The two most common specialized fields of accounting in practice are().A.managerial accounting and financial accountingB.managerial accounting and environmental accountingC.forensic accounting and financial accountingD.financial accounting and tax account

第1题：

You are the administrator of a Windows 2000 network. You need to store secured files for your company's accounting and legal departments on a Windows 2000 Professional computer.

You want to accomplish the following goals:

1. Enable users in both departments to access their own files from the network

2. Enable users in the accounting department to view the legal accounting department's documents

3. Prevent users in the legal department from being able to view the accounting department's documents

4. Enable managers within the company to access and modify both the accounting and the legal department's files

You take the following actions:

1. Create two shared folders named Accounting and Legal

2. Create three groups named Accounting, Legal, and Management

3. Allow the Accounting group modify permission on the Accounting folder

4. Allow the Legal group modify permission on the Legal folders.

5. Allow the Management group modify permission on both the Accounting and Legal folders.

Which result or results do these actions produce? (Choose all that apply)

A．Users in both departments can access to their own files from the network.

B．Users in the accounting department can view the legal department's documents.

C．Users in the legal department cannot view the accounting department's documents.

D．Company managers can access and modify both departments' files.

正确答案：ACD
解析：Explanation:
A: The Accounting group has Modify permission to the Accounting folder, and the Legal department has Modify permission to the Legal folders, so both departments can access their own files.

C: The Legal group has not been granted any permissions on the Accounting folder so they cannot access the Accounting department's documents.

D: The Management group has Modify permissions to both the Accounting and the Legal folders so they will be able to modify both departments' files.

Incorrect Answers
B: The Accounting group has been not been granted any permissions on the Legal folders. They cannot view these folders.

第2题：

5 Financial statements have seen an increasing move towards the use of fair values in accounting. Advocates of ‘fair

value accounting’ believe that fair value is the most relevant measure for financial reporting whilst others believe that

historical cost provides a more useful measure.

Issues have been raised over the reliability and measurement of fair values, and over the nature of the current level

of disclosure in financial statements in this area.

Required:

(a) Discuss the problems associated with the reliability and measurement of fair values and the nature of any

additional disclosures which may be required if fair value accounting is to be used exclusively in corporate

reporting. (13 marks)

正确答案：
(a) Reliability and Measurement
Fair value can be defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability. The fair value can
be thought of as an ‘exit price’. A fair value measurement assumes that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability
occurs in the principal market for the asset or liability or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market
for the asset or liability which is the market in which the reporting entity would sell the asset or transfer the liability with the
price that maximises the amount that would be received or minimises the amount that would be paid. IAS39 ‘Financial
Instruments: Recognition and Measurement’ requires an entity to use the most advantageous active market in measuring the
fair value of a financial asset or liability when multiple markets exist whereas IAS41 ‘Agriculture’ requires an entity to use the
most relevant market. Thus there can be different approaches for estimating exit prices. Additionally valuation techniques and
current replacement cost could be used.
A hierarchy of fair value measurements would have to be developed in order to convey information about the nature of the
information used in creating the fair values. For example quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets would provide better
quality information than quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets which would provide better quality
information than prices which reflect the reporting entity’s own thinking about the assumptions that market participants would
use in pricing the asset or liability. Enron made extensive use of what it called ‘mark-to-market’ accounting which was based
on valuation techniques and estimates. IFRSs currently do not have a single hierarchy that applies to all fair value measures.
Instead individual standards indicate preferences for certain inputs and measures of fair value over others, but this guidance
is not consistent among all IFRSs.
Some companies, in order to effectively manage their businesses, have already developed models for determining fair values.
Businesses manage their operations by managing risks. A risk management process often requires measurement of fair values
of contracts, financial instruments, and risk positions.
If markets were liquid and transparent for all assets and liabilities, fair value accounting clearly would give reliable information
which is useful in the decision making process. However, because many assets and liabilities do not have an active market,
the inputs and methods for estimating their fair value are more subjective and, therefore, the valuations are less reliable. Fair
value estimates can vary greatly, depending on the valuation inputs and methodology used. Where management uses
significant judgment in selecting market inputs when market prices are not available, reliability will continue to be an issue.
Management can use significant judgment in the valuation process. Management bias, whether intentional or unintentional,
may result in inappropriate fair value measurements and consequently misstatements of earnings and equity capital. Without
reliable fair value estimates, the potential for misstatements in financial statements prepared using fair value measurements
will be even greater.
Consideration must be given to revenue recognition issues in a fair value system. It must be ensured that unearned revenue
is not recognised early as it recently was by certain high-tech companies.
As the variety and complexity of financial instruments increases, so does the need for independent verification of fair value
estimates. However, verification of valuations that are not based on observable market prices is very challenging. Users of
financial statements will need to place greater emphasis on understanding how assets and liabilities are measured and how
reliable these valuations are when making decisions based on them.
Disclosure
Fair values reflect point estimates and do not result in transparent financial statements. Additional disclosures are necessary
to bring meaning to these fair value estimates. These disclosures might include key drivers affecting valuations, fair-valuerange
estimates, and confidence levels. Another important disclosure consideration relates to changes in fair value amounts.
For example, changes in fair values on securities can arise from movements in interest rates, foreign-currency rates, and credit
quality, as well as purchases and sales from the portfolio. For users to understand fair value estimates, they must be given
adequate disclosures about what factors caused the changes in fair value. It could be argued that the costs involved in
determining fair values may exceed the benefits derived therefrom. When considering how fair value information should be
presented in the financial statements, it is important to consider what type of financial information investors want. There are
indications that some investors desire both fair value information and historical cost information. One of the issues affecting
the credibility of fair value disclosures currently is that a number of companies include ‘health warnings’ with their disclosures
indicating that the information is not used by management. This language may contribute to users believing that the fair value
disclosures lack credibility.

