little difficulty concentrating.during the day

共用题干
College Night Owls Have Lower Grades
College students who are morning people tend to get better grades than those who are night owls（晚睡的人）,according to University of North Texas researchers.
They had 824 undergraduate（大学本科生的）students complete a health survey that includ-ed questions about sleep habits and daytime functioning,and found that students who are morning people had higher grade point averages(GPAs)than those who are night people.
"The finding that college students who are evening types have lower GPAs is a very important finding,sure to make its way into undergraduate psychology texts in the near future,along with the research showing that memory is improved by sleep,"study co-author Daniel J.Taylor said in a prepared statement.
"Further,these results suggest that it might be possible to improve academic performance by using chronotherapy（时间疗法）to help students retrain their biological clock to become more morning types,"Taylor said.
The research was expected to be presented Monday at SLEEP,the annual meeting of the As-sociated Professional（专业的）Sleep Societies ,in Baltimore.
In other findings expected to be heard at the meeting,University of Colorado researchers found a significant association between insomnia（失眠）and a decline in college students' aca-demic performance.
The study included 64 psychology,nursing and medical students,average age 27 .4 years,who were divided into two groups-low GPAs and high GPAs.
Among those with low GPAs,69 .7 percent had trouble falling asleep,53 .1 percent experi- enced leg kicks or twitches（痉挛）at night,65. 6 percent reported waking at night and having trouble falling back to sleep,and 72 .7 percent had difficulty concentrating during the day.
"In college、students,the complaint of difficulty concentrating during the day continues to have a considerable impact on their ability to succeed in the classroom,"study author Dr. James F. Pagel said in a prepared statement."This study showed that disordered sleep has significant harmful effects on a student's academic performance,including GPAs."

Mr. Taylor believed that the finding of their study would soon______.
A: be criticized by psychology students
B: be confirmed by psychological studies
C: be included in undergraduate psychology texts
D: become the most popular psychology text

共用题干
第二篇

Medical Education

In 18th-century colonial America,those who wanted to become physicians either
learned as personal students from established professionals or went abroad to study in the
traditional schools of London,Paris, and Edinburgh.Medicine was first taught formally by
specialists at the University of Pennsylvania,beginning in 1765,and in 1767 at King's
College(now Columbia University),the first institution in the colonies to give the degree of
doctor of medicine.Following the American Revolution,the Columbia medical faculty
(formerly of King's College)was combined with the College of Physicians and Surgeons,
chartered in 1809,which survives as a division of Columbia University.
In 1893 the Johns Hopkins Medical School required all applicants to have a college
degree and was the first to afford its students the opportunity to further their training in an
attached teaching hospita'.The growth of medical schools attached with established
institutions of earning went together with the development of proprietary（私营的）schools of
medicine run for personal profit,most of which had low standards and poor facilities.In
1910 Abraham Rexner,the American education reformer,wrote Medical Education in the
United States and Canada,exposing the poor conditions of most proprietary schools.
Subsequently，the American Medical Association(AMA)and the Association of American
Medical Coleges(AAMC) laid down standards for course content,qualifications of
teachers,laboratory facilities,connection with teaching hospitals,and licensing of medical
practitioners（开业医师）that survive to this day.
By the late 1980s the U.S. and Canada had 142 4-year medical colleges recognized by
the Liaison（联络）Committee on Medical Education to offer the M. a degree ; during the
1987-88 academic year,47,262 men and 25,686 women entered these colleges and an
estimated 11,752 men and 5,958 women were graduated.Graduates,after a year of
internship（实习期）,receive licenses to practice if they pass an examination given either by
a state board or by the Nafional Board of Medical Examiners.

Initially most proprietary schools of medicine in America
A:had estabiished professionals.
B:had good facilities.
C:had hgh standards
D:were in poor conditions.

