Trust is typically interpreted as a subjective belief in the reliability，honesty and security of an entity on which we depend（ ）our welfare.In online environments we depend on a wide spectrun of things,ranging from computer hardware,software and data to p

If no importance is attached to collecting information,we cannot survive in such a（n）_competitive society,because it is the basis on which we make our decisions.

A.intensively
B.forcefully
C.intensely
D.powerfully

Which of the following is Not True?

A. Advertisement makes contribution to our pockets and we may know everything
B. We can buy what we want
C. Products of good quality don't need to be advertised
D. Advertisement makes our life colorful
19. Which of the following is Not True?

Text 3 Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions,if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react,we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick,hardwired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms;if we are judging whether someone is dangerous,our brains and bodies are hardwired to react very quickly,within milliseconds.But we need more time to assess other factors.To accurately tell whether someone is sociable,studies show,we need at least a minute,preferably five.It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality,like neuroticism or openmindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren't exclusive to the interpersonal realm.Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fastfood logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster,even though reading has little to do with eating.We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we're doing.Subjects exposed to fastfood flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences.If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face（one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling）,we can take a moment before buying.If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants,we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners.John Gottman,the marriage expert,explains that we quickly“thin slice”information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in“thick sliced”longterm study.When Dr.Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together,he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation;two days,not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hardwired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals:doges can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes.But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term.Although technology might change the way we react,it hasn't changed our nature.We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the highspeed trend.
The time needed in making decisions may_____

A.vary according to the urgency of the situation
B.prove the complexity of our brain reaction
C.depend on the importance of the assessment
D.predetermine the accuracy of our judgment

Trust is typically interpreted as a subjective belief in the reliability， honesty and security of an entity on which we depend （ ）our welfare .In online environments we depend on a wide spectrun of things , ranging from computer hardware,software and data to people and organizations. A security solution always assumes certain entities function according to specific policies.To trust is precisely to make this sort of assumptions , hence , a trusted entity is the same as an entity that is assumed to function according to policy . A consequence of this is that a trust component of a system must work correctly in order for the security of that system to hold, meaning that when a trusted（ ）fails , then the sytems and applications that depend on it can（ ）be considered secure.An often cited articulation of this principle is:＂ a trusted system or component is one that can break your security policy” ( which happens when the trust system fails ). The same applies to a trusted party such as a service provider ( SP for short )that is , it must operate according to the agreed or assumed policy in order to ensure the expected level of securty and quality of services . A paradoxical conclusion to be drawn from this analysis is that security assurance may decrease when increasing the number of trusted components and parties that a service infrastructure depends on . This is because the security of an infrastructure consisting of many.
Trusted components typically follows the principle of the weakest link , that is ,in many situations the the overall security can only be as strong as the least reliable or least secure of all the trusted components. We cannot avoid using trusted security components,but the fewer the better. This is important to understand when designing the identity management architectures,that is, fewer the trusted parties in an identity management model , stronger the security that can be achieved by it.

The transfer of the social constructs of identity and trust into digital and computational concepts helps in designing and implementing large scale online markets and communities,and also plays an important role in the converging mobile and Internet environments.Identity management (denoted Idm hereafter ) is about recognizing and verifying the correctness of identitied in online environment .Trust management becomes a component of （ ）whenever different parties rely on each other for identity provision and authentication . IdM and Trust management therefore depend on each other in complex ways because the correctness of the identity itself must be trusted for the quality and reliability of the corresponding entity to be trusted.IdM is also an essential concept when defining authorisation policies in personalised services.

Establishing trust always has a cost, so that having complex trust requirement typically leads to high overhead in establishing the required trust. To reduce costs there will be incentives for stakeholders to “cut corners”regarding trust requirements ,which could lead to inadequate security . The challenge is to design IdM systems with relatively simple trust requirements.Cryptographic mechanisms are often a core component of IdM solutions,for example,for entity and data authentication.With cryptography,it is often possible to propagate trust from where it initially exists to where it is needed .The establishment of initial（ ）usually takes place in the physical world,and the subsequent propagation of trust happens online,often in an automated manner.

A. TRUST
B. COST
C. IDM
D. SOLUTION

共用题干
Protection of Wildlife
Demands for stronger protection for wildlife in Britain some hide the fact that similar are felt ill the rest Europe.Studies by the Council of Europe,of which 21 countries are members,have shown that 1 percent of reptile species and 24 percent of butterflies are in danger of dying out.
European concern for wildlife was outlined by Dr. Peter Baum,an expert in the environment and nature resources division of the council,when he spoke at a conference arranged by the ad- ministrators of a British national park.The park is one of the few areas in Europe to hold the council's diploma for nature reserves of the highest quality,and Dr. Peter Baum had come to present it to the park once again.He was afraid that public opinion was turning against national parks,and that those set up in the 1960s and 1970s could not be set up today.But Dr. Baum clearly remained a strong supporter of the view that natural environments needed to be allowed to survive in a peace in their own right.
No area could be expected to survive both as a true nature reserve and as tourist attraction,he went on .The short view that reserves had to serve immediate human demands for outdoor recrea- tion should be replaced by full acceptance of their importance as places to preserve nature for the future.
“We forget that they are the guarantee of life systems,on which any built-up area ultimately depends,”Dr. Baum went on,“We could manage without most industrial products,but we could not manage without nature.However,our natural environment areas,which are the original parts of our countryside,have shrunk to become mere islands in a spoiled and highly polluted land mass.”