第3题：

4 The transition to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) involves major change for companies as IFRSs

introduce significant changes in accounting practices that were often not required by national generally accepted

accounting practice. It is important that the interpretation and application of IFRSs is consistent from country to

country. IFRSs are partly based on rules, and partly on principles and management’s judgement. Judgement is more

likely to be better used when it is based on experience of IFRSs within a sound financial reporting infrastructure. It is

hoped that national differences in accounting will be eliminated and financial statements will be consistent and

comparable worldwide.

Required:

(a) Discuss how the changes in accounting practices on transition to IFRSs and choice in the application of

individual IFRSs could lead to inconsistency between the financial statements of companies. (17 marks)

正确答案：
(a) The transition to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) involves major change for companies as IFRS introduces
significant changes in accounting practices that often were not required by national GAAPs. For example financial instruments
and share-based payment plans in many instances have appeared on the statements of financial position of companies for
the first time. As a result IFRS financial statements are often significantly more complex than financial statements based on
national GAAP. This complexity is caused by the more extensive recognition and measurement rules in IFRS and a greater
number of disclosure requirements. Because of this complexity, it can be difficult for users of financial statements which have
been produced using IFRS to understand and interpret them, and thus can lead to inconsistency of interpretation of those
financial statements.
The form. and presentation of financial statements is dealt with by IAS1 ‘Presentation of Financial Statements’. This standard
sets out alternative forms or presentations of financial statements. Additionally local legislation often requires supplementary
information to be disclosed in financial statements, and best practice as to the form. or presentation of financial statements
has yet to emerge internationally. As a result companies moving to IFRS have tended to adopt IFRS in a way which minimises
the change in the form. of financial reporting that was applied under national GAAP. For example UK companies have tended
to present a statement of recognised income and expense, and a separate statement of changes in equity whilst French
companies tend to present a single statement of changes in equity.
It is possible to interpret standards in different ways and in some standards there is insufficient guidance. For example there
are different acceptable methods of classifying financial assets under IAS39 ‘Financial Instruments: Recognition and
Measurement’ in the statement of financial position as at fair value through profit or loss (subject to certain conditions) or
available for sale.
IFRSs are not based on a consistent set of principles, and there are conceptual inconsistencies within and between standards.
Certain standards allow alternative accounting treatments, and this is a further source of inconsistency amongst financial
statements. IAS31 ‘Interests in Joint Ventures’ allows interests in jointly controlled entities to be accounted for using the equity
method or proportionate consolidation. Companies may tend to use the method which was used under national GAAP.
Another example of choice in accounting methods under IFRS is IAS16 ‘Property, Plant and equipment’ where the cost or
revaluation model can be used for a class of property, plant and equipment. Also there is very little industry related accounting
guidance in IFRS. As a result judgement plays an important role in the selection of accounting policies. In certain specific
areas this can lead to a degree of inconsistency and lack of comparability.
IFRS1, ‘First time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards’, allows companies to use a number of exemptions
from the requirements of IFRS. These exemptions can affect financial statements for several years. For example, companies
can elect to recognise all cumulative actuarial gains and losses relating to post-employment benefits at the date of transition
to IFRS but use the ‘corridor’ approach thereafter. Thus the effect of being able to use a ‘one off write off’ of any actuarial
losses could benefit future financial statements significantly, and affect comparability. Additionally after utilising the above
exemption, companies can elect to recognise subsequent gains and losses outside profit or loss in ‘other comprehensive
income’ in the period in which they occur and not use the ‘corridor’ approach thus affecting comparability further.
Additionally IAS18 ‘Revenue’ allows variations in the way revenue is recognised. There is no specific guidance in IFRS on
revenue arrangements with multiple deliverables. Transactions have to be analysed in accordance with their economic
substance but there is often no more guidance than this in IFRS. The identification of the functional currency under IAS21,
‘The effects of changes in foreign exchange rates’, can be subjective. For example the functional currency can be determined
by the currency in which the commodities that a company produces are commonly traded, or the currency which influences
its operating costs, and both can be different.
Another source of inconsistency is the adoption of new standards and interpretations earlier than the due date of application
of the standard. With the IASB currently preparing to issue standards with an adoption date of 1 January 2009, early adoption
or lack of it could affect comparability although IAS8 ‘Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors’
requires a company to disclose the possible impact of a new standard on its initial application. Many companies make very
little reference to the future impact of new standards.

