Geothermal(地热)Energy1 Since heat naturally moves from hotter regions to cooler ones, the heat from the earth's center flows outwards towards the surface. In this way, it transfers to the next layer of rock. If the temperature is high enough, some of this

共用题干
第二篇

Energy and Public Lands

The United States boasts substantial energy resources.Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy
production,the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing（租赁）,both on land and on
the offshore Outer Continental Shelf. Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total
annual US energy production.
In 2000,32 percent of US oil,35 percent of natural gas,and 37 percent of coal were produced from
federal lands,representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases.Federal lands
are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of
undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil,gas,and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as
State Government.In 1999,for example,$553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury,
and non-Indian coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues,of which 50 percent were paid to
State governments.Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery.Each year,federal land managers
authorize rights of way for transmission lines,rail systems,pipelines,and other facilities related to energy
production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy production,though the
amount is still significant. For example , federal geothermal（地热）resources produce about 7. 5 billion
kilowatt-hours（千瓦时）of electricity per year , 47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal
energy.There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone,producing electricity for about
300 ,000 people. Federal hydropower（水电）facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced
in the United States.
Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with dependence on foreign oil
sources,pressure on public lands to meet US energy demand is becoming more intense.Public lands are
available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process.
If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources,development restric-
tions or impact moderation measures may be enforced,or mineral production may be banned altogether.

Public lands can be used for energy development when_________________.
A:energy development restrictions are effective
B:federal land managers grant permissions
C:they go through the land use planning process
D:there is enough federal budget

共用题干
Energy and Public Lands
The United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy production,the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing （租赁）both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual US energy production.
In 2000,32 percent of US oil,35 percent of natural gas,and 37 percent of coal were pro-duced from federal lands,representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases. Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undis-covered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil,gas,and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as State Government. In 1999,for example,$553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury,and non-India coal leases accounted for over$304 million in revenues,of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery. Each year , federal land managers authorize（许可）rights of way for transmission lines , rail systems , pipe-lines,and other facilities related to energy production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy pro-duction , though the amount is still significant. For example , federal geothermal（地热）re-sources produce about 7. 5 billion kilowatt-hours（千瓦时）of electricity per year,47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal energy. There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone,producing electricity for about 300,000 people. Federal hydropower （水电）facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States.
Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with depend-ence on foreign off sources,pressure on public lands to meet US energy demand is becoming more intense. Public lands are available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process.If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources,development restrictions or impact moderation measures may be enforced,or mineral be banned altogether.

Geothermal resources,wind turbines,and hydropower facilities in Paragraph 4 are ci-ted as examples to illustrate that______.
A: alternative energy production is no less than conventional energy production
B: they are the most typical conventional energy resources from public lands
C: geothermal resources are more important than the other two
D: the amount of alternative energy production from public lands is huge

In a binary plant, the heat of the geothermal water can be converted into _____.

A.the energy to turn a turbine
B.impermeable rock
C.one or two separators
D.turbine operator
E.little or no water
F.hot springs

共用题干
Green Energy

1.Green energy is energy that is produced in a manner that has, less of a negative impact to the environment than energy sources like fossil fuels,which are often produced with harmful side effects."Greener" types of energy that often come to mind are solar,wind,geothermal and hydro energy.There are several more,even including nuclear energy,that is sometimes considered a green energy source because of its lower waste output relative to energy sources such as coal or oil.
2.The goal of green energy is generally to create power with as little pollution as possible produced as a by-product. Every form of energy collection will result in some pollution,but those that are green are known to cause less than those that are not. Most people who advocate greener sources of energy claim that the result of worldwide use of green energy will result in the ability to preserve the planet for a longer time.Greenhouse gases,a by-product of traditional sources of energy such as fossil fuels are thought to be causing global warming,or the process of the Earth heating up at an accelerated pace.
3.It is not completely necessary for green energy sources to come from places like solar or wind fields,which are examples of green"power plants".A green energy source can be a building that is designed in a way that it keeps itself cool in the daytime and heated in the night through its architectural design rather than having an air-conditioning or a heating system. The conservation of energy through architectural（建筑学的）design becomes, itself, a green energy source. Similarly, many sources of green energy can come directly from the area in which the energy is needed rather than from an outside source.
4.One of the goals of green energy technology is to take existing fossil fuel energy technology and clean it up so it is produced more cleanly. One such case is that of clean coal technology,where scientists are trying to find ways to extract energy from coal and other fossil fuels without all of the harmful side effects.The success of such these types of green energy depend upon the ability to extract harmful by-products from fossil fuels while not only being energy efficient,but by being cost efficient as well.