共用题干
Charter Schools

American public education has changed in recent years.One change is that increasing
numbers of American parents and teachers are starting independent public schools
_______(1)charter schools（特许学校）.
In 1991,there were no charter schools in the United States.Today,more than 2,300
charter schools_________(2)in 34 states and the District of Columbia.575,000
students___________(3)these schools.The students are from 5 years of age through 18
or older.
A charter school is_________(4)by groups of parents,teachers and community
（社区）members. It is similar in some ways__________(5) a traditional public school.
It receives tax money to operate just as other public schools do.The_________(6)it
receives depends on the number of students.The charter school must prove to local or
state governments that its students are learning.These governments____________(7)the
school with the agreement,or charter that permits it to operate.
Unlike a traditional public school,__________(8),the charter school does not have
to obey most laws governing public schools.Local,state or federal governments cannot tell
it what to________(9).
Each school can choose its own goals and decide the ways it wants to___________
(10)those goals.Class sizes usually are smaller than in many traditional public schools.
Many students and parents say _________(11)in charter schools can be more
creative.
However,state education agencies,local education-governing committees and unions
often_________(12)charter schools.They say these schools may receive money
badly__________(13)by traditional public schools.Experts say some charter schools
are doing well while others are struggling.
Congress provided 200 million dollars for________(14)charter schools in the
2002 federal budget（预算）.But,often the schools say they lack enough money for their
_________(15).Many also lack needed space.

_________(4)
A:taught
B:held
C:created
D:understood

共用题干
第二篇

Medical Journals

Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other
health professionals.
In the past,these journals were available only in print.With the development of electronic publishing,
many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet,and some journals are published only online.A
few medical journals,like the Journal of the American Medical Association,are considered general medical
journals because they cover many fields of medicine.Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus
on a particular area of medicine.
Medical journals publish many types of articles.Research articles report the results of research studies
on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of
different treatments.Review articles summarize and analyze、the information available on a specific topic
based on a careful search of the medical literature.Because the results of individual research studies can be
affected by many factors,combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching
conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing,diagnosing or treating a particular disease.Case
conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular
illnesses and how to treat them. Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the
authors,often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue.Editorials provide a per-
spective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic.Letters to the editor provide
it way for readers of the medical journal to express comments,questions or criticisms about articles published
in that journal.

Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on__________.
A:any medical event
B:articles published in the same issue
C:articles published in that journal
D:medical development

共用题干
第二篇

Medical Journals

Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other
health professionals.
In the past,these journals were available only in print.With the development of electronic publishing,
many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet,and some journals are published only online.A
few medical journals,like the Journal of the American Medical Association,are considered general medical
journals because they cover many fields of medicine.Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus
on a particular area of medicine.
Medical journals publish many types of articles.Research articles report the results of research studies
on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of
different treatments.Review articles summarize and analyze、the information available on a specific topic
based on a careful search of the medical literature.Because the results of individual research studies can be
affected by many factors,combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching
conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing,diagnosing or treating a particular disease.Case
conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular
illnesses and how to treat them. Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the
authors,often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue.Editorials provide a per-
spective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic.Letters to the editor provide
it way for readers of the medical journal to express comments,questions or criticisms about articles published
in that journal.

An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called__________.
A:a research article
B:a review article
C:a case report
D:an editorial

请阅读Passage 1，完成第小题。
Passage 1
The British Medical Journal recently featured a strong response to what was judged an inappropriately lenient reaction by a medical school to a student cheating in an examination.
Although we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon, its prevention, or its effective management, much can be concluded and acted upon on the basis of common sense and concepts with face validity.
There is general agreement that there should be zero tolerance of cheating in a profession based on trust and one on which human lives depend. It is reasonable to assume that cheaters in medical school will be more likely than others to continue to act dishonestly with patients,colleagues, insurers, and government.
The behaviours under question are multifactorial in origin. There are familial, religious, and cultural values that are acquired long before medical school. For example, countries, cultures, and subcultures exist where bribes and dishonest behaviour are almost a norm. There are secondary schools in which neither staff nor students tolerate cheating and others where cheating is rampant;there are homes which imbue young people with high standards of ethical behaviour and others which leave ethical training to the harmful influence of television and the market place.
Medical schools reflect society and cannot be expected to remedy all the ills of a society. The selection process of medical students might be expected to favour candidates with integrity and positive ethical behaviour--if one had a reliable method for detecting such characteristics in advance. Medical schools should be the major focus of attention for imbuing future doctors with integrity and ethical sensitivity. Unfortunately there are troubling, if inconclusive, data that suggest that during medical school the ethical behaviour of medical students does not necessarily improve;indeed, moral development may actually stop or even regress.
The creation of a pervasive institutional culture of integrity is essential. It is critical that the academic and clinical leaders of the institution set a personal example of integrity. Medical schools must make their institutional position and their expectations of students absolutely clear from day one. The development of a school's culture of integrity requires a partnership with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and nurturing. Moreover, the school's examination system and general treatment of students must be perceived as fair. Finally, the treatment of infractions must be firm, fair, transparent, and consistent.