第4题：

(d) Explain the term ‘environmental management accounting’ and the benefits that may accrue to organisations

which adopt it. (4 marks)

正确答案：
(d) Environmental management accounting (EMA) involves the generation and analysis of both financial and non-financial
information in order to support internal environmental management processes. It is complementary to the conventional
management accounting approach, with the aim to develop appropriate mechanisms that assist the management of
organisations in the identification and allocation of environmentally related costs.
Organisations that alter their management accounting practices to incorporate environmental concerns will have greater
awareness of the impact of environment-related activities on their profit and loss accounts and balance sheets. This is because
conventional management accounting systems tend to attribute many environmental costs to general overhead accounts with
the result that they are ‘hidden’ from management. It follows that organisations which adopt EMA are more likely to identify
and take advantage of cost reduction and other improvement opportunities. A concern with environmental costs will also
reduce the chances of employing incorrect pricing of products and services and taking the wrong options in terms of mix and
development decisions. This in turn may lead to enhanced customer value whilst reducing the risk profile attaching to
investments and other decisions which have long term consequences.
Reputational risk will also be reduced as a consequence of adopting (EMA) since management will be seen to be acting in
an environmentally responsible manner. Organisations can learn from the Shell Oil Company whose experience in the much
publicised Brent Spar incident cost the firm millions in terms of lost revenues as a result of a consumer boycott.

第5题：

PURPOSE OF ACCOUNTING Every company has an accounting office or a finance department that looks ()its accounting details. An accounting department is the backbone(脊梁)of every business. It records all the business transactions(交易), and keeps a track(记录) of the incomes(收入) and expenses(支出)of the business. The accounting department also helps to determine the correct financial position and standing of the business. For a systematic(系统的)and ()recording of transactions, accounting is important. The purpose of accounting is recording all the transactions honestly and accurately in the “Books of Accounts(账本)”. The accounting process can be defined ()“the process that begins when the transaction takes place and ends ()the transaction is recorded in the books of accounts”. It includes a series of steps that ()to analyze(分析)and record the business transactions for a particular period.

1.A. forB. afterC. up

2.A. accurateB. simpleC. correct

3.A. toB. atC. as

4.A. whenB. whichC. what

5.A. useB. is usedC. uses

参考答案：子问题 1:B; 子问题 2:A; 子问题 3:B; 子问题 4:C; 子问题 5:A

第6题：

What is the stable-monetary-unit concept?

A．It is the prime means of measuring assets.

B．It is the common denominator in business transactions.

C．It is an orderly basis for handling account balances to produce the financial statements.

D．It is monetary terms in accounting information.

