共用题干 Late-Night DrinkingCoffee lovers beware.Having a quick"pick-me-up"cup of coffee late in the day will play havoc with your sleep .As well as being a stimulant,caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin,the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.M

题目
共用题干
Late-Night Drinking
Coffee lovers beware.Having a quick"pick-me-up"cup of coffee late in the day will play havoc with your sleep .As well as being a stimulant,caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin,the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak be-tween 2 am and 4 am,before falling again."It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,"says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California.But researchers in Israel have found that caf feinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.
Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six vol-unteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of de-caf. On average,subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee,compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop offtwice as long as usual-and jigged around in bed twice as much.
In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample.Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin .The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers .In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.
Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body,Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.

What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?
A: Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep.
B: Different findings of Lotan Shilo and a team about caffeine.
C: The fact that the subjects slept 415 minutes per night after drinking decaf.
D: The proof that the subjects took half an hour to fall asleep.

相似考题

1.共用题干 Late-Night DrinkingCoffee lovers beware .Having a quick"pick-me-up"cup of coffee late in the day will play havoc with your sleep.As well as being a stimulant,caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin,the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime.Levels then peak be-tween 2 a.m.and 4 a. m.,before falling again."It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,"says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six vol- unteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of de-caf(脱因咖啡).On average , subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated cof-fee,compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off-twice as long as usual-and jigged around in bed twice as much.In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample,Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin .The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers.In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body,Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch. What does Paragraph 3 mainly discuss?A: Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep.B: Different findings of Lotan Shilo and a team about caffeine.C: The fact that the subjects slept 415 minutes per night after drinking decaf.D: The evidence that the subjects took half an hour to fall asleep.

2.共用题干 Late-Night DrinkingCoffee lovers beware .Having a quick"pick-me-up"cup of coffee late in the day will play havoc with your sleep.As well as being a stimulant,caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin,the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime.Levels then peak be-tween 2 a.m.and 4 a. m.,before falling again."It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,"says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six vol- unteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of de-caf(脱因咖啡).On average , subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated cof-fee,compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off-twice as long as usual-and jigged around in bed twice as much.In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample,Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin .The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers.In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body,Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch. The author of this passage probably agrees that______.A: if we feel sleepy at night,we should go to bed immediatelyB: people sleep more soundly at midnight than at 3 a. mC: we should not drink coffee after supperD: coffee lovers sleep less than those who do not drink coffee

3.共用题干 第二篇Late-night DrinkingCoffee lovers,be careful.Having a quick "pick-me-up" cup of coffee late in the day will interrupt your sleep. As well as being a stimulant(兴奋剂),caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin(褪黑激素),thebrain hormone that sends people into a sleep.Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime.Levels then peak between 2 am and 4 am , before falling again. " It 's the neurohormone(神经激素)that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,"says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halvesthe body'S levels of this sleep hormone.Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers sleptless well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf(脱咖啡因咖啡).On average,subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee,compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off,twice as long as usual.In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine(尿)sample.Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin.The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers.In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme(酶)that drives melatonin production.Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body.Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.What does Paragraph 3 mainly discuss?A:Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep.B:Lotan Shilo'S research design on sleep.C:What the subjects did after drinking decaf at night.D:Why some subjects took half an hour to fall asleep.

4.共用题干 第二篇Late-night DrinkingCoffee lovers,be careful.Having a quick "pick-me-up" cup of coffee late in the day will interrupt your sleep. As well as being a stimulant(兴奋剂),caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin(褪黑激素),thebrain hormone that sends people into a sleep.Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime.Levels then peak between 2 am and 4 am , before falling again. " It 's the neurohormone(神经激素)that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,"says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halvesthe body'S levels of this sleep hormone.Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers sleptless well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf(脱咖啡因咖啡).On average,subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee,compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off,twice as long as usual.In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine(尿)sample.Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin.The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers.In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme(酶)that drives melatonin production.Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body.Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch. The author mentions "pick-me-up" to indicate that_______.A:melatonin levels need to be raisedB:coffee is a stimulanC:neurohormone can wake us upD:caffeine can balance our brain hormone

更多“共用题干 Late-Night DrinkingCoffee lovers beware.Having a quick"pick-me-up"cup of coffee late in the day will play havoc with your sleep .As well as being a stimulant,caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin,the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.M”相关问题
  • 第1题:

    共用题干
    第二篇

    Late-night Drinking

    Coffee lovers,be careful.Having a quick "pick-me-up" cup of coffee late in the day will interrupt your
    sleep. As well as being a stimulant(兴奋剂),caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin(褪黑激素),the
    brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
    Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime.Levels then peak between 2 am
    and 4 am , before falling again. " It 's the neurohormone(神经激素)that controls our sleep and tells our
    body when to sleep and when to wake,"says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research
    Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves
    the body'S levels of this sleep hormone.
    Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept
    less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf(脱咖啡因咖啡).On
    average,subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee,compared with 415 minutes
    after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off,twice as long as usual.
    In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked
    them to give a urine(尿)sample.Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin.The
    results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers.In a paper
    accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the
    enzyme(酶)that drives melatonin production.
    Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body.Ohayon recommends that coffee
    lovers switch to decaf after lunch.

    The experiment mentioned in Paragraph 4 finds that caffeine drinkers________.
    A:produce less melatonin
    B:sleep longer than decaf drinkers
    C:produce more urine at night
    D:wake up every three hours

    答案:A
    解析:
    pick-me-up 指提神饮料,也就是一种刺激物,在这篇文章里具体指咖啡。故选B。
    文章第二段的第三句话讲到,“控制我们睡眠的是神经激素”,而这一段的最后一句话告诉我们“含咖啡因咖啡能使这种睡眠激素减半”。这正是咖啡因影响睡眠的原理,故选C。
    第三段涉及一个实验,这个实验的目的是测试含咖啡因咖啡和脱咖啡因咖啡对睡眠的 影响,该段主要谈论的是这个实验的结果。故选A。
    第四段是第三段实验的继续,是该实验的第二个阶段。研究人员通过对志愿者的尿进 行化验发现,咖啡因摄入者体内的褪黑激素(melatonin)仅为非咖啡因摄入者的一半。故选A。
    文章最后一段最后一句话说:"Ohayon建议爱喝咖啡的人午饭后应该换喝脱咖啡因咖 啡”。故选B。第三篇 本文主要讲述了阿司匹林作为一种止痛药,它的发明及畅销过程,以及发现它可以治疗心脏 病发作的事情。

  • 第2题:

    共用题干
    Late-Night Drinking
    Coffee lovers beware .Having a quick"pick-me-up"cup of coffee late in the day will play havoc with your sleep.As well as being a stimulant,caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin,the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
    Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime.Levels then peak be-tween 2 a.m.and 4 a. m.,before falling again."It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,"says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.
    Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six vol- unteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of de-caf(脱因咖啡).On average , subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated cof-fee,compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off-twice as long as usual-and jigged around in bed twice as much.
    In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample,Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin .The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers.In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.
    Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body,Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.

    Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep?
    A: Caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that stops melatonin production.
    B: Caffeine interrupts the flow of the hormone that prevents people from sleeping.
    C: Caffeine halves the body's levels of sleep hormone.
    D: Caffeine stays in the body for many hours.

    答案:C
    解析:
    pick-me-up指提神饮料,也就是一种刺激物,在这篇文章里具体指咖啡。所以,答案应选B。


    由第二段第三句中“It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake”可知,控制我们睡眠的是神经激素。这一段的最后一个句子告诉我们“含咖啡因咖啡能使这种睡眠激素减半”。这正是咖啡因影响睡眠的原理。


    第三段涉及的是一个实验,这个实验的目的是测试含咖啡因咖啡和脱咖啡因咖啡对睡眠的影响,该段主要谈论的是这个实验的现象。


    第四段是第三段实验的继续,是该实验的第二个阶段。研究人员通过对志愿者尿样进行化验发现,咖啡因摄入者体内的褪黑激素仅为非咖啡因摄入者的一半。褪黑激素就是睡眠激素,所以,答案应该选D。


    文章的结尾谈到,"Ohayon建议爱喝咖啡的人午饭后应该换喝脱咖啡因咖啡”。另外由第二段的内容可知,含咖啡因咖啡会使控制睡眠的激素减半,所以,作者大概会同意“晚饭后不应该喝咖啡”的说法。

  • 第3题:

    共用题干
    第二篇

    Late-night Drinking

    Coffee lovers,be careful.Having a quick "pick-me-up" cup of coffee late in the day will interrupt your
    sleep. As well as being a stimulant(兴奋剂),caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin(褪黑激素),the
    brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
    Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime.Levels then peak between 2 am
    and 4 am , before falling again. " It 's the neurohormone(神经激素)that controls our sleep and tells our
    body when to sleep and when to wake,"says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research
    Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves
    the body'S levels of this sleep hormone.
    Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept
    less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf(脱咖啡因咖啡).On
    average,subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee,compared with 415 minutes
    after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off,twice as long as usual.
    In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked
    them to give a urine(尿)sample.Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin.The
    results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers.In a paper
    accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the
    enzyme(酶)that drives melatonin production.
    Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body.Ohayon recommends that coffee
    lovers switch to decaf after lunch.