Although we all depend on the resources of nature for our survival,______.
A: industrial products are replacing all our natural resources
B: it is only on islands that nature survives
C:we have forgotten what our original countryside looked like
D: we have allowed areas of countryside to be spoilt by industrial development

When we discuss the English language,we illuminate our weaknesses,prejudices and ambitions.Language creates communities,and some of these are solidarities of complainers and pedants.A statement about proper English is a statement not only about the language,but also about people-about who the proper English are,or just about who the proper users of English are.Typically,the celebrants and defenders of proper English are celebrating or defending something other than language.Where does our sense of the sproper'come from?In arguing about what is right and what wrong in any language,we appeal to authority.This authority is embodied in academies,the Ministry of Education（or its equivalent）and universities,as well as in the pronouncements of people who have appointed themselves authorities and have become known as such.We commonly accept these judges'pronouncements.There are also geographical criteria.These are evident in statements such as'Natives of Perugia speak the best Italian'or'People in Alsace have funny accents'.Typically,we feel that there are certain environments in which our language is decently used,and we favour the usage that obtains there.（48）Sometimes,too,we defer to the example of a significant literary figure,saying that so-and-so is a model of correctness.A broader view is that'correct English is that which is used by the best writers',but who are they,and what are the criteria for their being so esteemed?The definition tends to be circular:the best writers are the ones who best use the resources of English.When we appeal to aesthetics,our arguments become vague.The aesthetically sensitive arbiter will argue that whatever is beautiful in language is good.（49）The problem here would seem to be that the desire for beautiful language concentrates on language as an object-on the sensory pleasure it affords rather than on what it signifies.Besides,as we know from our observation of others,the constant pursuit of beauty can be embarrassing.Alternatively,we may claim that the most elegant usage is that of the social elite.Perhaps this now seems an absurd position,but not long ago it would have been perfectly normal.The democratic option is to say that all doubtful matters should be decided by ballot,or just to say that the majority is right.We also appeal to logic.（50）Although there are discrepancies between logic and the ways we use language,we frequently use arguments from logic（or from what we imagine to be logic）in order to justify our choice of words or find fault with others'choices.In practice we tend to find our usual practices logical and anything else illogical.'Logic'is often a mask for arrogance and extreme patriotism.

Which of the following is NOT true?__________

A.Advertisement makes contribution to our pockets and we may know everything
B.We can buy what we want
C.Good quality products don't need to be advertised
D.Advertisement makes our life colorful

12. Our service personnel work for clients on a wide variety of sites, many of _______are tough industrial environments that are unsuitable for laptops or PDAs.

A.whom
B.them
C.which
D.that

Trust is typically interpreted as a subjective belief in the reliability， honesty and security of an entity on which we depend （ ）our welfare .In online environments we depend on a wide spectrun of things , ranging from computer hardware,software and data to people and organizations. A security solution always assumes certain entities function according to specific policies.To trust is precisely to make this sort of assumptions , hence , a trusted entity is the same as an entity that is assumed to function according to policy . A consequence of this is that a trust component of a system must work correctly in order for the security of that system to hold, meaning that when a trusted（ ）fails , then the sytems and applications that depend on it can（ ）be considered secure.An often cited articulation of this principle is:＂ a trusted system or component is one that can break your security policy” ( which happens when the trust system fails ). The same applies to a trusted party such as a service provider ( SP for short )that is , it must operate according to the agreed or assumed policy in order to ensure the expected level of securty and quality of services . A paradoxical conclusion to be drawn from this analysis is that security assurance may decrease when increasing the number of trusted components and parties that a service infrastructure depends on . This is because the security of an infrastructure consisting of many.
Trusted components typically follows the principle of the weakest link , that is ,in many situations the the overall security can only be as strong as the least reliable or least secure of all the trusted components. We cannot avoid using trusted security components,but the fewer the better. This is important to understand when designing the identity management architectures,that is, fewer the trusted parties in an identity management model , stronger the security that can be achieved by it.
The transfer of the social constructs of identity and trust into digital and computational concepts helps in designing and implementing large scale online markets and communities,and also plays an important role in the converging mobile and Internet environments.Identity management (denoted Idm hereafter ) is about recognizing and verifying the correctness of identitied in online environment .Trust management becomes a component of （ ）whenever different parties rely on each other for identity provision and authentication . IdM and Trust management therefore depend on each other in complex ways because the correctness of the identity itself must be trusted for the quality and reliability of the corresponding entity to be trusted.IdM is also an essential concept when defining authorisation policies in personalised services.
Establishing trust always has a cost, so that having complex trust requirement typically leads to high overhead in establishing the required trust. To reduce costs there will be incentives for stakeholders to “cut corners”regarding trust requirements ,which could lead to inadequate security . The challenge is to design IdM systems with relatively simple trust requirements.Cryptographic mechanisms are often a core component of IdM solutions,for example,for entity and data authentication.With cryptography,it is often possible to propagate trust from where it initially exists to where it is needed .The establishment of initial（ ）usually takes place in the physical world,and the subsequent propagation of trust happens online,often in an automated manner.