正确答案：C
解析：文章第一段最后一句提到The stable—monetary—unit concept provides…produce the financial statements．货币计量单位的理念，使处理账户余额，生成财务报表能够有序进行。

第7题：

资料：Many people think of internal control as a means of safeguarding cash and preventing fraud. Although internal control is an important factor in protecting assets and preventing fraud, this is only a part of its roles. Remember that business decisions are based on accounting data and the system of internal control provides assurance of the dependability of the accounting data used in making decisions.
The decisions made by management are communicated throughout the organization and become company policy. The results of the policies-----the consequences of managerial decisions----must be reported back to management so that the soundness of company policies can be evaluated. Among the means of communication included in the system of internal control are organization charts, manuals of accounting policies and procedures, flow charts, financial forecasts, purchase orders, receiving reports, invoices, and other documents. The term documentation refers to all the charts, forms, reports, and other business papers that guide and describe the working of a company's system of accounting and internal control.
Internal controls fall into two major classes: administrative controls and accounting controls. Administrative controls are measures that increase operational efficiency and compliance with policies in all parts of organization. For example, an administrative control may be a requirement that traveling salespersons submit reports showing the number of calls made on customers each day. Another example is a directive require airline pilots to have regular medical examinations. These internal administrative controls have no direct bearing on the reliability of the financial statements. Consequently, administrative controls are not of direct interest on accountants and independent auditors.
Internal accounting controls are measures that relate to protection of assets and to the reliability of accounting and financial reports. An example is the requirement that a person whose duties involve handling cash shall not also maintain accounting records. More broadly stated, the accounting function must be kept separate from the custody of assets. Another accounting control is the requirement that checks, purchase orders, and other documents be serially numbered. Still another example is the rule that a person who orders merchandise and supplies should not be the one to receive them and should not sign checks to pay for them.

The results of managerial decisions must be reported back to managements so that （）can be evaluated?

A.The means of communication
B.The level of performance in all divisions of the company
C.The effectiveness of company policies
D.The financial reports

答案：C

解析：

本题考查细节理解。
【关键词】The results of managerial decisions must be reported back to managements
【主题句】第2自然段The results of the policies-----the consequences of managerial decisions----must be reported back to management so that the soundness of company policies can be evaluated. 政策的结果-----管理层决定的执行结果-----必须被反馈给管理层，这样公司政策的合理性才能被评估。
【解析】题干意为“管理层决定的执行结果必须被反馈的原因是________”。选项A意为“交流的手段”；选项B意为“公司各部门的业绩水平”；选项C意为“公司政策的有效性”；选项D意为“财务报告”。根据主题句可知，管理层决定的执行结果必须被反馈后，公司政策的合理性才能被评估。故选项C符合题意。

第8题：

资料：Many people think of internal control as a means of safeguarding cash and preventing fraud. Although internal control is an important factor in protecting assets and preventing fraud, this is only a part of its roles. Remember that business decisions are based on accounting data and the system of internal control provides assurance of the dependability of the accounting data used in making decisions.
The decisions made by management are communicated throughout the organization and become company policy. The results of the policies-----the consequences of managerial decisions----must be reported back to management so that the soundness of company policies can be evaluated. Among the means of communication included in the system of internal control are organization charts, manuals of accounting policies and procedures, flow charts, financial forecasts, purchase orders, receiving reports, invoices, and other documents. The term documentation refers to all the charts, forms, reports, and other business papers that guide and describe the working of a company's system of accounting and internal control.
Internal controls fall into two major classes: administrative controls and accounting controls. Administrative controls are measures that increase operational efficiency and compliance with policies in all parts of organization. For example, an administrative control may be a requirement that traveling salespersons submit reports showing the number of calls made on customers each day. Another example is a directive require airline pilots to have regular medical examinations. These internal administrative controls have no direct bearing on the reliability of the financial statements. Consequently, administrative controls are not of direct interest on accountants and independent auditors.
Internal accounting controls are measures that relate to protection of assets and to the reliability of accounting and financial reports. An example is the requirement that a person whose duties involve handling cash shall not also maintain accounting records. More broadly stated, the accounting function must be kept separate from the custody of assets. Another accounting control is the requirement that checks, purchase orders, and other documents be serially numbered. Still another example is the rule that a person who orders merchandise and supplies should not be the one to receive them and should not sign checks to pay for them.

（）are not the means of communication included in the system of internal controls.