    Ohayon advises coffee lovers_________.
    A: to drink less coffee during the day
    B:to take decaf after lunch
    C:not to go to bed after taking coffee
    D:not to drink coffee after supper

    答案:B
    解析:
    pick-me-up 指提神饮料,也就是一种刺激物,在这篇文章里具体指咖啡。故选B。
    文章第二段的第三句话讲到,“控制我们睡眠的是神经激素”,而这一段的最后一句话告诉我们“含咖啡因咖啡能使这种睡眠激素减半”。这正是咖啡因影响睡眠的原理,故选C。
    第三段涉及一个实验,这个实验的目的是测试含咖啡因咖啡和脱咖啡因咖啡对睡眠的 影响,该段主要谈论的是这个实验的结果。故选A。
    第四段是第三段实验的继续,是该实验的第二个阶段。研究人员通过对志愿者的尿进 行化验发现,咖啡因摄入者体内的褪黑激素(melatonin)仅为非咖啡因摄入者的一半。故选A。
    文章最后一段最后一句话说:"Ohayon建议爱喝咖啡的人午饭后应该换喝脱咖啡因咖 啡”。故选B。第三篇 本文主要讲述了阿司匹林作为一种止痛药,它的发明及畅销过程,以及发现它可以治疗心脏 病发作的事情。

  • 第4题:

    共用题干
    第二篇

    Caffeine

    Caffeine is probably the most widely used drug in the world.Humans have been consuming caffeine for
    hundreds of years,primarily in the form of coffee,tea,and cocoa. Habitual coffee and tea drinkers had long
    been observed to have a lower incidence of non-melanoma(黑色素瘤)skin cancers , although no one knew
    why.A recent study found that caffeine affects skin cells damaged by ultraviolet radiation,a main cause of
    skin cancer. Caffeine interferes with a protein that cancerous cells need to survive,leaving the damaged cells
    to die before they become cancerous. Drinking caffeinated coffee has also been associated with a decreased
    incidence of endometrial(子宫内膜的)cancer-that is , cancer of the cells lining the uterus. The strongest
    effect appears to be in overweight women,who are at greatest risk for the disease.Researchers believe blood
    sugar,fat cells,and estrogen(雌性激素)may play a role. Although the mechanism remains unknown,peo-
    pie who drink more than two cups of coffee or tea a day reportedly have about half the risk of developing
    chronic liver disease as those who drink less than one cup of coffee daily;caffeinated coffee has also been as-
    sociated with lowered risk of cirrhosis(肝硬化)and liver cancer.
    While many of caffeine's undesirable effects,such as elevated heart rate and blood pressure,are brief,
    some short-term benefits,including pain relief,increased alertness,and increased physical endurance,have
    also been attributed to caffeine.As a component of numerous over-the-counter diet pills and pain relievers,
    caffeine increases their effectiveness and helps the body absorb them more quickly. By constricting(收缩)
    blood vessels in the brain , it can alleviate headaches一even migraines(偏头痛)一and can help counter the
    drowsiness(眩晕)caused by antihistamines(抗组胺药).
    Caffeine does not alter the need for sleep,but it does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people who
    need to stay alert. Research has shown that sleep-deprived individuals who consumed caffeine had improved
    memory and reasoning abilities,at least in the short term. Studies of runners and cyclists have shown that
    caffeine can improve their stamina一hence its addition to energy-boosting sports drinks.
    People who consume a lot of caffeine regularly may develop temporary withdrawal symptoms,headache
    being the most common,if they quit or cut back on it abruptly. Fortunately,these symptoms last only a day
    or two in most cases.Individuals who are more sensitive to the stimulatory side effects of caffeine may want to
    avoid it,but most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee a day does not harm healthy
    people.There is no medical basis to give up daily caffeine and many reasons to include a moderate amount in
    one's diet.

    Cafffeine withdrawal symptoms_________.
    A:can become an ongoing problem
    B:may last as long as a week
    C:are weight 1055 and mental disorder
    D:are usually short-lived

    答案:D
    解析:
    由文章第一段第三句中“Habitual coffee and tea drinkers had long been observed to have a lower incidence of non-melanoma skin cancers”可知,有喝咖啡和茶叶习惯的人患黑色素瘤皮肤 癌的可能性较低,故选B。
    由文章第二段最后一句中“it can alleviate headaches”可知,咖啡因可以用来治头痛。
    由文章第三段最后一句可知,咖啡因能增强跑步运动员和自行车运动员的耐力,即en- durance,故选B。
    由文章最后一段前两句话可知,退瘾症状仅持续一到两天,即short-lived,故选D。
    由文章最后一段的倒数第二句中“most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee。day does not harm healthy people”可知,多数医生都认为一天喝三杯咖啡对健康的人不会产生不良影响,因此可能不会产生什么问题,故选C。

  • 第5题:

    共用题干
    Owls and Larks
    1 In this article,we look at the importance of sleep for learning. Most healthy adults need eight or more hours of sleep. But why do we need sleep in the first place?We need sleep for the brain to get a chance to rebuild memories stored during the day and associate these with previously learned things. If this process is interrupted by,say,the sound of an alarm clock,it may not be as effective. So if your sleep is cut short by the alarm clock,how dama- ging is it?The truth is that it's difficult to predict,as so much depends on how much sleep your body actually needs on that particular occasion.
    2 The popular belief that people are naturally either larks(early risers)or owls is false. The reason why people tend to be one or the other has more to do with lifestyle,age,and personality. Many people who appear to be early birds may have just become so through hab- it,for example,parents with very young children. Teenagers can have difficulty falling asleep until late at night and then they naturally have problems getting up the following morning.
    3 The main reason why owls are owls is that they tend to spend their time over a book, movie,or computer game till the early hours of the morning. They enjoy the quiet of the night when they can pursue their passion. On the other hand,larks can make better use of early morning hours where they can study in quiet at the time when their brains are most refreshed. So which is better for learning一an owl's or a lark's lifestyle?The simple truth is that it is more complex than simply being one or the other. Leading a well-balanced life in terms of work and play and sleeping enough to bring maximum refreshment is probably the secret.
    4 As for naps, experts on insomnia(失眠)argue against taking naps, as these may keep people up at night. If your nap lasts only five minutes to half an hour and does not affect your ability to fall asleep in the night,it will probably help you be more alert in evening hours.
    However,if you are having problems getting to sleep at night,it's not only naps that you should avoid. Try not to drink a lot of alcohol, take nicotine(尼古丁) , do mentally intense activities like preparing for exams or doing exercise in the evening. Some people swear that drinking coffee never stops them from sleeping like a log,whereas others will never go near the stuff for fear of being awake all night. However,the best advice for most is to avoid it in the evening,and if you drink coffee before a nap,remember you are likely to awaken as soon as the caffeine starts kicking in.

    A good lifestyle means one can______.
    A: sleep enough to bring most refreshment
    B: keep away from coffee in the evening
    C: stay up till the early hours of the morning
    D: get up quite early
    E: store memories in the brain
    F: rebuild memories stored during the day

    答案:A
    解析:
    段落中含有明显段落主题词sleep“睡眠”,因此B(包含sleep一词),D(包含 sleep一词)和F(F中的asleep“睡着的”与sleep“睡眠”意义呼应)可能是答案。比较这几个选项:B项“我们需要多少睡眠?”,D项“为什么我们需要睡觉?”, F项“什么帮助我们入睡?”。段落开头部分(段落第三句)直接提出问题“我们为什么需要睡觉呢?”接下来的句子对这个问题进行了回答:我们需要睡觉来使大脑有机会重建白天存储的记忆并把这些记忆和以前所学的东西联系起来。如果睡眠过程被打断,就不能进行有效的记忆存储。由此可见该段主要是在讨论和分析“我们为什么需要睡觉”这个问题,因此答案D项。
    段落中没有出现明显的段落主题词。段首陈述了一种普遍存在的观念,但是作者认为这是错误的看法:人们天生是云雀(早起的人)或是猫头鹰(晚睡的人)。接下来分析原因,解释为什么这样的看法不正确:究竟人们是早起的人还是晚睡的人主要与生活方式,年纪和个性相关。接下来的句子是以生活习惯为例进行进一步的分析。由此可见该段主要内容是在讨论和分析“造成人们早起或晚睡的原因”,因此答案为E项。
    段落中反复提到owl和lark,因此这两个词可能是该段主题词,因此选项C 可能是答案。从整个段落的内容来看,段落一开始分析了为什么有的人习惯晚睡,接下来对比分析了为什么有的人习惯早起,接下来提出问题:是早起好还是晚睡好? 对于这个问题作者没有直接进行回答,而是提出“根据自己的工作,娱乐过着充实的生活而且有充足的睡眠让你的精力充沛才是关键”,由此可见整个段落主要围绕“是早起好还是晚睡好?”这个问题展 开进行讨论,因此答案为C项。
    在段落前面部分nap“午睡”一词反复出现,段落开头部分是关于nap的建议:失眠专家建议不要午睡。段落后面部分也提出了一些建议:不要喝很多酒,不要抽烟,不要喝咖啡。由此可见整个段落在讲述为了获得良好的睡眠应该注意避免的事物。因此答案为 A项“我们应该避免什么?”
    题干意为“睡眠帮助大脑……”。利用题干中的细节信息词sleep和brain作为定位线索,在第一段中找到相关句:In this article, we look at the importance of sleep for learning. Most healthy adults need eight or more hours of sleep.But why do we need sleep in the first place?We need sleep for the brain to get a chance to rebuild memories stored during the day and associate these with previously learned things.If this process is interrupted by, say,the sound of an alarm clock,it may not be as effective. So if your sleep is cut short by the alarm clock,how damaging is it?The truth is that it's difficult to predict,as so much depends on how much sleep your body actually needs on that particular occasion.定位线索词集中出现在第一段第四句中,该句意为“我们需要通过睡眠来帮助大脑有机会重建在白天存储的记忆”。由此可知答案为F项“重建在白天存储的记忆”。
    题干意为“要照顾小孩子的父母往往……”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语parents, very young children作为定位线索,在第二段找到相关句:The popular belief that people are naturally either larks(early risers)or owls is false. The reason why people tend to be one or the other has more to do with lifestyle,age,and personality. Many people who appear to be early birds may have just become so through habit,for example,parents with very young children. Teenagers can have difficulty falling asleep until late at night and then they naturally have problems getting up the following morning.定位线索词集中出现在第二段倒数第二句中,该句意为“很多早起的人之所以早起是因为习惯,例如,要照顾小孩子的父母”。由此可知要照顾小孩子的父母习惯早起,因此D项“起得很早”是答案。
    题干意为“一种好的生活方式意味着一个人会……”。利用题干中的细节信息短语a good lifestyle作为定位线索,在短文第三段中找到相关句:The main reason why owls are owls is that they tend to spend their time over a book,movie,or computer game till the early hours of the morning. They enjoy the quiet of the night when they can pursue their passion.On the other hand,larks can make better use of early morning hours where they can study in quiet at the time when their brains are most refreshed. So which is better for learn-ing一an owl's or a lark's lifestyle?The simple truth is that it is more complex than simply being one or the other. Leading a well-balanced life(与a good lifestyle呼应)in terms of work and play and sleeping enough to bring maximum refreshment is probably the secret.定位线索词出现在第三段最后一句,斌句提到“过一种兼顾工作和娱乐的均衡生活,让充足的睡眠为你带来充沛的精力是关键”。由此可知兼顾工作和娱乐的均衡生活,即拥有一种好的生活方式意味着有带来充沛精力的充足睡眠,因此该题答案为A项“睡眠充足以获得充沛的精力”。
    题干意为“忠告大多数人……”。利用题干中的细节信息短语good advice和 most people作为定位线索,在最后一段中找到相关句:As for naps, experts on insomnia(失眠)argue against taking naps,as these may keep people up at night.If your nap lasts only five minutes to half an hour and does not affect your ability to fall asleep in the night,it will probably help you be more alert in evening hours.However,if you are having problems get-ting to sleep at night,it's not only naps that you should avoid. Try not to drink a lot of alcohol, take nicotine(尼古丁), do mentally intense activities like preparing for exams or doing exercise in the evening. Some people swear that drinking coffee never stops them from sleep-ing like a log,whereas others will never go near the stuff for fear of being awake all night. However, the best advice(与good advice呼应)for most(与most people呼应)is to avoid it in the evening,and if you drink coffee before a nap,remember you ar