Paragraph 3______
A:Why Do We Develop Green Energy?
B:What Is the Goal of Green Energy?
C:What Is the Weakness of Green Energy?
D:What Is a Green Energy?
E:How Much Does the Green Energy Cost Every Year?
F: How Many Kinds of Green Energy We Can Take Use of?

共用题干
Google's Solar Energy Gambit（策略）

Google is making its largest investment yet in clean energy,setting up a $280 million fund to finance home solar rooftop（屋顶）installations.
The search giant announced today it was teaming up with the Silicon Valley's Solar City一a company chaired by Paypal co-founder and Tesla Motors executive Elon Musk一in an effort to break down the biggest barrier to solar energy adoption:the cost."It's a great way to support installations going into more homes,"said Google spokesperson Parag Chokshi.The $280 million fund is the largest fund ever created for residential solar in the United States,according to Solar City,which has raised a total of$I.28 billion in financing capacity during its five-year history.
Google over the past several years has invested in large,utility-scale wind and solar,enhanced geothermal（地热）energy,and other renewable energy projects,for a grand total of more than $680 million in the sector. But today's deal is not only Google's largest foray（突袭）into the sector, it is its first investment in distributed energy. Based in San Mateo,California,less than 20 miles north of Google's Mountain View headquarters,Solar City describes itseff as a solar power service provider. The idea is that people want affordable,clean energy一but they often can't afford to buy a photovoltaic system upfront. Solar City is one of a number of companies that have attempted to help people overcome that cost hurdle（障碍）by leasing,instead of owning their rooftop solar systems.
Solar City's leases and power-purchase agreements to homeowners,businesses,and schools promise a lower monthly electricity bill(including a set payment to Solar City in addition to utility payments)than customers would get with their usual electricity from the grid.Solar City not only finances these photovoltaic projects,but also designs,installs,monitors,and maintains the systems. Recently,since buying the assets of a company called Business Solutions last year,Solar City has also begun offering energy audits and small home improvements(like installing programmable thermostats)that can make a big difference in energy use.
Until now,Solar City has financed most of its 15,000 projects through banks,Chief Executive Lyndon Rive said in an interview. But the problem is only about a half dozen banks are doing solar financing,he said.So in order for Solar City's model to achieve"true scale,"it must"unleash the available capital of corporate America,"he said.Rive is hopeful that Google's move today will set an example for other corporations to make similar investments.

Google is the biggest clean energy company in the world.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentiond

共用题干
Green Energy

1.Green energy is energy that is produced in a manner that has, less of a negative impact to the environment than energy sources like fossil fuels,which are often produced with harmful side effects."Greener" types of energy that often come to mind are solar,wind,geothermal and hydro energy.There are several more,even including nuclear energy,that is sometimes considered a green energy source because of its lower waste output relative to energy sources such as coal or oil.
2.The goal of green energy is generally to create power with as little pollution as possible produced as a by-product. Every form of energy collection will result in some pollution,but those that are green are known to cause less than those that are not. Most people who advocate greener sources of energy claim that the result of worldwide use of green energy will result in the ability to preserve the planet for a longer time.Greenhouse gases,a by-product of traditional sources of energy such as fossil fuels are thought to be causing global warming,or the process of the Earth heating up at an accelerated pace.
3.It is not completely necessary for green energy sources to come from places like solar or wind fields,which are examples of green"power plants".A green energy source can be a building that is designed in a way that it keeps itself cool in the daytime and heated in the night through its architectural design rather than having an air-conditioning or a heating system. The conservation of energy through architectural（建筑学的）design becomes, itself, a green energy source. Similarly, many sources of green energy can come directly from the area in which the energy is needed rather than from an outside source.
4.One of the goals of green energy technology is to take existing fossil fuel energy technology and clean it up so it is produced more cleanly. One such case is that of clean coal technology,where scientists are trying to find ways to extract energy from coal and other fossil fuels without all of the harmful side effects.The success of such these types of green energy depend upon the ability to extract harmful by-products from fossil fuels while not only being energy efficient,but by being cost efficient as well.