A.Financial forecasts
B.According rules
C.Manuals of accounting policies and procedures
D.Organization charts

答案：B

解析：

本题考查细节理解。
应改为：
【关键词】not the means of communication; included in the system of internal controls
【主题句】第2自然段Among the means of communication included in the system of internal control are organization charts, manuals of accounting policies and procedures, flow charts, financial forecasts, purchase orders, receiving reports, invoices, and other documents. 内部控制系统的交流方式包括企业组织图、会计政策及程序说明、流程图、财务预测、采购订单、验收单、发票和其他文件。
【解析】题干意为“________不是内部控制系统的交流方式？” 选项A意为“财务预测”；选项B意为“相应规则”；选项C意为“会计政策和程序手册”；选项D意为“组织结构图”。根据主题句可知，选项A、C、D均被提及，故选项B符合题意。

第9题：

You need to design an access control strategy for the financial data used by the accounting department. Your solution must meet business requirements. What should you do？（）

A、Modify the properties of the computer object named P_FS2 to enable the Trust computer for delegation attribute. Instruct accounting department users to use Encrypting File System （EFS） to encrypt files
B、Modify the properties of all accounting department user accounts to enable the Account is trusted for delegation attribute. Instruct accounting department users to use Encrypting File System （EFS） to encrypt files
C、Modify the properties of accounting department computers to enable the Trust computer for delegation attribute. Configure accounting department client computers to use IPSec to communicate with P_FS2
D、Modify the properties of all administrator accounts in the forest to enable to Account is trusted for delegation attribute. Configure accounting department client computers to use IPSec to communicate with P_FS2

正确答案:A

第10题：

You upgrade 11 computers in the accounting department from Windows NT Workstation 4.0 to Windows 2000 Professional. All of the upgraded computers are configured to have the default security settings. After the upgrade, users in the accounting department report that they can no longer run any financial or credit applications on their computers. You want all accounting department users to be able to run these applications. You want to allow only the rights that allow users to run the applications. What should you do?（）

A、Add each user account to the Power Users group on that user’s computer.
B、Configure the financial and credit applications to run as services on the computers in the accounting department.
C、Apply the Compatws.inf security template to the local security policy of the computers in the accounting department.
D、Use the Computer Management console to configure separate memory spaces for each financial and credit application on the accounting department computers.

正确答案:C

第11题：

You are the administrator of a Windows 2000 network. You need to store secured files for your company’s Accounting and Legal departments on a Windows 2000 Professional computer. You want to accomplish the following goals： • Enable users in both departments to access their own files from the network • Enable users in the Accounting department to view the Legal department’s documents • Prevent users in the Legal department from being able to view the Accounting department’s documents • Enable managers within the company to access and modify both the Accounting and the Legal department’s files You take the following actions： • Create two shared folders named Accounting and Legal • Create three groups named Accounting， Legal， and Management • Allow the Accounting group Modify permission on the Accounting folder • Allow the Accounting group Read permissions on the Legal folders. • Allow the Management group Modify permission on both the Accounting and Legal folders. Which result or results do these actions produce？（）

A、Users in both departments can access to their own files from the network.
B、Users in the Accounting department can view the Legal department’s documents.
C、Users in the Legal department cannot view the Accounting department’s documents.
D、Company managers can access and modify both departments’ files.

正确答案:B,C,D

第12题：

单选题

The medical board, concerned by the drop in insurance payments and the failure of the accounting department to obtain the anticipated funds, resolved to pursue legal action against the insurance company.

A

concerned by the drop in insurance payments and the failure of the accounting department to obtain

B

concerning the drop in payments by insurance and the failure of the accounting department to obtain

C

because of its concern for the dropping insurance payments and the accounting department’s failure at obtaining

D

in its concern that the drop in insurance payments and the failure of the accounting department to obtain

E

being concerned about the drop in insurance payments and the accounting department falling to obtain

正确答案： D

解析：
B项表意不明；C项“failure at obtaining”不符合习惯表达；D项结构不完整；E项中“being concerned about the drop”不符合习惯表达，故本题应选A项。

第13题：

5 The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is currently in a joint project with the Accounting Standards

Board (ASB) in the UK and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in the USA in the area of reporting

financial performance/comprehensive income. The main focus of the project is the development of a single statement

of comprehensive income to replace the income statement and statement of changes in equity. The objective is to

analyse all income and expenses and categorise them in a way that increases users’ understanding of the results of

an entity and assists in forming expectations of future income and expenditure. There seems to be some consensus

that the performance statement should be divided into three components being the results of operating activities,

financing and treasury activities, and other gains and losses.