  • 第6题:

    共用题干
    Late-night Drinking
    Coffee lovers,be careful. Having a quick “pick-me-up” cup of coffee late in the day will interrupt your sleep. As well as being a stimulant(兴奋剂),caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin(褪黑激素),the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
    Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak between 2 am and 4 am, before falling again.“It's the neurohormone(神经激素)that con-trols our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,”says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.
    Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf(脱咖啡因咖啡).On average, subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee,compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off,twice as long as usual.
    In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine(尿)sample. Shilo measured concentrations of a break-down product of melatonin. The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers. In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medi-cine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme(酶)that drives melatonin production.
    Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body. Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.

    The author mentions“pick-me-up” to indicate that______.
    A: melatonin levels need to be raised
    B: coffee is a stimulant
    C: neurohormone can wake us up
    D: caffeine can balance our brain hormone

    答案:B
    解析:
    题干意为“作者提到‘pick-me-up’指出咖啡是一种兴奋剂。”短文第一段第二、三句提到“一天中稍晚的时候来一杯‘提神’咖啡会影响你的睡眠。除了作为一种兴奋剂,咖啡还能阻断褪黑色素的流动”,故选B。
    题干意为“下列哪一项告诉我们咖啡是如何影响睡眠的? 它使体内睡眠激素水平减半。”短文第二段最后一句提到“以色列的研究人员发现,含咖啡因的咖啡能使睡眠激素的水平减半”,而正是这些激素控制我们的睡眠的,故选C。
    题干意为“第三段主要讨论什么?”含咖啡因的咖啡与无咖啡因的咖啡对睡眠的不同作用。短文第三段第一句提出“希洛和一个在特拉维夫大学中的萨玉尔医疗中心的团队对6名志愿者进行观察,发现他们喝完一杯含咖啡因的咖啡比喝完相同数量的无咖啡因咖啡时睡得要少”,故选A。
    题干意为“第四段提到的实验发现,咖啡因摄入者产生的褪黑色素少。”短文第四段第二、三句提到“希洛测量了志愿者尿液中褪黑色素的一种分解产物的浓度,发现咖啡因摄入者的褪黑色素浓度是无咖啡因摄入者的一半”,故选A。
    题干意为“奥哈永建议咖啡爱好者午餐之后喝低咖啡因的咖啡。”短文最后一段提到“因为将咖啡因从体内排除需要几个小时的时间,奥哈永建议咖啡爱好者午餐之后就改换成低咖啡因咖啡”,故选B。

  • 第7题:

    共用题干
    Owls and Larks
    1 In this article,we look at the importance of sleep for learning. Most healthy adults need eight or more hours of sleep. But why do we need sleep in the first place?We need sleep for the brain to get a chance to rebuild memories stored during the day and associate these with previously learned things. If this process is interrupted by,say,the sound of an alarm clock,it may not be as effective. So if your sleep is cut short by the alarm clock,how dama- ging is it?The truth is that it's difficult to predict,as so much depends on how much sleep your body actually needs on that particular occasion.
    2 The popular belief that people are naturally either larks(early risers)or owls is false. The reason why people tend to be one or the other has more to do with lifestyle,age,and personality. Many people who appear to be early birds may have just become so through hab- it,for example,parents with very young children. Teenagers can have difficulty falling asleep until late at night and then they naturally have problems getting up the following morning.
    3 The main reason why owls are owls is that they tend to spend their time over a book, movie,or computer game till the early hours of the morning. They enjoy the quiet of the night when they can pursue their passion. On the other hand,larks can make better use of early morning hours where they can study in quiet at the time when their brains are most refreshed. So which is better for learning一an owl's or a lark's lifestyle?The simple truth is that it is more complex than simply being one or the other. Leading a well-balanced life in terms of work and play and sleeping enough to bring maximum refreshment is probably the secret.
    4 As for naps, experts on insomnia(失眠)argue against taking naps, as these may keep people up at night. If your nap lasts only five minutes to half an hour and does not affect your ability to fall asleep in the night,it will probably help you be more alert in evening hours.
    However,if you are having problems getting to sleep at night,it's not only naps that you should avoid. Try not to drink a lot of alcohol, take nicotine(尼古丁) , do mentally intense activities like preparing for exams or doing exercise in the evening. Some people swear that drinking coffee never stops them from sleeping like a log,whereas others will never go near the stuff for fear of being awake all night. However,the best advice for most is to avoid it in the evening,and if you drink coffee before a nap,remember you are likely to awaken as soon as the caffeine starts kicking in.

    Sleep helps brain to______.
    A: sleep enough to bring most refreshment
    B: keep away from coffee in the evening
    C: stay up till the early hours of the morning
    D: get up quite early
    E: store memories in the brain
    F: rebuild memories stored during the day

    答案:F
    解析:
    段落中含有明显段落主题词sleep“睡眠”,因此B(包含sleep一词),D(包含 sleep一词)和F(F中的asleep“睡着的”与sleep“睡眠”意义呼应)可能是答案。比较这几个选项:B项“我们需要多少睡眠?”,D项“为什么我们需要睡觉?”, F项“什么帮助我们入睡?”。段落开头部分(段落第三句)直接提出问题“我们为什么需要睡觉呢?”接下来的句子对这个问题进行了回答:我们需要睡觉来使大脑有机会重建白天存储的记忆并把这些记忆和以前所学的东西联系起来。如果睡眠过程被打断,就不能进行有效的记忆存储。由此可见该段主要是在讨论和分析“我们为什么需要睡觉”这个问题,因此答案D项。
    段落中没有出现明显的段落主题词。段首陈述了一种普遍存在的观念,但是作者认为这是错误的看法:人们天生是云雀(早起的人)或是猫头鹰(晚睡的人)。接下来分析原因,解释为什么这样的看法不正确:究竟人们是早起的人还是晚睡的人主要与生活方式,年纪和个性相关。接下来的句子是以生活习惯为例进行进一步的分析。由此可见该段主要内容是在讨论和分析“造成人们早起或晚睡的原因”,因此答案为E项。
    段落中反复提到owl和lark,因此这两个词可能是该段主题词,因此选项C 可能是答案。从整个段落的内容来看,段落一开始分析了为什么有的人习惯晚睡,接下来对比分析了为什么有的人习惯早起,接下来提出问题:是早起好还是晚睡好? 对于这个问题作者没有直接进行回答,而是提出“根据自己的工作,娱乐过着充实的生活而且有充足的睡眠让你的精力充沛才是关键”,由此可见整个段落主要围绕“是早起好还是晚睡好?”这个问题展 开进行讨论,因此答案为C项。
    在段落前面部分nap“午睡”一词反复出现,段落开头部分是关于nap的建议:失眠专家建议不要午睡。段落后面部分也提出了一些建议:不要喝很多酒,不要抽烟,不要喝咖啡。由此可见整个段落在讲述为了获得良好的睡眠应该注意避免的事物。因此答案为 A项“我们应该避免什么?”
    题干意为“睡眠帮助大脑……”。利用题干中的细节信息词sleep和brain作为定位线索,在第一段中找到相关句:In this article, we look at the importance of sleep for learning. Most healthy adults need eight or more hours of sleep.But why do we need sleep in the first place?We need sleep for the brain to get a chance to rebuild memories stored during the day and associate these with previously learned things.If this process is interrupted by, say,the sound of an alarm clock,it may not be as effective. So if your sleep is cut short by the alarm clock,how damaging is it?The truth is that it's difficult to predict,as so much depends on how much sleep your body actually needs on that particular occasion.定位线索词集中出现在第一段第四句中,该句意为“我们需要通过睡眠来帮助大脑有机会重建在白天存储的记忆”。由此可知答案为F项“重建在白天存储的记忆”。
    题干意为“要照顾小孩子的父母往往……”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语parents, very young children作为定位线索,在第二段找到相关句:The popular belief that people are naturally either larks(early risers)or owls is false. The reason why people tend to be one or the other has more to do with lifestyle,age,and personality. Many people who appear to be early birds may have just become so through habit,for example,parents with very young children. Teenagers can have difficulty falling asleep until late at night and then they naturally have problems getting up the following morning.定位线索词集中出现在第二段倒数第二句中,该句意为“很多早起的人之所以早起是因为习惯,例如,要照顾小孩子的父母”。由此可知要照顾小孩子的父母习惯早起,因此D项“起得很早”是答案。
    题干意为“一种好的生活方式意味着一个人会……”。利用题干中的细节信息短语a good lifestyle作为定位线索,在短文第三段中找到相关句:The main reason why owls are owls is that they tend to spend their time over a book,movie,or computer game till the early hours of the morning. They enjoy the quiet of the night when they can pursue their passion.On the other hand,larks can make better use of early morning hours where they can study in quiet at the time when their brains are most refreshed. So which is better for learn-ing一an owl's or a lark's lifestyle?The simple truth is that it is more complex than simply being one or the other. Leading a well-balanced life(与a good lifestyle呼应)in terms of work and play and sleeping enough to bring maximum refreshment is probably the secret.定位线索词出现在第三段最后一句,斌句提到“过一种兼顾工作和娱乐的均衡生活,让充足的睡眠为你带来充沛的精力是关键”。由此可知兼顾工作和娱乐的均衡生活,即拥有一种好的生活方式意味着有带来充沛精力的充足睡眠,因此该题答案为A项“睡眠充足以获得充沛的精力”。
    题干意为“忠告大多数人……”。利用题干中的细节信息短语good advice和 most people作为定位线索,在最后一段中找到相关句:As for naps, experts on insomnia(失眠)argue against taking naps,as these may keep people up at night.If your nap lasts only five minutes to half an hour and does not affect your ability to fall asleep in the night,it will probably help you be more alert in evening hours.However,if you are having problems get-ting to sleep at night,it's not only naps that you should avoid. Try not to drink a lot of alcohol, take nicotine(尼古丁), do mentally intense activities like preparing for exams or doing exercise in the evening. Some people swear that drinking coffee never stops them from sleep-ing like a log,whereas others will never go near the stuff for fear of being awake all night. However, the best advice(与good advice呼应)for most(与most people呼应)is to avoid it in the evening,and if you drink coffee before a nap,remember you ar