The success of green energy depend upon the ability to extract harmful by-products from______.
A:global warming
B:carbon emission
C:lower waste output
D:a green energy source
E:fossil fuels
F: clean fuels

根据以下材料，回答
There is little debate about the firstdevelopment of the energy system of the 22nd century--that most of the energyproduced on a large scale will be in the form of electric power. Thus, most presentconcepts for major long-term energy sources (solar, geothermal, fusion) are basedupon electric power production at central plants.
The second major development is thepotential use of hydrogen as both a basic fuel to replace natural gas and aspart of a general system to convert, store and transmit electric energy overlong district by fuel cells, or it could be used directly as a fuel forcommercial, industrial or transportation purposes.
Although hydrogen seems likely to play amajor role in the future as a form of energy transport and storage, other processesmay also be useful. Here we note only two possibilities.
Flywheels: It appears to be workable toconstruct flywheels of almost any needed size that would be efficientconverters (93-95 percent) in first storing and then releasing electric power.In addition, the kinetic (动力的) energy ofrotation is easily converted to alternating electric power. But the engineeringis at an early stage of development, and a decade or more may pass before this potentialcan be reliably estimated.
Batteries and fuel cells: some of the manybatteries being developed today look quite promising. Within a decade or two, abattery-operated electric auto might even become competitive with today′ s vehicles,at least for driving ranges up to 200 miles. An electric automobile would bepollution-free,and would probably be more energy-efficient than theinternal-combustion (内燃) engine.
A fuel cell (which may be considered a hydridebattery) with about 40 percent conversion efficiency is expected to enter powerproduction on a large scale within about five years. Unlike steam-poweredgenerators, fuel cells can be made large or small and their efficiency inoperation is essentially independent of the loading. Thus they may avoid mostof the distribution costs of electric power as well as provide pollution-fleepower and offer opportunities for using the "waste heat" effectively.
The energy we use most todayis___________

A.solar energy
B.geothermal energy
C.hydrogen
D.electricity

共用题干
第二篇

Energy and Public Lands

The United States boasts substantial energy resources.Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy
production,the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing（租赁）,both on land and on
the offshore Outer Continental Shelf. Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total
annual US energy production.
In 2000,32 percent of US oil,35 percent of natural gas,and 37 percent of coal were produced from
federal lands,representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases.Federal lands
are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of
undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil,gas,and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as
State Government.In 1999,for example,$553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury,
and non-Indian coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues,of which 50 percent were paid to
State governments.Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery.Each year,federal land managers
authorize rights of way for transmission lines,rail systems,pipelines,and other facilities related to energy
production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy production,though the
amount is still significant. For example , federal geothermal（地热）resources produce about 7. 5 billion
kilowatt-hours（千瓦时）of electricity per year , 47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal
energy.There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone,producing electricity for about
300 ,000 people. Federal hydropower（水电）facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced
in the United States.
Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with dependence on foreign oil
sources,pressure on public lands to meet US energy demand is becoming more intense.Public lands are
available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process.
If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources,development restric-
tions or impact moderation measures may be enforced,or mineral production may be banned altogether.

Which of the following statements is true of public lands in the U.S.?
A:Half of US energy is produced there.
B:The majority of undiscovered natural gas is stored there.
C:Most of coal was produced from there in 2000.
D:Most energy resources are reserved there.