Required:

(a) Describe the reasons why the three accounting standards boards have decided to cooperate and produce a

single statement of financial performance. (8 marks)

正确答案：
(a) The main reasons why the three accounting standards boards have decided to come together in a joint project regarding a
single performance statement are as follows:
(i) there are many different formats and classifications used for financial statements and different time periods used for
comparative data in different countries.
(ii) there are no common definitions as regards the key elements of financial performance and no agreement on the standard
definitions of the key ratios which would then determine the nature of the information that financial statements should
provide. There has been an increase in the reporting of alternative and often inconsistent financial performance
measures that has led to confusion and often has misled users.
(iii) there has been an increase in the use of pro-forma reporting which would tend to suggest that the existing totals and
sub totals in financial statements are not being used or relied upon as much as in the past.
(iv) there are benefits in separating transactions and events that are recorded at historical cost from those recorded at fair
value. Also, the differentiation between trading and holding gains gives useful information. This ‘mixed attribute’ model
is causing concern over the effects on reported performance.
(v) there is often insufficient disaggregation of data which prevents effective financial analysis of performance.
(vi) there has been an inconsistency in the use of ‘recycling ‘in financial statements of different jurisdictions which has led
to issues of reporting gains and losses twice.
(vii) the reporting of gains and losses on financial instruments required consideration. The gains and losses may currently be
reported under several headings dependent upon the nature of the instrument.
(viii) there are many relevant items excluded from the performance statements and inappropriate items included. For example
the reporting of foreign currency gains/losses on the retranslation of the net investment in foreign operations is normally
recognised in equity in many countries and dividends proposed shown on the face of the income statement when it does
not meet the definition of a liability and is a transaction with the owners of the business and not third parties.
(ix) Information is inconsistently classified within and outside totals and subtotals.

第14题：

4 The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has begun a joint project to revisit its conceptual framework for

financial accounting and reporting. The goals of the project are to build on the existing frameworks and converge them

into a common framework.

Required:

(a) Discuss why there is a need to develop an agreed international conceptual framework and the extent to which

an agreed international conceptual framework can be used to resolve practical accounting issues.

(13 marks)

正确答案：
(a) The IASB wish their standards to be ‘principles-based’ and in order for this to be the case, the standards must be based on
fundamental concepts. These concepts need to constitute a framework which is sound, comprehensive and internally
consistent. Without agreement on a framework, standard setting is based upon the personal conceptual frameworks of the
individual standard setters which may change as the membership of the body changes and results in standards that are not
consistent with each other. Such a framework is designed not only to assist standard setters, but also preparers of financial
statements, auditors and users.
A common goal of the IASB is to converge their standards with national standard setters. The IASB will encounter difficulties
converging their standards if decisions are based on different frameworks. The IASB has been pursuing a number of projects
that are aimed at achieving short term convergence on certain issues with national standard setters as well as major projects
with them. Convergence will be difficult if there is no consistency in the underlying framework being used.
Frameworks differ in their authoritative status. The IASB’s Framework requires management to expressly consider the
Framework if no standard or interpretation specifically applies or deals with a similar and related issue. However, certain
frameworks have a lower standing. For example, entities are not required to consider the concepts embodied in certain
national frameworks in preparing financial statements. Thus the development of an agreed framework would eliminate
differences in the authoritative standing of conceptual frameworks and lead to greater consistency in financial statements
internationally.
The existing concepts within most frameworks are quite similar. However, these concepts need revising to reflect changes in
markets, business practices and the economic environment since the concepts were developed. The existing frameworks need
developing to reflect these changes and to fill gaps in the frameworks. For example, the IASB’s Framework does not contain
a definition of the reporting entity. An agreed international framework could deal with this problem, especially if priority was
given to the issues likely to give short-term standard setting benefits.
Many standard setting bodies attempted initially to resolve accounting and reporting problems by developing accounting
standards without an accepted theoretical frame. of reference. The result has been inconsistency in the development of
standards both nationally and internationally. The frameworks were developed when several of their current standards were
in existence. In the absence of an agreed conceptual framework the same theoretical issues are revisited on several occasions
by standard setters. The result is inconsistencies and incompatible concepts. Examples of this are substance over form. and
matching versus prudence. Some standard setters such as the IASB permit two methods of accounting for the same set of
circumstances. An example is the accounting for joint ventures where the equity method and proportionate consolidation are
allowed.
Additionally there have been differences in the way that standard setters have practically used the principles in the framework.
Some national standard setters have produced a large number of highly detailed accounting rules with less emphasis on
general principles. A robust framework might reduce the need for detailed rules although some companies operate in a
different legal and statutory context than other entities. It is important that a framework must result in standards that account
appropriately for actual business practice.
An agreed framework will not solve all accounting issues, nor will it obviate the need for judgement to be exercised in resolving
accounting issues. It can provide a framework within which those judgements can be made.
A framework provides standard setters with both a foundation for setting standards, and concepts to use as tools for resolving
accounting and reporting issues. A framework provides a basic reasoning on which to consider the merits of alternatives. It
does not provide all the answers, but narrows the range of alternatives to be considered by eliminating some that are
inconsistent with it. It, thereby, contributes to greater efficiency in the standard setting process by avoiding the necessity of
having to redebate fundamental issues and facilitates any debate about specific technical issues. A framework should also
reduce political pressures in making accounting judgements. The use of a framework reduces the influence of personal biases
in accounting decisions.
However, concepts statements are by their nature very general and theoretical in their wording, which leads to alternative
conclusions being drawn. Whilst individual standards should be consistent with the Framework, in the absence of a specific
standard, it does not follow that concepts will provide practical solutions. IAS8 ‘Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting
Estimates and Errors’ sets out a hierarchy of authoritative guidance that should be considered in the absence of a standard.
In this case, management can use its judgement in developing and applying an accounting policy, albeit by considering the
IASB framework, but can also use accounting standards issued by other bodies. Thus an international framework may nottotally provide solutions to practical accounting problems.