  • 第8题:

    共用题干
    Late-night Drinking
    Coffee lovers,be careful. Having a quick “pick-me-up” cup of coffee late in the day will interrupt your sleep. As well as being a stimulant(兴奋剂),caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin(褪黑激素),the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
    Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak between 2 am and 4 am, before falling again.“It's the neurohormone(神经激素)that con-trols our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,”says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.
    Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf(脱咖啡因咖啡).On average, subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee,compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off,twice as long as usual.
    In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine(尿)sample. Shilo measured concentrations of a break-down product of melatonin. The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers. In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medi-cine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme(酶)that drives melatonin production.
    Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body. Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.

    Ohayon advises coffee lovers______.
    A: to drink less coffee during the day
    B: to take decaf after lunch
    C: not to go to bed after taking coffee
    D: not to drink coffee after supper

    答案:B
    解析:
    题干意为“作者提到‘pick-me-up’指出咖啡是一种兴奋剂。”短文第一段第二、三句提到“一天中稍晚的时候来一杯‘提神’咖啡会影响你的睡眠。除了作为一种兴奋剂,咖啡还能阻断褪黑色素的流动”,故选B。
    题干意为“下列哪一项告诉我们咖啡是如何影响睡眠的? 它使体内睡眠激素水平减半。”短文第二段最后一句提到“以色列的研究人员发现,含咖啡因的咖啡能使睡眠激素的水平减半”,而正是这些激素控制我们的睡眠的,故选C。
    题干意为“第三段主要讨论什么?”含咖啡因的咖啡与无咖啡因的咖啡对睡眠的不同作用。短文第三段第一句提出“希洛和一个在特拉维夫大学中的萨玉尔医疗中心的团队对6名志愿者进行观察,发现他们喝完一杯含咖啡因的咖啡比喝完相同数量的无咖啡因咖啡时睡得要少”,故选A。
    题干意为“第四段提到的实验发现,咖啡因摄入者产生的褪黑色素少。”短文第四段第二、三句提到“希洛测量了志愿者尿液中褪黑色素的一种分解产物的浓度,发现咖啡因摄入者的褪黑色素浓度是无咖啡因摄入者的一半”,故选A。
    题干意为“奥哈永建议咖啡爱好者午餐之后喝低咖啡因的咖啡。”短文最后一段提到“因为将咖啡因从体内排除需要几个小时的时间,奥哈永建议咖啡爱好者午餐之后就改换成低咖啡因咖啡”,故选B。

  • 第9题:

    共用题干
    第二篇

    Caffeine

    Caffeine is probably the most widely used drug in the world.Humans have been consuming caffeine for
    hundreds of years,primarily in the form of coffee,tea,and cocoa. Habitual coffee and tea drinkers had long
    been observed to have a lower incidence of non-melanoma(黑色素瘤)skin cancers , although no one knew
    why.A recent study found that caffeine affects skin cells damaged by ultraviolet radiation,a main cause of
    skin cancer. Caffeine interferes with a protein that cancerous cells need to survive,leaving the damaged cells
    to die before they become cancerous. Drinking caffeinated coffee has also been associated with a decreased
    incidence of endometrial(子宫内膜的)cancer-that is , cancer of the cells lining the uterus. The strongest
    effect appears to be in overweight women,who are at greatest risk for the disease.Researchers believe blood
    sugar,fat cells,and estrogen(雌性激素)may play a role. Although the mechanism remains unknown,peo-
    pie who drink more than two cups of coffee or tea a day reportedly have about half the risk of developing
    chronic liver disease as those who drink less than one cup of coffee daily;caffeinated coffee has also been as-
    sociated with lowered risk of cirrhosis(肝硬化)and liver cancer.
    While many of caffeine's undesirable effects,such as elevated heart rate and blood pressure,are brief,
    some short-term benefits,including pain relief,increased alertness,and increased physical endurance,have
    also been attributed to caffeine.As a component of numerous over-the-counter diet pills and pain relievers,
    caffeine increases their effectiveness and helps the body absorb them more quickly. By constricting(收缩)
    blood vessels in the brain , it can alleviate headaches一even migraines(偏头痛)一and can help counter the
    drowsiness(眩晕)caused by antihistamines(抗组胺药).
    Caffeine does not alter the need for sleep,but it does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people who
    need to stay alert. Research has shown that sleep-deprived individuals who consumed caffeine had improved
    memory and reasoning abilities,at least in the short term. Studies of runners and cyclists have shown that
    caffeine can improve their stamina一hence its addition to energy-boosting sports drinks.
    People who consume a lot of caffeine regularly may develop temporary withdrawal symptoms,headache
    being the most common,if they quit or cut back on it abruptly. Fortunately,these symptoms last only a day
    or two in most cases.Individuals who are more sensitive to the stimulatory side effects of caffeine may want to
    avoid it,but most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee a day does not harm healthy
    people.There is no medical basis to give up daily caffeine and many reasons to include a moderate amount in
    one's diet.

    Drinking coffee or tea may help_________.
    A:lower the incidence of being overweight
    B:lower the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer
    C:increase the incidence of endometrial cancer
    D: increase the incidence of liver cancer

    答案:B
    解析:
    由文章第一段第三句中“Habitual coffee and tea drinkers had long been observed to have a lower incidence of non-melanoma skin cancers”可知,有喝咖啡和茶叶习惯的人患黑色素瘤皮肤 癌的可能性较低,故选B。
    由文章第二段最后一句中“it can alleviate headaches”可知,咖啡因可以用来治头痛。
    由文章第三段最后一句可知,咖啡因能增强跑步运动员和自行车运动员的耐力,即en- durance,故选B。
    由文章最后一段前两句话可知,退瘾症状仅持续一到两天,即short-lived,故选D。
    由文章最后一段的倒数第二句中“most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee。day does not harm healthy people”可知,多数医生都认为一天喝三杯咖啡对健康的人不会产生不良影响,因此可能不会产生什么问题,故选C。

  • 第10题:

    共用题干
    第二篇

    Caffeine

    Caffeine is probably the most widely used drug in the world.Humans have been consuming caffeine for
    hundreds of years,primarily in the form of coffee,tea,and cocoa. Habitual coffee and tea drinkers had long
    been observed to have a lower incidence of non-melanoma(黑色素瘤)skin cancers , although no one knew
    why.A recent study found that caffeine affects skin cells damaged by ultraviolet radiation,a main cause of
    skin cancer. Caffeine interferes with a protein that cancerous cells need to survive,leaving the damaged cells
    to die before they become cancerous. Drinking caffeinated coffee has also been associated with a decreased
    incidence of endometrial(子宫内膜的)cancer-that is , cancer of the cells lining the uterus. The strongest
    effect appears to be in overweight women,who are at greatest risk for the disease.Researchers believe blood
    sugar,fat cells,and estrogen(雌性激素)may play a role. Although the mechanism remains unknown,peo-
    pie who drink more than two cups of coffee or tea a day reportedly have about half the risk of developing
    chronic liver disease as those who drink less than one cup of coffee daily;caffeinated coffee has also been as-
    sociated with lowered risk of cirrhosis(肝硬化)and liver cancer.
    While many of caffeine's undesirable effects,such as elevated heart rate and blood pressure,are brief,
    some short-term benefits,including pain relief,increased alertness,and increased physical endurance,have
    also been attributed to caffeine.As a component of numerous over-the-counter diet pills and pain relievers,
    caffeine increases their effectiveness and helps the body absorb them more quickly. By constricting(收缩)
    blood vessels in the brain , it can alleviate headaches一even migraines(偏头痛)一and can help counter the
    drowsiness(眩晕)caused by antihistamines(抗组胺药).
    Caffeine does not alter the need for sleep,but it does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people who
    need to stay alert. Research has shown that sleep-deprived individuals who consumed caffeine had improved
    memory and reasoning abilities,at least in the short term. Studies of runners and cyclists have shown that
    caffeine can improve their stamina一hence its addition to energy-boosting sports drinks.
    People who consume a lot of caffeine regularly may develop temporary withdrawal symptoms,headache
    being the most common,if they quit or cut back on it abruptly. Fortunately,these symptoms last only a day
    or two in most cases.Individuals who are more sensitive to the stimulatory side effects of caffeine may want to
    avoid it,but most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee a day does not harm healthy
    people.There is no medical basis to give up daily caffeine and many reasons to include a moderate amount in
    one's diet.