According to the author, what precautions should medical schools take to prevent students from cheating?
查看材料

A．Medical schools should establish a firm moral standard to weed out applicants with low integrity.
B．Medical schools should make efforts to remedy the ills of a society.
C．Medical schools should teach future doctors integrity and ethical values.
D．There is nothing medical schools can do to improve the ethical behaviour of their students.

共用题干
第二篇

Going Her Own Way

When she was twelve,Maria made her first important decision about the course of her life.She decided
that she wanted to continue her education.Most girls from middle-class families chose to stay at home after
primary school,though some attended private Catholic"finishing"schools.There they learned a little about
music,art,needlework,and how to make polite conversation. This was not the sort of education that interested
Maria-or her mother. By this time,she had begun to take her studies more seriously.She read constantly
and brought her books everywhere.One time she even brought her math book to the theater and tried to study
in the dark.
Maria knew that she wanted to go on learning in a serious way.That meant attending the public high
school,something that very few girls did.In Italy at the time,there were two types of high schools:the
"classical"schools and the"technical"schools. In the classical schools,the students followed a very tradi-
tional program of studies,with courses in Latin and Greek language and literature,and Italian literature and
history. The few girls who continued studying after primary school usually chose these schools.
Maria,however,wanted to attend a technical school.The technical schools were more modern than the
classical schools and they offered courses in modern languages,mathematics,science,and accounting. Most
people一including Maria's father一believed that girls would never be able to understand these subjects.
Furthermore,they did not think it was proper for girls to study them.
Maria did not care if it was proper or not.Math and science were the subjects that interested her most.
But before she could sign up for the technical school,she had to win her father's approval. She finally did,
with her mother's help,though for many years after,there was tension in the family. Maria's father continued to
oppose her plans,while her mother helped her.
In 1883,at age thirteen,Maria entered the"Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti"in Rome.
Her experience at this school is difficult for us to imagine.Though the courses included modern subjects,the
teaching methods were very traditional. Learning consisted of memorizing long lists of facts and repeating
them back to the teacher. Students were not supposed to ask questions or think for themselves in any way.
Teachers were very demanding;discipline in the classroom was strict;punishment was severe for those who
failed to achieve or were disobedient.

In those days,most Italian girls__________.
A:went to classical schools
B:didn't go to high. school
C:went to"finishing"schools
D:went to technical schools

共用题干
第二篇

Going Her Own Way

When she was twelve,Maria made her first important decision about the course of her life.She decided
that she wanted to continue her education.Most girls from middle-class families chose to stay at home after
primary school,though some attended private Catholic"finishing"schools.There they learned a little about
music,art,needlework,and how to make polite conversation. This was not the sort of education that interested
Maria-or her mother. By this time,she had begun to take her studies more seriously.She read constantly
and brought her books everywhere.One time she even brought her math book to the theater and tried to study
in the dark.
Maria knew that she wanted to go on learning in a serious way.That meant attending the public high
school,something that very few girls did.In Italy at the time,there were two types of high schools:the
"classical"schools and the"technical"schools. In the classical schools,the students followed a very tradi-
tional program of studies,with courses in Latin and Greek language and literature,and Italian literature and
history. The few girls who continued studying after primary school usually chose these schools.
Maria,however,wanted to attend a technical school.The technical schools were more modern than the
classical schools and they offered courses in modern languages,mathematics,science,and accounting. Most
people一including Maria's father一believed that girls would never be able to understand these subjects.
Furthermore,they did not think it was proper for girls to study them.
Maria did not care if it was proper or not.Math and science were the subjects that interested her most.
But before she could sign up for the technical school,she had to win her father's approval. She finally did,
with her mother's help,though for many years after,there was tension in the family. Maria's father continued to
oppose her plans,while her mother helped her.
In 1883,at age thirteen,Maria entered the"Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti"in Rome.
Her experience at this school is difficult for us to imagine.Though the courses included modern subjects,the
teaching methods were very traditional. Learning consisted of memorizing long lists of facts and repeating
them back to the teacher. Students were not supposed to ask questions or think for themselves in any way.
Teachers were very demanding;discipline in the classroom was strict;punishment was severe for those who
failed to achieve or were disobedient.