第15题：

5 An enterprise has made a material change to an accounting policy in preparing its current financial statements.

Which of the following disclosures are required by IAS 8 Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates

and errors in these financial statements?

1 The reasons for the change.

2 The amount of the consequent adjustment in the current period and in comparative information for prior periods.

3 An estimate of the effect of the change on future periods, where possible.

A 1 and 2 only

B 1 and 3 only

C 2 and 3 only

D All three items

正确答案：A

第16题：

听力原文：M: Accounting controls refer to plans, procedures and records required for safeguarding assets and producing reliable financial accounts.

W: Yes. Accounting controls are important elements of a bank's internal control system, the soundness of which is vital for bank's survival.

Q: What are the important elements of a bank's internal control system?

(15)

A．Accounting basis.

B．Cash basis accounting.

C．Accounting control.

D．The chart of accounts of a bank.

正确答案：C
解析：对话谈论的是内部会计控制的问题，根据女士的话"accounting controls are important elements of a bank's internal control system", 可知答案为C选项。

第17题：

The two s of accounting for investments in stock are ().

A.the cost

B.straight-line

C.liability

D.interest

E.equity

正确答案：AE

第18题：

The two most common specialized fields of accounting in practice are( )

A. forensic accounting and financial accounting

B. managerial accounting and financial accounting

C. managerial accounting and environmental accounting

D. financial accounting and tax accounting systems

正确答案：B

第19题：

资料：Many people think of internal control as a means of safeguarding cash and preventing fraud. Although internal control is an important factor in protecting assets and preventing fraud, this is only a part of its roles. Remember that business decisions are based on accounting data and the system of internal control provides assurance of the dependability of the accounting data used in making decisions.
The decisions made by management are communicated throughout the organization and become company policy. The results of the policies-----the consequences of managerial decisions----must be reported back to management so that the soundness of company policies can be evaluated. Among the means of communication included in the system of internal control are organization charts, manuals of accounting policies and procedures, flow charts, financial forecasts, purchase orders, receiving reports, invoices, and other documents. The term documentation refers to all the charts, forms, reports, and other business papers that guide and describe the working of a company's system of accounting and internal control.
Internal controls fall into two major classes: administrative controls and accounting controls. Administrative controls are measures that increase operational efficiency and compliance with policies in all parts of organization. For example, an administrative control may be a requirement that traveling salespersons submit reports showing the number of calls made on customers each day. Another example is a directive require airline pilots to have regular medical examinations. These internal administrative controls have no direct bearing on the reliability of the financial statements. Consequently, administrative controls are not of direct interest on accountants and independent auditors.
Internal accounting controls are measures that relate to protection of assets and to the reliability of accounting and financial reports. An example is the requirement that a person whose duties involve handling cash shall not also maintain accounting records. More broadly stated, the accounting function must be kept separate from the custody of assets. Another accounting control is the requirement that checks, purchase orders, and other documents be serially numbered. Still another example is the rule that a person who orders merchandise and supplies should not be the one to receive them and should not sign checks to pay for them.