    Drinking three cups of coffee a day_________.
    A:may not be recommended by most doctors
    B:15 harmful to healthy people
    C:will probably not cause problems
    D:may benefit sensitive people

    答案:C
    解析:
    由文章第一段第三句中“Habitual coffee and tea drinkers had long been observed to have a lower incidence of non-melanoma skin cancers”可知,有喝咖啡和茶叶习惯的人患黑色素瘤皮肤 癌的可能性较低,故选B。
    由文章第二段最后一句中“it can alleviate headaches”可知,咖啡因可以用来治头痛。
    由文章第三段最后一句可知,咖啡因能增强跑步运动员和自行车运动员的耐力,即en- durance,故选B。
    由文章最后一段前两句话可知,退瘾症状仅持续一到两天,即short-lived,故选D。
    由文章最后一段的倒数第二句中“most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee。day does not harm healthy people”可知,多数医生都认为一天喝三杯咖啡对健康的人不会产生不良影响,因此可能不会产生什么问题,故选C。

  • 第11题:

    共用题干
    Late-Night Drinking
    Coffee lovers beware.Having a quick"pick-me-up"cup of coffee late in the day will play havoc with your sleep .As well as being a stimulant,caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin,the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
    Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak be-tween 2 am and 4 am,before falling again."It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,"says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California.But researchers in Israel have found that caf feinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.
    Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six vol-unteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of de-caf. On average,subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee,compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop offtwice as long as usual-and jigged around in bed twice as much.
    In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample.Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin .The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers .In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.
    Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body,Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.

    The author of this passage probably agrees that______.
    A: coffee lovers sleep less than those who do not drink coffee
    B: we should not drink coffee after supper
    C: people sleep more soundly at midnight than at 3 a.m.
    D: if we feel sleepy at night,we should go to bed immediately

    答案:B
    解析:
    pick-me-up指提神饮料,也就是一种刺激物,在这篇文章里具体指咖啡。所以,答案选C。


    第二段第三个句子谈到,“控制我们睡眠的是神经激素”,而这一段的最后一个句子告诉我们“含咖啡因咖啡能使这种激素减半”。这正是咖啡因影响睡眠的原因。


    第三段涉及的是一个实验,这个实验的目的是测试含咖啡因咖啡和脱咖啡因咖啡对睡眠的影响,该段主要谈论的是这个实验的结果。


    第四段是第三段实验的继续,是该实验的第二阶段。研究人员通过劝志愿者尿样进行化验发现,咖啡因摄入者体内的褪黑激素仅为非咖啡因摄入者的一半。褪黑激素就是睡眠激素,所以答案应该选D。


    文章结尾谈到,"Ohayon建议爱喝咖啡的人午饭后应该换喝脱咖啡因咖啡”。另外,整篇文章都在探讨咖啡因影响睡眠的机理,所以,作者大概会同意“晚饭后不应该喝咖啡”的说法。选项A是一个全称判断,这等于说“所有喜欢喝咖啡的人都比不喝咖啡的人睡觉少”。这不一定,因为如果咖啡适量,喝咖啡的时间适当,咖啡不会影响睡眠。所以,作者可能不会同意这种说法。根据文章第二段第二句,选项C是错的。根据文章第二段第一个句子,我们体内的褪黑激素(睡眠激素)的浓度在我们上床时间前两小时开始上升,而这个时候我们会开始有困意。反过来说就是,人们并非一有困意就睡觉。所以,选项D不是答案。

  • 第12题:

    共用题干
    Late-Night Drinking
    Coffee lovers beware.Having a quick"pick-me-up"cup of coffee late in the day will play havoc with your sleep .As well as being a stimulant,caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin,the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
    Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak be-tween 2 am and 4 am,before falling again."It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,"says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California.But researchers in Israel have found that caf feinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.
    Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six vol-unteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of de-caf. On average,subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee,compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop offtwice as long as usual-and jigged around in bed twice as much.
    In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample.Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin .The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers .In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.
    Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body,Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.

    The author mentions"pick-me-up" to indicate that______.
    A: melatonin levels need to be raised
    B: neurohormone can wake us up
    C: coffee is a stimulant
    D: decaf is a caffeinated coffee

    答案:C
    解析:
    pick-me-up指提神饮料,也就是一种刺激物,在这篇文章里具体指咖啡。所以,答案选C。


    第二段第三个句子谈到,“控制我们睡眠的是神经激素”,而这一段的最后一个句子告诉我们“含咖啡因咖啡能使这种激素减半”。这正是咖啡因影响睡眠的原因。


    第三段涉及的是一个实验,这个实验的目的是测试含咖啡因咖啡和脱咖啡因咖啡对睡眠的影响,该段主要谈论的是这个实验的结果。


    第四段是第三段实验的继续,是该实验的第二阶段。研究人员通过劝志愿者尿样进行化验发现,咖啡因摄入者体内的褪黑激素仅为非咖啡因摄入者的一半。褪黑激素就是睡眠激素,所以答案应该选D。


    文章结尾谈到,"Ohayon建议爱喝咖啡的人午饭后应该换喝脱咖啡因咖啡”。另外,整篇文章都在探讨咖啡因影响睡眠的机理,所以,作者大概会同意“晚饭后不应该喝咖啡”的说法。选项A是一个全称判断,这等于说“所有喜欢喝咖啡的人都比不喝咖啡的人睡觉少”。这不一定,因为如果咖啡适量,喝咖啡的时间适当,咖啡不会影响睡眠。所以,作者可能不会同意这种说法。根据文章第二段第二句,选项C是错的。根据文章第二段第一个句子,我们体内的褪黑激素(睡眠激素)的浓度在我们上床时间前两小时开始上升,而这个时候我们会开始有困意。反过来说就是,人们并非一有困意就睡觉。所以,选项D不是答案。

  • 第13题:

    共用题干
    第二篇

    Late-night Drinking

    Coffee lovers,be careful.Having a quick "pick-me-up" cup of coffee late in the day will interrupt your
    sleep. As well as being a stimulant(兴奋剂),caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin(褪黑激素),the
    brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
    Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime.Levels then peak between 2 am
    and 4 am , before falling again. " It 's the neurohormone(神经激素)that controls our sleep and tells our
    body when to sleep and when to wake,"says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research
    Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves
    the body'S levels of this sleep hormone.
    Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept
    less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf(脱咖啡因咖啡).On
    average,subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee,compared with 415 minutes
    after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off,twice as long as usual.
    In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked
    them to give a urine(尿)sample.Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin.The
    results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers.In a paper
    accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the
    enzyme(酶)that drives melatonin production.
    Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body.Ohayon recommends that coffee
    lovers switch to decaf after lunch.

    Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep?
    A:It blocks production of the enzyme that stops melatonin production.
    B:It interrupts the flow of the hormone that prevents people from sleeping.
    C:It halves the body's levels of sleep hormone.
    D:It stays in the body for many hours.

    答案:C
    解析:
    pick-me-up 指提神饮料,也就是一种刺激物,在这篇文章里具体指咖啡。故选B。
    文章第二段的第三句话讲到,“控制我们睡眠的是神经激素”,而这一段的最后一句话告诉我们“含咖啡因咖啡能使这种睡眠激素减半”。这正是咖啡因影响睡眠的原理,故选C。
    第三段涉及一个实验,这个实验的目的是测试含咖啡因咖啡和脱咖啡因咖啡对睡眠的 影响,该段主要谈论的是这个实验的结果。故选A。
    第四段是第三段实验的继续,是该实验的第二个阶段。研究人员通过对志愿者的尿进 行化验发现,咖啡因摄入者体内的褪黑激素(melatonin)仅为非咖啡因摄入者的一半。故选A。
    文章最后一段最后一句话说:"Ohayon建议爱喝咖啡的人午饭后应该换喝脱咖啡因咖 啡”。故选B。第三篇 本文主要讲述了阿司匹林作为一种止痛药,它的发明及畅销过程,以及发现它可以治疗心脏 病发作的事情。

  • 第14题:

    共用题干
    Late-Night Drinking
    Coffee lovers beware .Having a quick"pick-me-up"cup of coffee late in the day will play havoc with your sleep.As well as being a stimulant,caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin,the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
    Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime.Levels then peak be-tween 2 a.m.and 4 a. m.,before falling again."It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,"says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.
    Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six vol- unteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of de-caf(脱因咖啡).On average , subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated cof-fee,compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off-twice as long as usual-and jigged around in bed twice as much.
    In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample,Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin .The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers.In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.
    Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body,Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.