Maria wanted to attend a__________.
A:private"finishing" school
B:school with Latin and Greek
C:technical high school
D:school for art and music

共用题干
第二篇

Going Her Own Way

When she was twelve,Maria made her first important decision about the course of her life.She decided
that she wanted to continue her education.Most girls from middle-class families chose to stay at home after
primary school,though some attended private Catholic"finishing"schools.There they learned a little about
music,art,needlework,and how to make polite conversation. This was not the sort of education that interested
Maria-or her mother. By this time,she had begun to take her studies more seriously.She read constantly
and brought her books everywhere.One time she even brought her math book to the theater and tried to study
in the dark.
Maria knew that she wanted to go on learning in a serious way.That meant attending the public high
school,something that very few girls did.In Italy at the time,there were two types of high schools:the
"classical"schools and the"technical"schools. In the classical schools,the students followed a very tradi-
tional program of studies,with courses in Latin and Greek language and literature,and Italian literature and
history. The few girls who continued studying after primary school usually chose these schools.
Maria,however,wanted to attend a technical school.The technical schools were more modern than the
classical schools and they offered courses in modern languages,mathematics,science,and accounting. Most
people一including Maria's father一believed that girls would never be able to understand these subjects.
Furthermore,they did not think it was proper for girls to study them.
Maria did not care if it was proper or not.Math and science were the subjects that interested her most.
But before she could sign up for the technical school,she had to win her father's approval. She finally did,
with her mother's help,though for many years after,there was tension in the family. Maria's father continued to
oppose her plans,while her mother helped her.
In 1883,at age thirteen,Maria entered the"Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti"in Rome.
Her experience at this school is difficult for us to imagine.Though the courses included modern subjects,the
teaching methods were very traditional. Learning consisted of memorizing long lists of facts and repeating
them back to the teacher. Students were not supposed to ask questions or think for themselves in any way.
Teachers were very demanding;discipline in the classroom was strict;punishment was severe for those who
failed to achieve or were disobedient.

We can infer from this passage that__________.
A:girls usually attended private primary schools
B:only girls attended classical schools
C:girls did not like going to school
D:Maria was a girl who had very strong will

共用题干
College Night Owls Have Lower Grades
College students who are morning people tend to get better grades than those who are night owls（晚睡的人）,according to University of North Texas researchers.
They had 824 undergraduate（大学本科生的）students complete a health survey that includ-ed questions about sleep habits and daytime functioning,and found that students who are morning people had higher grade point averages(GPAs)than those who are night people.
"The finding that college students who are evening types have lower GPAs is a very important finding,sure to make its way into undergraduate psychology texts in the near future,along with the research showing that memory is improved by sleep,"study co-author Daniel J.Taylor said in a prepared statement.
"Further,these results suggest that it might be possible to improve academic performance by using chronotherapy（时间疗法）to help students retrain their biological clock to become more morning types,"Taylor said.
The research was expected to be presented Monday at SLEEP,the annual meeting of the As-sociated Professional（专业的）Sleep Societies ,in Baltimore.
In other findings expected to be heard at the meeting,University of Colorado researchers found a significant association between insomnia（失眠）and a decline in college students' aca-demic performance.
The study included 64 psychology,nursing and medical students,average age 27 .4 years,who were divided into two groups-low GPAs and high GPAs.
Among those with low GPAs,69 .7 percent had trouble falling asleep,53 .1 percent experi- enced leg kicks or twitches（痉挛）at night,65. 6 percent reported waking at night and having trouble falling back to sleep,and 72 .7 percent had difficulty concentrating during the day.
"In college、students,the complaint of difficulty concentrating during the day continues to have a considerable impact on their ability to succeed in the classroom,"study author Dr. James F. Pagel said in a prepared statement."This study showed that disordered sleep has significant harmful effects on a student's academic performance,including GPAs."