Geothermal(地热)Energy
　　1 Since heat naturally moves from hotter regions to cooler ones, the heat from the earth's center flows outwards towards the surface. In this way, it transfers to the next layer of rock. If the temperature is high enough, some of this rock melts and forms magma(岩浆). The magma ascends in its turn towards the earth's surface. It often remains well below the earth's surface, creating vast areas of hot rock. In such regions, there are deep cracks, which allow rainwater to descend underground. Some of the heated rainwater travels back up to the earth's surface where it will appear as a hot spring. However, if this ascending hot water reaches a layer of impermeable(不可渗透的)rock, it remains trapped, forming a geothermal reservoir. If geothermal reservoirs are close enough to the surface, they can be reached by drilling wells. Hot water and steam shoot up the wells naturally, and can be used to produce electricity in geothermal power plants.
　　2.A few geothermal power plants depend on dry-stem reservoirs which produce steam but little or no water. In these cases, the steam is piped up directly to provide the power to spin a turbine generator. The first geothermal power plant, constructed at Lardarello in Italy, was of this type, and is still producing electricity today.
　　3.Most currently operating geothermal power plants are either "flash" steam plants or binary(双重的)plants. Flash plants produce mainly hot water ranging in temperature from 300° to 700°Fahrenheit. This water is passed through one or two separators where released from the pressure of the underground reservoir, it "flashes" or boils into steam Again, the force of this steam provides the energy to spin the turbine and produce electricity. The geothermal water and steam are then reinjected directly back down into the earth to maintain the volume and pressure of the reservoir. Gradually they will be reheated and can then be used again.
　　4.A reservoir with temperatures below 300° Fahrenheit is not hot enough to flash steam but it can still be used to generate electricity in binary fluid. The steam from this is used to power the turbines. As in the flash steam plant, the geothermal water is recycled back into the reservoir.
文章(23~30)

Paragraph1_____

A.Dry steam plants
B.Binary plants
C.Origin of geothermal energy
D.Generation of electricity
E.Flash steam plants
F.Recyclable water and steam

共用题干
Green Energy

1.Green energy is energy that is produced in a manner that has, less of a negative impact to the environment than energy sources like fossil fuels,which are often produced with harmful side effects."Greener" types of energy that often come to mind are solar,wind,geothermal and hydro energy.There are several more,even including nuclear energy,that is sometimes considered a green energy source because of its lower waste output relative to energy sources such as coal or oil.
2.The goal of green energy is generally to create power with as little pollution as possible produced as a by-product. Every form of energy collection will result in some pollution,but those that are green are known to cause less than those that are not. Most people who advocate greener sources of energy claim that the result of worldwide use of green energy will result in the ability to preserve the planet for a longer time.Greenhouse gases,a by-product of traditional sources of energy such as fossil fuels are thought to be causing global warming,or the process of the Earth heating up at an accelerated pace.
3.It is not completely necessary for green energy sources to come from places like solar or wind fields,which are examples of green"power plants".A green energy source can be a building that is designed in a way that it keeps itself cool in the daytime and heated in the night through its architectural design rather than having an air-conditioning or a heating system. The conservation of energy through architectural（建筑学的）design becomes, itself, a green energy source. Similarly, many sources of green energy can come directly from the area in which the energy is needed rather than from an outside source.
4.One of the goals of green energy technology is to take existing fossil fuel energy technology and clean it up so it is produced more cleanly. One such case is that of clean coal technology,where scientists are trying to find ways to extract energy from coal and other fossil fuels without all of the harmful side effects.The success of such these types of green energy depend upon the ability to extract harmful by-products from fossil fuels while not only being energy efficient,but by being cost efficient as well.

Greenhouse gases are thought to be causing______.
A:global warming
B:carbon emission
C:lower waste output
D:a green energy source
E:fossil fuels
F: clean fuels

共用题干
第一篇

Energy and Public Lands

The United States boasts substantial energy resources?Federal lands provide。good deal of US energy
production,the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing（租赁）,both on land and on
the offshore Outer Continental Shelf. Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total
annual US energy production.
In 2000,32 percent of US oil,35 percent of natural ga9,and 37 percent Of coal were produced from
federal lands,representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases.Federal lands
are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of
undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil,gas,and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as
State government,In 1999,for example,$553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury,
and non-Indian coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues, of which 50 percent were paid to
State governments,Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery.Each year,federal land managers
authorize rights of way for transmission lines,rail systems,pipelines,and other facilities related to energy
production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy production,though the
amount is still significant. For example , federal geothermal (地热）resources produce about 7. 5 billion
kilowatt-hours（千瓦时）of electricity per year , 47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal
energy.There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone,producing electricity for about
300 ,000 people. Federal hydropower（水电）facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced
in the United States.
Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with dependence on foreign oil
sources,pressure on public lands to meet US energy demnand is becoming more intense.Public lands are
available for energy development oniy after they have been evaivated through the land use planning process.
If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources,development restric-
lions or impact moderation measures may be enforced,or mineral production may he banned altogether.