Which of the following is an example of internal accounting controls?（）.

A.person is required to keep the custody of asset as well as accounting records.
B.person is required to order merchandise and supplies and to receive them as well.
C.person is required to handle cash and another one to maintain accounting records.
D.traveling salesperson is required to present reports showing the number of calls made on customers.

答案：C

解析：

本题考查细节理解。
【关键词】an example of internal accounting controls
【主题句】第4自然段An example is the requirement that a person whose duties involve handling cash shall not also maintain accounting records. More broadly stated, the accounting function must be kept separate from the custody of assets. Still another example is the rule that a person who orders merchandise and supplies should not be the one to receive them and should not sign checks to pay for them. 举例来说，要求管理现金的人不能同时管理会计记录。更大范围来说，会计职能与资产监管必须分开。最后，负责采购与供应的和负责接受并签字支付的不能是同一人。
【解析】题干意为“下列哪一项是会计控制的例子？” 选项A意为“保管资产和管理会计记录应是同一人”；选项B意为“订购商品和用品与接收它们的应是同一人”；选项C意为“一个人处理现金，而另一个维护会计记录”；选项D意为“旅行销售员需要每天提交拨打客户电话数量”。根据主题句可知，选项A、B与原文不符，选项D是行政控制的例子，故选项C符合题意。

第20题：

Master of Accounting与MBA中的Accounting有什么区别？

正确答案: MBA中的Accounting是在全面学习各种商业课程的基础上侧重会计学的学习；相对于MBA的综合学习，会计学硕士更专门化，为了考CPA而设置的。

第21题：

Which one of the aaa accounting commands can be used to enable logging of both the start and stoprecords for user terminal sessions on the router？（）

A、aaa accounting connection start-stop tacacs+
B、aaa accounting exec start-stop tacacs+
C、aaa accounting system start-stop tacacs+
D、aaa accounting network start-stop tacacs+

正确答案:B

第22题：

You are the network administrator for Company. You have been assigned the task to upgrade the 23 Windows NT Workstation 4.0 computers in the accounting department to Windows 2000 Professional. Users in the accounting department run a peer-to-peer financial and credit application on their computers. The application requires that information is passed between the accounting department computers over the network. You upgrade all the computers and configure them to have the default security settings. You want to ensure that network traffic between accounting computers is secure. What should you do? （）

A、Disable NetBIOS over TCP/IP on the accounting department computers.
B、Apply the Hisecws.inf security template to the local security policy on the accounting department computers.
C、Enable the Encrypting File System （EFS） on all files used by the financial and credit application on the accounting department computers.
D、Configure port filters for each port used by the financial and credit application on the accounting department computers.

正确答案:B

第23题：

You are the administrator of ExamSheet's Windows 2000 network. You need to store secured files for ExamSheet's accounting and legal departments on a Windows 2000 Professional computer. You create two shared folders named Accounting and Legal with the default NTFS and share permissions. You also create two groups named Accounting and Legal and add the appropriate user accounts into the appropriate groups. To meet the security requirements for the shared folders the following criteria must be met: 1.Users in both departments must be able to update their own files from the network. 2.Users in the accounting department must be able to view the legal department's documents from the network. 3.Users in the legal department must be prevented from being able to view the accounting department's documents from the network.You want to ensure that all security requirements are met using the least amount of administrative effort. What should you do? （）

A、Allow the Accounting groupReadpermission on the Accounting share and the Legal shared folder. Allow the Legal groupReadpermissions on the Legal shared folder.
B、Allow the Accounting groupFull Controlpermissions on the Accounting shared folder and the Legal shared folder. Allow the Legal groupFull Controlpermission on the Legal shared folder.
C、Deny the Everyone groupFull Controlpermissions on the Accounting shared folder.
D、Deny the Legal groupFull Controlpermission on the Accounting shared folder.

正确答案:D

The two most common specialized fields of accounting in practice are().A.managerial accounting and financial accountingB.managerial accounting and environmental accountingC.forensic accounting and financial accountingD.financial accounting and tax account

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