The passage indicates that chronotherapy can be used to help people to______.
A: forget their troubles
B: improve their image
C: better their social relationships
D: readjust their biological clock

共用题干
第二篇

Medical Education

In 18th-century colonial America,those who wanted to become physicians either
learned as personal students from established professionals or went abroad to study in the
traditional schools of London,Paris, and Edinburgh.Medicine was first taught formally by
specialists at the University of Pennsylvania,beginning in 1765,and in 1767 at King's
College(now Columbia University),the first institution in the colonies to give the degree of
doctor of medicine.Following the American Revolution,the Columbia medical faculty
(formerly of King's College)was combined with the College of Physicians and Surgeons,
chartered in 1809,which survives as a division of Columbia University.
In 1893 the Johns Hopkins Medical School required all applicants to have a college
degree and was the first to afford its students the opportunity to further their training in an
attached teaching hospita'.The growth of medical schools attached with established
institutions of earning went together with the development of proprietary（私营的）schools of
medicine run for personal profit,most of which had low standards and poor facilities.In
1910 Abraham Rexner,the American education reformer,wrote Medical Education in the
United States and Canada,exposing the poor conditions of most proprietary schools.
Subsequently，the American Medical Association(AMA)and the Association of American
Medical Coleges(AAMC) laid down standards for course content,qualifications of
teachers,laboratory facilities,connection with teaching hospitals,and licensing of medical
practitioners（开业医师）that survive to this day.
By the late 1980s the U.S. and Canada had 142 4-year medical colleges recognized by
the Liaison（联络）Committee on Medical Education to offer the M. a degree ; during the
1987-88 academic year,47,262 men and 25,686 women entered these colleges and an
estimated 11,752 men and 5,958 women were graduated.Graduates,after a year of
internship（实习期）,receive licenses to practice if they pass an examination given either by
a state board or by the Nafional Board of Medical Examiners.

The AMA and AAMC established standards so as to
A:recruit more students.
B:set up more schools of rnedicine.
C:ensure the quality of medical teaching and practice.
D:prevent medical schools from making huge profits.

共用题干
第二篇

Medical Education

In 18th-century colonial America,those who wanted to become physicians either
learned as personal students from established professionals or went abroad to study in the
traditional schools of London,Paris, and Edinburgh.Medicine was first taught formally by
specialists at the University of Pennsylvania,beginning in 1765,and in 1767 at King's
College(now Columbia University),the first institution in the colonies to give the degree of
doctor of medicine.Following the American Revolution,the Columbia medical faculty
(formerly of King's College)was combined with the College of Physicians and Surgeons,
chartered in 1809,which survives as a division of Columbia University.
In 1893 the Johns Hopkins Medical School required all applicants to have a college
degree and was the first to afford its students the opportunity to further their training in an
attached teaching hospita'.The growth of medical schools attached with established
institutions of earning went together with the development of proprietary（私营的）schools of
medicine run for personal profit,most of which had low standards and poor facilities.In
1910 Abraham Rexner,the American education reformer,wrote Medical Education in the
United States and Canada,exposing the poor conditions of most proprietary schools.
Subsequently，the American Medical Association(AMA)and the Association of American
Medical Coleges(AAMC) laid down standards for course content,qualifications of
teachers,laboratory facilities,connection with teaching hospitals,and licensing of medical
practitioners（开业医师）that survive to this day.
By the late 1980s the U.S. and Canada had 142 4-year medical colleges recognized by
the Liaison（联络）Committee on Medical Education to offer the M. a degree ; during the
1987-88 academic year,47,262 men and 25,686 women entered these colleges and an
estimated 11,752 men and 5,958 women were graduated.Graduates,after a year of
internship（实习期）,receive licenses to practice if they pass an examination given either by
a state board or by the Nafional Board of Medical Examiners.

In l8th-century America,higher institutions of learning that taught medicine
A:did not exist.
B:were few in number.
C:were better than those in Europe.
D:were known for thei:teaching hospitals.