    The author mentions" pick-me-up" to indicate that______.
    A: decaf is a caffeinated coffee
    B: coffee is a stimulant
    C: neurohormone can wake us up
    D:melatonin levels need to be raised

    答案:B
    解析:
    pick-me-up指提神饮料,也就是一种刺激物,在这篇文章里具体指咖啡。所以,答案应选B。


    由第二段第三句中“It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake”可知,控制我们睡眠的是神经激素。这一段的最后一个句子告诉我们“含咖啡因咖啡能使这种睡眠激素减半”。这正是咖啡因影响睡眠的原理。


    第三段涉及的是一个实验,这个实验的目的是测试含咖啡因咖啡和脱咖啡因咖啡对睡眠的影响,该段主要谈论的是这个实验的现象。


    第四段是第三段实验的继续,是该实验的第二个阶段。研究人员通过对志愿者尿样进行化验发现,咖啡因摄入者体内的褪黑激素仅为非咖啡因摄入者的一半。褪黑激素就是睡眠激素,所以,答案应该选D。


    文章的结尾谈到,"Ohayon建议爱喝咖啡的人午饭后应该换喝脱咖啡因咖啡”。另外由第二段的内容可知,含咖啡因咖啡会使控制睡眠的激素减半,所以,作者大概会同意“晚饭后不应该喝咖啡”的说法。

  • 第15题:

    共用题干
    Late-Night Drinking
    Coffee lovers beware .Having a quick"pick-me-up"cup of coffee late in the day will play havoc with your sleep.As well as being a stimulant,caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin,the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
    Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime.Levels then peak be-tween 2 a.m.and 4 a. m.,before falling again."It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,"says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.
    Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six vol- unteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of de-caf(脱因咖啡).On average , subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated cof-fee,compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off-twice as long as usual-and jigged around in bed twice as much.
    In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample,Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin .The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers.In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.
    Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body,Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.

    What does the experiment mentioned in Paragraph 4 prove?
    A: There are more enzymes in decaf drinkers' urine sample.
    B: There are more melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers' urine sample.
    C: Decaf drinkers produce less melatonin.
    D: Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone.

    答案:D
    解析:
    pick-me-up指提神饮料,也就是一种刺激物,在这篇文章里具体指咖啡。所以,答案应选B。


    由第二段第三句中“It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake”可知,控制我们睡眠的是神经激素。这一段的最后一个句子告诉我们“含咖啡因咖啡能使这种睡眠激素减半”。这正是咖啡因影响睡眠的原理。


    第三段涉及的是一个实验,这个实验的目的是测试含咖啡因咖啡和脱咖啡因咖啡对睡眠的影响,该段主要谈论的是这个实验的现象。


    第四段是第三段实验的继续,是该实验的第二个阶段。研究人员通过对志愿者尿样进行化验发现,咖啡因摄入者体内的褪黑激素仅为非咖啡因摄入者的一半。褪黑激素就是睡眠激素,所以,答案应该选D。


    文章的结尾谈到,"Ohayon建议爱喝咖啡的人午饭后应该换喝脱咖啡因咖啡”。另外由第二段的内容可知,含咖啡因咖啡会使控制睡眠的激素减半,所以,作者大概会同意“晚饭后不应该喝咖啡”的说法。

  • 第16题:

    共用题干
    Late-night Drinking
    Coffee lovers,be careful. Having a quick “pick-me-up” cup of coffee late in the day will interrupt your sleep. As well as being a stimulant(兴奋剂),caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin(褪黑激素),the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
    Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak between 2 am and 4 am, before falling again.“It's the neurohormone(神经激素)that con-trols our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,”says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.
    Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf(脱咖啡因咖啡).On average, subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee,compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off,twice as long as usual.
    In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine(尿)sample. Shilo measured concentrations of a break-down product of melatonin. The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers. In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medi-cine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme(酶)that drives melatonin production.
    Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body. Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.

    Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep?
    A: It blocks production of the enzyme that stops melatonin production.
    B: It interrupts the flow of the hormone that prevents people from sleeping.
    C: It halves the body's levels of sleep hormone.
    D: It stays in the body for many hours.

    答案:C
    解析:
    题干意为“作者提到‘pick-me-up’指出咖啡是一种兴奋剂。”短文第一段第二、三句提到“一天中稍晚的时候来一杯‘提神’咖啡会影响你的睡眠。除了作为一种兴奋剂,咖啡还能阻断褪黑色素的流动”,故选B。
    题干意为“下列哪一项告诉我们咖啡是如何影响睡眠的? 它使体内睡眠激素水平减半。”短文第二段最后一句提到“以色列的研究人员发现,含咖啡因的咖啡能使睡眠激素的水平减半”,而正是这些激素控制我们的睡眠的,故选C。
    题干意为“第三段主要讨论什么?”含咖啡因的咖啡与无咖啡因的咖啡对睡眠的不同作用。短文第三段第一句提出“希洛和一个在特拉维夫大学中的萨玉尔医疗中心的团队对6名志愿者进行观察,发现他们喝完一杯含咖啡因的咖啡比喝完相同数量的无咖啡因咖啡时睡得要少”,故选A。
    题干意为“第四段提到的实验发现,咖啡因摄入者产生的褪黑色素少。”短文第四段第二、三句提到“希洛测量了志愿者尿液中褪黑色素的一种分解产物的浓度,发现咖啡因摄入者的褪黑色素浓度是无咖啡因摄入者的一半”,故选A。
    题干意为“奥哈永建议咖啡爱好者午餐之后喝低咖啡因的咖啡。”短文最后一段提到“因为将咖啡因从体内排除需要几个小时的时间,奥哈永建议咖啡爱好者午餐之后就改换成低咖啡因咖啡”,故选B。

  • 第17题:

    共用题干
    Owls and Larks(猫头鹰与云雀)

    1 In this article,we look at the importance of sleep for learning. Most healthy adults need eight or more
    hours of sleep.But why do we need sleep in the first place?We need sleep for the brain to get a chance to
    rebuild memories stored during the day and associate these with previously learned things.If this process is
    interrupted by,say,the sound of an alarm clock,it may not be as effective.So if your sleep is cut short by the
    alarm clock,how damaging is it?The truth is that it's difficult to predict,as so much depends on how much
    sleep your body actually needs on that particular occasion.
    2 The popular belief that people are naturally either larks(early risers)or owls is false.The reason
    why people tend to be one or the other has more to do with lifestyle,age,and personality.Many people who
    appear to be early birds may have just become so through habit,for example,parents with very young chil-
    dren.Teenagers can have difficulty falling asleep until late at night and then they naturally have problems
    getting up the following morning.
    3 The main reason why owls are owls is that they tend to spend their time over a book,movie,or corn-
    puter game till the early hours of the morning.They enjoy the quiet of the night when they can pursue their
    passion.On the other hand,larks can make better use of early morning hours where they can study in quiet at
    the time when their brains are most refreshed.So which is better for learning一an owl's or a lark's lifestyle?
    The simple truth is that it is more complex than simply being one or the other. Leading a well-balanced life in
    terms of work and play and sleeping enough to bring maximum refreshment is probably the secret.
    4 As for naps , experts on insomnia(失眠)argue against taking naps , as these may keep people up at
    night. If your nap lasts only five minutes to haff an hour and does not affect your ability to fall asleep in the
    night,it will probably help you be more alert in evening hours.However,if you are having problems getting to
    sleep at night , it's not only naps that you should avoid. Try not to drink a lot of alcohol , take nicotine(尼古
    丁),do mentally intense activities like preparing for exams or doing exercise in the evening. Some people
    swear that drinking coffee never stops them from sleeping like a log,whereas others will never go near the
    stuff for fear of being awake all night.However,the best advice for most is to avoid it in the evening,and if
    you drink coffee before a nap,remember you are likely to awaken as soon as the caffeine starts kicking in.

    Sleep helps brain to________.
    A:stay up till the early hours of the morning
    B:sleep enough to bring most refreshment
    C:rebuild memories stored during the day
    D:store memories in the brain
    E:get up quite early
    F: keen away from coffee in the evening

    答案:C
    解析:
    该段第三句提到了主题句“我们为什么要把睡眠放在第一位呢?",后面讲述了原因。 故选E。
    该段主要讲述了人们成为猫头鹰型和云雀型的原因。故选D。
    该段倒数第二句提到事实上,事情没有简单地成为猫头鹰型或云雀型那么容易。故A 项与本段内容相符。
    由该段倒数第一句中的“However , the best advice for most is to avoid it in the evening”可 知选B。
    第一段第三句提到睡眠让大脑有了重建一天里所存记忆的机会,可知选C。
    第二段第三句提到很多人成了早起的鸟儿,如:有小孩的母亲。故E项正确。
    从第三段最后一句“Leading a well-balanced life … to bring maximum refreshment…”可舞 选B。
    第四段倒数第一句中的“it”指代的是前面提到的“coffee",故选F。

  • 第18题:

    共用题干
    Late-night Drinking
    Coffee lovers,be careful. Having a quick “pick-me-up” cup of coffee late in the day will interrupt your sleep. As well as being a stimulant(兴奋剂),caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin(褪黑激素),the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
    Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak between 2 am and 4 am, before falling again.“It's the neurohormone(神经激素)that con-trols our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,”says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.
    Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf(脱咖啡因咖啡).On average, subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee,compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off,twice as long as usual.
    In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine(尿)sample. Shilo measured concentrations of a break-down product of melatonin. The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers. In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medi-cine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme(酶)that drives melatonin production.
    Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body. Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.