A.with
B.on
C.of
D. for

Trust is typically interpreted as a subjective belief in the reliability，honesty and security of an entity on which we depend（ ）our welfare.In online environments we depend on a wide spectrun of things,ranging from computer hardware,software and data to people and organizations.A security solution always assumes certain entities function according to specific policies.To trust is precisely to make this sort of assumptions,hence,a trusted entity is the same as an entity that is assumed to function according to policy.A consequence of this is that a trust component of a system must work correctly in order for the security of that system to hold,meaning that when a trusted（ ）fails,then the sytems and applications that depend on it can（ ）be considered secure.An often cited articulation of this principle is:＂a trusted system or component is one that can break your security policy”（which happens when the trust system fails）.The same applies to a trusted party such as a service provider（SP for short）that is,it must operate according to the agreed or assumed policy in order to ensure the expected level of securty and quality of services.A paradoxical conclusion to be drawn from this analysis is that security assurance may decrease when increasing the number of trusted components and parties that a service infrastructure depends on.This is because the security of an infrastructure consisting of many.
Trusted components typically follows the principle of the weakest link,that is,in many situations the the overall security can only be as strong as the least reliable or least secure of all the trusted components.We cannot avoid using trusted security components,but the fewer the better.This is important to understand when designing the identity management architectures,that is,fewer the trusted parties in an identity management model,stronger the security that can be achieved by it.
The transfer of the social constructs of identity and trust into digital and computational concepts helps in designing and implementing large scale online markets and communities,and also plays an important role in the converging mobile and Internet environments.Identity management（denoted Idm hereafter）is about recognizing and verifying the correctness of identitied in online environment.Trust management becomes a component of（ ）whenever different parties rely on each other for identity provision and authentication.IdM and Trust management therefore depend on each other in complex ways because the correctness of the identity itself must be trusted for the quality and reliability of the corresponding entity to be trusted.IdM is also an essential concept when defining authorisation policies in personalised services.
Establishing trust always has a cost,so that having complex trust requirement typically leads to high overhead in establishing the required trust.To reduce costs there will be incentives for stakeholders to“cut corners”regarding trust requirements,which could lead to inadequate security.The challenge is to design IdM systems with relatively simple trust requirements.Cryptographic mechanisms are often a core component of IdM solutions,for example,for entity and data authentication.With cryptography,it is often possible to propagate trust from where it initially exists to where it is needed.The establishment of initial（ ）usually takes place in the physical world,and the subsequent propagation of trust happens online,often in an automated manner.

A.SP
B.IdM
C.Internet
D.entity

共用题干
第二篇

Protection of Wildlife

Demands for stronger protection for wildlife in Britain sometimes hide the fact that similar needs are felt in the rest Europe.Studies by the Council of Europe,of which 21 countries are members, have shown that 1 percent of reptile species and 24 percent of butterflies are in danger of dying out.
European concern for wildlife was outlined by Dr. Peter Baum,an expert in the environment and nature resources division of the Council,when he spoke at a conference arranged by the administrators of a British national park.The park is one of the few areas in Europe to hold the Council's diploma for nature reserves of the highest quality,and Dr. Baum had come to present it to the park once again.He was afraid that public opinion was turning against national parks,and that those set up in the 1960s and 1970s could not be set up today. But Dr. Baum clearly remained a strong supporter of the view that natural environments needed to be allowed to survive in peace in their own right.
No area could be expected to survive both as a true nature reserve and as tourist attraction,he
went on.The short view that reserves had to serve immediate human demands for outdoor recreation should be replaced by full acceptance of their importance as places to preserve nature for the future.
"We forget that they are the guarantee of life systems,on which any built-up area ultimately depends,"Dr. Baum went on,"We could manage without most industrial products,but we could not manage without nature.However,our natural environment areas,which are the original parts of our countryside,have shrunk to become mere islands in a spoiled and highly polluted land mass."

Although we all depend on the resources of nature for our survival,________.
A:industrial products are replacing all our natural resources
B:it is only on islands that nature survives
C:we have forgotten what our original countryside looked like
D:we have allowed areas of countryside to be spoilt by industrial development