共用题干
第二篇

Medical Education

In 18th-century colonial America,those who wanted to become physicians either
learned as personal students from established professionals or went abroad to study in the
traditional schools of London,Paris, and Edinburgh.Medicine was first taught formally by
specialists at the University of Pennsylvania,beginning in 1765,and in 1767 at King's
College(now Columbia University),the first institution in the colonies to give the degree of
doctor of medicine.Following the American Revolution,the Columbia medical faculty
(formerly of King's College)was combined with the College of Physicians and Surgeons,
chartered in 1809,which survives as a division of Columbia University.
In 1893 the Johns Hopkins Medical School required all applicants to have a college
degree and was the first to afford its students the opportunity to further their training in an
attached teaching hospita'.The growth of medical schools attached with established
institutions of earning went together with the development of proprietary（私营的）schools of
medicine run for personal profit,most of which had low standards and poor facilities.In
1910 Abraham Rexner,the American education reformer,wrote Medical Education in the
United States and Canada,exposing the poor conditions of most proprietary schools.
Subsequently，the American Medical Association(AMA)and the Association of American
Medical Coleges(AAMC) laid down standards for course content,qualifications of
teachers,laboratory facilities,connection with teaching hospitals,and licensing of medical
practitioners（开业医师）that survive to this day.
By the late 1980s the U.S. and Canada had 142 4-year medical colleges recognized by
the Liaison（联络）Committee on Medical Education to offer the M. a degree ; during the
1987-88 academic year,47,262 men and 25,686 women entered these colleges and an
estimated 11,752 men and 5,958 women were graduated.Graduates,after a year of
internship（实习期）,receive licenses to practice if they pass an examination given either by
a state board or by the Nafional Board of Medical Examiners.

This passage is mainly about
A:how medicine is taught in America.
B:how medical education has developed in America.
C:how the American educational system works.
D:how one can become a good doctor.

共用题干
第二篇

Medical Journals

Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other
health professionals.
In the past,these journals were available only in print.With the development of electronic publishing,
many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet,and some journals are published only online.A
few medical journals,like the Journal of the American Medical Association,are considered general medical
journals because they cover many fields of medicine.Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus
on a particular area of medicine.
Medical journals publish many types of articles.Research articles report the results of research studies
on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of
different treatments.Review articles summarize and analyze、the information available on a specific topic
based on a careful search of the medical literature.Because the results of individual research studies can be
affected by many factors,combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching
conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing,diagnosing or treating a particular disease.Case
conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular
illnesses and how to treat them. Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the
authors,often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue.Editorials provide a per-
spective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic.Letters to the editor provide
it way for readers of the medical journal to express comments,questions or criticisms about articles published
in that journal.

How many major types of articles are mentioned in the passage?
A:Five.
B:Seven.
C:Four.
D:Six.

共用题干
第二篇

Medical Journals

Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other
health professionals.
In the past,these journals were available only in print.With the development of electronic publishing,
many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet,and some journals are published only online.A
few medical journals,like the Journal of the American Medical Association,are considered general medical
journals because they cover many fields of medicine.Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus
on a particular area of medicine.
Medical journals publish many types of articles.Research articles report the results of research studies
on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of
different treatments.Review articles summarize and analyze、the information available on a specific topic
based on a careful search of the medical literature.Because the results of individual research studies can be
affected by many factors,combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching
conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing,diagnosing or treating a particular disease.Case
conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular
illnesses and how to treat them. Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the
authors,often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue.Editorials provide a per-
spective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic.Letters to the editor provide
it way for readers of the medical journal to express comments,questions or criticisms about articles published
in that journal.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A:Many medical journals also are published online.
B:A few medical journals are general medical journals.
C:Most medical journals are published only online.
D:Most medical journals are specialty journals.

共用题干
第二篇

Medical Journals

Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other
health professionals.
In the past,these journals were available only in print.With the development of electronic publishing,
many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet,and some journals are published only online.A
few medical journals,like the Journal of the American Medical Association,are considered general medical
journals because they cover many fields of medicine.Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus
on a particular area of medicine.
Medical journals publish many types of articles.Research articles report the results of research studies
on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of
different treatments.Review articles summarize and analyze、the information available on a specific topic
based on a careful search of the medical literature.Because the results of individual research studies can be
affected by many factors,combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching
conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing,diagnosing or treating a particular disease.Case
conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular
illnesses and how to treat them. Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the
authors,often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue.Editorials provide a per-
spective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic.Letters to the editor provide
it way for readers of the medical journal to express comments,questions or criticisms about articles published
in that journal.

The main readers of medical journals are_________.
A:the general public
B:health professionals
C:medical critics
D:news reporters