Ceothermal resources,wind turbines,and hydropower facilities in Paragraph 4 are cited as examples to illustrate that______.
A:alternative energy production is no less than conventional energy production
B:the amount of alternative energy production from public lands is huge
C:they are the most typical conventional energy resources from public lands
D:geothermal reoourceg are more important than the other two

共用题干
Google's Solar Energy Gambit（策略）

Google is making its largest investment yet in clean energy,setting up a $280 million fund to finance home solar rooftop（屋顶）installations.
The search giant announced today it was teaming up with the Silicon Valley's Solar City一a company chaired by Paypal co-founder and Tesla Motors executive Elon Musk一in an effort to break down the biggest barrier to solar energy adoption:the cost."It's a great way to support installations going into more homes,"said Google spokesperson Parag Chokshi.The $280 million fund is the largest fund ever created for residential solar in the United States,according to Solar City,which has raised a total of$I.28 billion in financing capacity during its five-year history.
Google over the past several years has invested in large,utility-scale wind and solar,enhanced geothermal（地热）energy,and other renewable energy projects,for a grand total of more than $680 million in the sector. But today's deal is not only Google's largest foray（突袭）into the sector, it is its first investment in distributed energy. Based in San Mateo,California,less than 20 miles north of Google's Mountain View headquarters,Solar City describes itseff as a solar power service provider. The idea is that people want affordable,clean energy一but they often can't afford to buy a photovoltaic system upfront. Solar City is one of a number of companies that have attempted to help people overcome that cost hurdle（障碍）by leasing,instead of owning their rooftop solar systems.
Solar City's leases and power-purchase agreements to homeowners,businesses,and schools promise a lower monthly electricity bill(including a set payment to Solar City in addition to utility payments)than customers would get with their usual electricity from the grid.Solar City not only finances these photovoltaic projects,but also designs,installs,monitors,and maintains the systems. Recently,since buying the assets of a company called Business Solutions last year,Solar City has also begun offering energy audits and small home improvements(like installing programmable thermostats)that can make a big difference in energy use.
Until now,Solar City has financed most of its 15,000 projects through banks,Chief Executive Lyndon Rive said in an interview. But the problem is only about a half dozen banks are doing solar financing,he said.So in order for Solar City's model to achieve"true scale,"it must"unleash the available capital of corporate America,"he said.Rive is hopeful that Google's move today will set an example for other corporations to make similar investments.

Solar City is the name of a city in America.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentiond

共用题干
Green Energy

1.Green energy is energy that is produced in a manner that has, less of a negative impact to the environment than energy sources like fossil fuels,which are often produced with harmful side effects."Greener" types of energy that often come to mind are solar,wind,geothermal and hydro energy.There are several more,even including nuclear energy,that is sometimes considered a green energy source because of its lower waste output relative to energy sources such as coal or oil.
2.The goal of green energy is generally to create power with as little pollution as possible produced as a by-product. Every form of energy collection will result in some pollution,but those that are green are known to cause less than those that are not. Most people who advocate greener sources of energy claim that the result of worldwide use of green energy will result in the ability to preserve the planet for a longer time.Greenhouse gases,a by-product of traditional sources of energy such as fossil fuels are thought to be causing global warming,or the process of the Earth heating up at an accelerated pace.
3.It is not completely necessary for green energy sources to come from places like solar or wind fields,which are examples of green"power plants".A green energy source can be a building that is designed in a way that it keeps itself cool in the daytime and heated in the night through its architectural design rather than having an air-conditioning or a heating system. The conservation of energy through architectural（建筑学的）design becomes, itself, a green energy source. Similarly, many sources of green energy can come directly from the area in which the energy is needed rather than from an outside source.
4.One of the goals of green energy technology is to take existing fossil fuel energy technology and clean it up so it is produced more cleanly. One such case is that of clean coal technology,where scientists are trying to find ways to extract energy from coal and other fossil fuels without all of the harmful side effects.The success of such these types of green energy depend upon the ability to extract harmful by-products from fossil fuels while not only being energy efficient,but by being cost efficient as well.

Nuclear energy is sometimes considered a green energy source because of its______.
A:global warming
B:carbon emission
C:lower waste output
D:a green energy source
E:fossil fuels
F: clean fuels