    The experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 finds that caffeine drinkers______.
    A: produce less melatonin
    B: sleep longer than decaf drinkers
    C: produce more urine at night
    D: wake up every three hours

    答案:A
    解析:
    题干意为“作者提到‘pick-me-up’指出咖啡是一种兴奋剂。”短文第一段第二、三句提到“一天中稍晚的时候来一杯‘提神’咖啡会影响你的睡眠。除了作为一种兴奋剂,咖啡还能阻断褪黑色素的流动”,故选B。
    题干意为“下列哪一项告诉我们咖啡是如何影响睡眠的? 它使体内睡眠激素水平减半。”短文第二段最后一句提到“以色列的研究人员发现,含咖啡因的咖啡能使睡眠激素的水平减半”,而正是这些激素控制我们的睡眠的,故选C。
    题干意为“第三段主要讨论什么?”含咖啡因的咖啡与无咖啡因的咖啡对睡眠的不同作用。短文第三段第一句提出“希洛和一个在特拉维夫大学中的萨玉尔医疗中心的团队对6名志愿者进行观察,发现他们喝完一杯含咖啡因的咖啡比喝完相同数量的无咖啡因咖啡时睡得要少”,故选A。
    题干意为“第四段提到的实验发现,咖啡因摄入者产生的褪黑色素少。”短文第四段第二、三句提到“希洛测量了志愿者尿液中褪黑色素的一种分解产物的浓度,发现咖啡因摄入者的褪黑色素浓度是无咖啡因摄入者的一半”,故选A。
    题干意为“奥哈永建议咖啡爱好者午餐之后喝低咖啡因的咖啡。”短文最后一段提到“因为将咖啡因从体内排除需要几个小时的时间,奥哈永建议咖啡爱好者午餐之后就改换成低咖啡因咖啡”,故选B。

  • 第19题:

    共用题干
    第二篇

    Caffeine

    Caffeine is probably the most widely used drug in the world.Humans have been consuming caffeine for
    hundreds of years,primarily in the form of coffee,tea,and cocoa. Habitual coffee and tea drinkers had long
    been observed to have a lower incidence of non-melanoma(黑色素瘤)skin cancers , although no one knew
    why.A recent study found that caffeine affects skin cells damaged by ultraviolet radiation,a main cause of
    skin cancer. Caffeine interferes with a protein that cancerous cells need to survive,leaving the damaged cells
    to die before they become cancerous. Drinking caffeinated coffee has also been associated with a decreased
    incidence of endometrial(子宫内膜的)cancer-that is , cancer of the cells lining the uterus. The strongest
    effect appears to be in overweight women,who are at greatest risk for the disease.Researchers believe blood
    sugar,fat cells,and estrogen(雌性激素)may play a role. Although the mechanism remains unknown,peo-
    pie who drink more than two cups of coffee or tea a day reportedly have about half the risk of developing
    chronic liver disease as those who drink less than one cup of coffee daily;caffeinated coffee has also been as-
    sociated with lowered risk of cirrhosis(肝硬化)and liver cancer.
    While many of caffeine's undesirable effects,such as elevated heart rate and blood pressure,are brief,
    some short-term benefits,including pain relief,increased alertness,and increased physical endurance,have
    also been attributed to caffeine.As a component of numerous over-the-counter diet pills and pain relievers,
    caffeine increases their effectiveness and helps the body absorb them more quickly. By constricting(收缩)
    blood vessels in the brain , it can alleviate headaches一even migraines(偏头痛)一and can help counter the
    drowsiness(眩晕)caused by antihistamines(抗组胺药).
    Caffeine does not alter the need for sleep,but it does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people who
    need to stay alert. Research has shown that sleep-deprived individuals who consumed caffeine had improved
    memory and reasoning abilities,at least in the short term. Studies of runners and cyclists have shown that
    caffeine can improve their stamina一hence its addition to energy-boosting sports drinks.
    People who consume a lot of caffeine regularly may develop temporary withdrawal symptoms,headache
    being the most common,if they quit or cut back on it abruptly. Fortunately,these symptoms last only a day
    or two in most cases.Individuals who are more sensitive to the stimulatory side effects of caffeine may want to
    avoid it,but most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee a day does not harm healthy
    people.There is no medical basis to give up daily caffeine and many reasons to include a moderate amount in
    one's diet.

    Some athletes use caffeine to_________.
    A:improve their speed
    B:increase their endurance
    C:maintain their alertness
    D:relax their muscles

    答案:B
    解析:
    由文章第一段第三句中“Habitual coffee and tea drinkers had long been observed to have a lower incidence of non-melanoma skin cancers”可知,有喝咖啡和茶叶习惯的人患黑色素瘤皮肤 癌的可能性较低,故选B。
    由文章第二段最后一句中“it can alleviate headaches”可知,咖啡因可以用来治头痛。
    由文章第三段最后一句可知,咖啡因能增强跑步运动员和自行车运动员的耐力,即en- durance,故选B。
    由文章最后一段前两句话可知,退瘾症状仅持续一到两天,即short-lived,故选D。
    由文章最后一段的倒数第二句中“most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee。day does not harm healthy people”可知,多数医生都认为一天喝三杯咖啡对健康的人不会产生不良影响,因此可能不会产生什么问题,故选C。

  • 第20题:

    共用题干
    Late-night Drinking
    Coffee lovers,be careful. Having a quick “pick-me-up” cup of coffee late in the day will interrupt your sleep. As well as being a stimulant(兴奋剂),caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin(褪黑激素),the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
    Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak between 2 am and 4 am, before falling again.“It's the neurohormone(神经激素)that con-trols our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,”says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.
    Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf(脱咖啡因咖啡).On average, subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee,compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off,twice as long as usual.
    In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine(尿)sample. Shilo measured concentrations of a break-down product of melatonin. The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers. In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medi-cine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme(酶)that drives melatonin production.
    Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body. Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.

    What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss?
    A: Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep.
    B: Lotan Shilo's research design on sleep.
    C: What the subjects did after drinking decaf at night.
    D: Why some subjects took half an hour to all asleep.

    答案:A
    解析:
    题干意为“作者提到‘pick-me-up’指出咖啡是一种兴奋剂。”短文第一段第二、三句提到“一天中稍晚的时候来一杯‘提神’咖啡会影响你的睡眠。除了作为一种兴奋剂,咖啡还能阻断褪黑色素的流动”,故选B。
    题干意为“下列哪一项告诉我们咖啡是如何影响睡眠的? 它使体内睡眠激素水平减半。”短文第二段最后一句提到“以色列的研究人员发现,含咖啡因的咖啡能使睡眠激素的水平减半”,而正是这些激素控制我们的睡眠的,故选C。
    题干意为“第三段主要讨论什么?”含咖啡因的咖啡与无咖啡因的咖啡对睡眠的不同作用。短文第三段第一句提出“希洛和一个在特拉维夫大学中的萨玉尔医疗中心的团队对6名志愿者进行观察,发现他们喝完一杯含咖啡因的咖啡比喝完相同数量的无咖啡因咖啡时睡得要少”,故选A。
    题干意为“第四段提到的实验发现,咖啡因摄入者产生的褪黑色素少。”短文第四段第二、三句提到“希洛测量了志愿者尿液中褪黑色素的一种分解产物的浓度,发现咖啡因摄入者的褪黑色素浓度是无咖啡因摄入者的一半”,故选A。
    题干意为“奥哈永建议咖啡爱好者午餐之后喝低咖啡因的咖啡。”短文最后一段提到“因为将咖啡因从体内排除需要几个小时的时间,奥哈永建议咖啡爱好者午餐之后就改换成低咖啡因咖啡”,故选B。

  • 第21题:

    共用题干
    Owls and Larks
    1 In this article,we look at the importance of sleep for learning. Most healthy adults need eight or more hours of sleep. But why do we need sleep in the first place?We need sleep for the brain to get a chance to rebuild memories stored during the day and associate these with previously learned things. If this process is interrupted by,say,the sound of an alarm clock,it may not be as effective. So if your sleep is cut short by the alarm clock,how dama- ging is it?The truth is that it's difficult to predict,as so much depends on how much sleep your body actually needs on that particular occasion.
    2 The popular belief that people are naturally either larks(early risers)or owls is false. The reason why people tend to be one or the other has more to do with lifestyle,age,and personality. Many people who appear to be early birds may have just become so through hab- it,for example,parents with very young children. Teenagers can have difficulty falling asleep until late at night and then they naturally have problems getting up the following morning.
    3 The main reason why owls are owls is that they tend to spend their time over a book, movie,or computer game till the early hours of the morning. They enjoy the quiet of the night when they can pursue their passion. On the other hand,larks can make better use of early morning hours where they can study in quiet at the time when their brains are most refreshed. So which is better for learning一an owl's or a lark's lifestyle?The simple truth is that it is more complex than simply being one or the other. Leading a well-balanced life in terms of work and play and sleeping enough to bring maximum refreshment is probably the secret.
    4 As for naps, experts on insomnia(失眠)argue against taking naps, as these may keep people up at night. If your nap lasts only five minutes to half an hour and does not affect your ability to fall asleep in the night,it will probably help you be more alert in evening hours.
    However,if you are having problems getting to sleep at night,it's not only naps that you should avoid. Try not to drink a lot of alcohol, take nicotine(尼古丁) , do mentally intense activities like preparing for exams or doing exercise in the evening. Some people swear that drinking coffee never stops them from sleeping like a log,whereas others will never go near the stuff for fear of being awake all night. However,the best advice for most is to avoid it in the evening,and if you drink coffee before a nap,remember you are likely to awaken as soon as the caffeine starts kicking in.

    It is good advice for most people to______.
    A: sleep enough to bring most refreshment
    B: keep away from coffee in the evening
    C: stay up till the early hours of the morning
    D: get up quite early
    E: store memories in the brain
    F: rebuild memories stored during the day

    答案:B
    解析:
    段落中含有明显段落主题词sleep“睡眠”,因此B(包含sleep一词),D(包含 sleep一词)和F(F中的asleep“睡着的”与sleep“睡眠”意义呼应)可能是答案。比较这几个选项:B项“我们需要多少睡眠?”,D项“为什么我们需要睡觉?”, F项“什么帮助我们入睡?”。段落开头部分(段落第三句)直接提出问题“我们为什么需要睡觉呢?”接下来的句子对这个问题进行了回答:我们需要睡觉来使大脑有机会重建白天存储的记忆并把这些记忆和以前所学的东西联系起来。如果睡眠过程被打断,就不能进行有效的记忆存储。由此可见该段主要是在讨论和分析“我们为什么需要睡觉”这个问题,因此答案D项。
    段落中没有出现明显的段落主题词。段首陈述了一种普遍存在的观念,但是作者认为这是错误的看法:人们天生是云雀(早起的人)或是猫头鹰(晚睡的人)。接下来分析原因,解释为什么这样的看法不正确:究竟人们是早起的人还是晚睡的人主要与生活方式,年纪和个性相关。接下来的句子是以生活习惯为例进行进一步的分析。由此可见该段主要内容是在讨论和分析“造成人们早起或晚睡的原因”,因此答案为E项。
    段落中反复提到owl和lark,因此这两个词可能是该段主题词,因此选项C 可能是答案。从整个段落的内容来看,段落一开始分析了为什么有的人习惯晚睡,接下来对比分析了为什么有的人习惯早起,接下来提出问题:是早起好还是晚睡好? 对于这个问题作者没有直接进行回答,而是提出“根据自己的工作,娱乐过着充实的生活而且有充足的睡眠让你的精力充沛才是关键”,由此可见整个段落主要围绕“是早起好还是晚睡好?”这个问题展 开进行讨论,因此答案为C项。
    在段落前面部分nap“午睡”一词反复出现,段落开头部分是关于nap的建议:失眠专家建议不要午睡。段落后面部分也提出了一些建议:不要喝很多酒,不要抽烟,不要喝咖啡。由此可见整个段落在讲述为了获得良好的睡眠应该注意避免的事物。因此答案为 A项“我们应该避免什么?”
    题干意为“睡眠帮助大脑……”。利用题干中的细节信息词sleep和brain作为定位线索,在第一段中找到相关句:In this article, we look at the importance of sleep for learning. Most healthy adults need eight or more hours of sleep.But why do we need sleep in the first place?We need sleep for the brain to get a chance to rebuild memories stored during the day and associate these with previously learned things.If this process is interrupted by, say,the sound of an alarm clock,it may not be as effective. So if your sleep is cut short by the alarm clock,how damaging is it?The truth is that it's difficult to predict,as so much depends on how much sleep your body actually needs on that particular occasion.定位线索词集中出现在第一段第四句中,该句意为“我们需要通过睡眠来帮助大脑有机会重建在白天存储的记忆”。由此可知答案为F项“重建在白天存储的记忆”。
    题干意为“要照顾小孩子的父母往往……”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语parents, very young children作为定位线索,在第二段找到相关句:The popular belief that people are naturally either larks(early risers)or owls is false. The reason why people tend to be one or the other has more to do with lifestyle,age,and personality. Many people who appear to be early birds may have just become so through habit,for example,parents with very young children. Teenagers can have difficulty falling asleep until late at night and then they naturally have problems getting up the following morning.定位线索词集中出现在第二段倒数第二句中,该句意为“很多早起的人之所以早起是因为习惯,例如,要照顾小孩子的父母”。由此可知要照顾小孩子的父母习惯早起,因此D项“起得很早”是答案。
    题干意为“一种好的生活方式意味着一个人会……”。利用题干中的细节信息短语a good lifestyle作为定位线索,在短文第三段中找到相关句:The main reason why owls are owls is that they tend to spend their time over a book,movie,or computer game till the early hours of the morning. They enjoy the quiet of the night when they can pursue their passion.On the other hand,larks can make better use of early morning hours where they can study in quiet at the time when their brains are most refreshed. So which is better for learn-ing一an owl's or a lark's lifestyle?The simple truth is that it is more complex than simply being one or the other. Leading a well-balanced life(与a good lifestyle呼应)in terms of work and play and sleeping enough to bring maximum refreshment is probably the secret.定位线索词出现在第三段最后一句,斌句提到“过一种兼顾工作和娱乐的均衡生活,让充足的睡眠为你带来充沛的精力是关键”。由此可知兼顾工作和娱乐的均衡生活,即拥有一种好的生活方式意味着有带来充沛精力的充足睡眠,因此该题答案为A项“睡眠充足以获得充沛的精力”。
    题干意为“忠告大多数人……”。利用题干中的细节信息短语good advice和 most people作为定位线索,在最后一段中找到相关句:As for naps, experts on insomnia(失眠)argue against taking naps,as these may keep people up at night.If your nap lasts only five minutes to half an hour and does not affect your ability to fall asleep in the night,it will probably help you be more alert in evening hours.However,if you are having problems get-ting to sleep at night,it's not only naps that you should avoid. Try not to drink a lot of alcohol, take nicotine(尼古丁), do mentally intense activities like preparing for exams or doing exercise in the evening. Some people swear that drinking coffee never stops them from sleep-ing like a log,whereas others will never go near the stuff for fear of being awake all night. However, the best advice(与good advice呼应)for most(与most people呼应)is to avoid it in the evening,and if you drink coffee before a nap,remember you ar

  • 第22题:

    共用题干
    Late-Night Drinking
    Coffee lovers beware.Having a quick"pick-me-up"cup of coffee late in the day will play havoc with your sleep .As well as being a stimulant,caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin,the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
    Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak be-tween 2 am and 4 am,before falling again."It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,"says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California.But researchers in Israel have found that caf feinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.
    Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six vol-unteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of de-caf. On average,subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee,compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop offtwice as long as usual-and jigged around in bed twice as much.
    In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample.Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin .The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers .In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.
    Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body,Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.

    What does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove?
    A: There are more enzymes in decaf drinkers' urine sample.
    B: There are more melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers' urine sample.
    C: Decaf drinkers produce less melatonin.
    D: Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone that decaf drinkers.

    答案:D
    解析:
    pick-me-up指提神饮料,也就是一种刺激物,在这篇文章里具体指咖啡。所以,答案选C。


    第二段第三个句子谈到,“控制我们睡眠的是神经激素”,而这一段的最后一个句子告诉我们“含咖啡因咖啡能使这种激素减半”。这正是咖啡因影响睡眠的原因。


    第三段涉及的是一个实验,这个实验的目的是测试含咖啡因咖啡和脱咖啡因咖啡对睡眠的影响,该段主要谈论的是这个实验的结果。


    第四段是第三段实验的继续,是该实验的第二阶段。研究人员通过劝志愿者尿样进行化验发现,咖啡因摄入者体内的褪黑激素仅为非咖啡因摄入者的一半。褪黑激素就是睡眠激素,所以答案应该选D。


    文章结尾谈到,"Ohayon建议爱喝咖啡的人午饭后应该换喝脱咖啡因咖啡”。另外,整篇文章都在探讨咖啡因影响睡眠的机理,所以,作者大概会同意“晚饭后不应该喝咖啡”的说法。选项A是一个全称判断,这等于说“所有喜欢喝咖啡的人都比不喝咖啡的人睡觉少”。这不一定,因为如果咖啡适量,喝咖啡的时间适当,咖啡不会影响睡眠。所以,作者可能不会同意这种说法。根据文章第二段第二句,选项C是错的。根据文章第二段第一个句子,我们体内的褪黑激素(睡眠激素)的浓度在我们上床时间前两小时开始上升,而这个时候我们会开始有困意。反过来说就是,人们并非一有困意就睡觉。所以,选项D不是答案。

  • 第23题:

    共用题干
    Late-Night Drinking
    Coffee lovers beware.Having a quick"pick-me-up"cup of coffee late in the day will play havoc with your sleep .As well as being a stimulant,caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin,the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
    Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak be-tween 2 am and 4 am,before falling again."It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,"says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California.But researchers in Israel have found that caf feinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.
    Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six vol-unteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of de-caf. On average,subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee,compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop offtwice as long as usual-and jigged around in bed twice as much.
    In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample.Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin .The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers .In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.
    Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body,Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.

    Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep?
    A: Caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that stops melatonin production.
    B: Caffeine interrupts the flow of the hormone that prevents people from sleeping.
    C: Caffeine halves the body's levels of sleep hormone.
    D: Caffeine stays in the body for many hours.

    答案:C
    解析:
    pick-me-up指提神饮料,也就是一种刺激物,在这篇文章里具体指咖啡。所以,答案选C。


    第二段第三个句子谈到,“控制我们睡眠的是神经激素”,而这一段的最后一个句子告诉我们“含咖啡因咖啡能使这种激素减半”。这正是咖啡因影响睡眠的原因。


    第三段涉及的是一个实验,这个实验的目的是测试含咖啡因咖啡和脱咖啡因咖啡对睡眠的影响,该段主要谈论的是这个实验的结果。


    第四段是第三段实验的继续,是该实验的第二阶段。研究人员通过劝志愿者尿样进行化验发现,咖啡因摄入者体内的褪黑激素仅为非咖啡因摄入者的一半。褪黑激素就是睡眠激素,所以答案应该选D。


    文章结尾谈到,"Ohayon建议爱喝咖啡的人午饭后应该换喝脱咖啡因咖啡”。另外,整篇文章都在探讨咖啡因影响睡眠的机理,所以,作者大概会同意“晚饭后不应该喝咖啡”的说法。选项A是一个全称判断,这等于说“所有喜欢喝咖啡的人都比不喝咖啡的人睡觉少”。这不一定,因为如果咖啡适量,喝咖啡的时间适当,咖啡不会影响睡眠。所以,作者可能不会同意这种说法。根据文章第二段第二句,选项C是错的。根据文章第二段第一个句子,我们体内的褪黑激素(睡眠激素)的浓度在我们上床时间前两小时开始上升,而这个时候我们会开始有困意。反过来说就是,人们并非一有困意就睡觉。所以,选项D不是答案。