Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ________.[A] more inclined to weigh what they get[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions[C] nice in both appearance and temperament[D] more generous than their male com
题目
Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ________.
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get
[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament
[D] more generous than their male companions
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更多“Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ________.[A] more inclined to weigh what they get[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions[C] nice in both appearance and temperament[D] more generous than their male com”相关问题
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第1题：
Beauty has always been regarded as something praise worthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants (被告). But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.
While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to a woman.
Handsome male executives were thought as having more integrity than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to account for their success.
Attractive female executives were considered to have less integrity than unattractive ones; their success was attributed not to ability but to factors such as luck.
All unattractive women executives were thought to have more integrity and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than that of attractive overnight successes.
Why are attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman is thought to be more feminine and an attractive man more masculine (有男子气概的) than the less attractive ones. Thus, an attractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally masculine position appears to lack the "masculine" qualities required.
This is true even in politics. ′When the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men and women differently,′ says Anne Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates. She asked 125 undergraduate students to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attractiveness. The students were told the photographs were of candidates for political offices. They were asked to rank them again, in the order they would vote for them.
The results showed that attractive males utterly defeated unattractive men, but the women who had been ranked most attractive invariably received the fewest votes.
In traditionally female jobs, attractiveness___________.A.makes women look more honest and capable
B.strengthens the feminine qualities required
C.is of primary importance to women
D.often enables women to succeed quickly答案：B解析：细节题。根据traditionally female jobs定位到倒数第三段，最后一句“an attractive woman has all advantage in traditionally female jobs…lack the“masculine”qualities required”可见，在传统上由女性所从事的工作中，有魅力的女性具有一定优势；但在传统上由男性所从事的工作中，有魅力的女性看起来缺乏所需要的男性特质；由此推断，在传统上由女性所从事的工作中，魅力加强了所需的女性特质。故选B。A项与文意相反，C项和D项均未在文中体现。 -
第2题：
共用题干
第三篇
On the Trial of the Honey Badger
On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert,a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey
badgers（灌）.The team employed a local wildlife expert,Kitso Khama,to help them locate and follow the
badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers'movements and behaviour as discreetly
（谨慎地）as possible,without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behaviour. They
also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them.In view of the animal's reputation,
this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do.
"The problem with honey badgers is that they are naturally curious animals,especially when they see
something new,"he says."That,combined with their unpredictable nature,can be a dangerous mixture.If
they sense you have food,for example,they won't be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat.
They're actually quite sociable creatures around humans,but as soon as they feel they might be in danger,
they can become extremely vicious（凶恶的）. Fortunately this is rare , but it does happen."
The research confirmed many things that were already known.As expected,honey badgers ate any crea-
tures they could catch and kill.Even poisonous snakes,feared and avoided by most other animals,were not
safe from them.The researchers were surprised,however,by the animal's fondness for local melons,probably
because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid require-
ments from its prey（猎物）.The team also learnt that,contrary to previous research findings,the badgers oc-
casionally formed loose family groups.They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research,
including the fact that female badgers never socialised with each other.
Following some of the male badgers was a challenge,since they can cover large distances in a short
space of time.Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers.Although they seem happy to
share these territories with other males,there are occasional fights over an important food source,and male
badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.
As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people,it gave the team the chance to get up close
to them without being the subject of the animals'curiosity一or their sudden aggression.The badgers'eating
patterns,which had been disrupted,returned to normal.It also allowed the team to observe more closely some
of the other creatures that form working associations with the honey badger,as these seemed to adopt the
badgers'relaxed attitude when near humans.What did the team find out about honey badgers?
A:There were some creatures they did not eat.
B:They were afraid of poisonous creatures.
C:Female badgers did not mix with male badgers.
D:They may get some of the water they needed from fruit.答案：D解析：由第一段第三句“Their main aim was to study the badgers ' movements and behaviour..."可知答案。
由第二段第一句“The problem with honey badgers is that they are naturally curious ani-mals , especially when they see something new...”可知答案。
由第三段第四句“The researchers were surprised , however , by the animal ' s fondness forlocal melons , probably because of their high water content.”可知D项正确。A、B两项可以通过第三段第二、三句来排除，C项可以根据第三段倒数第二句来排除。
由第四段第二句“Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers.”可知C项正确。
由最后一段第一句“As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people , it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being the subject of the animals' curiosity一ortheir sudden aggression.（蜜獾习惯了人的存在后，队员们便有了靠近它们的机会，而不会成为 其好奇或突袭的对象。）”可知蜜獾习惯了人的存在后，就对人失去了兴趣。第5部分：补全短文 -
第3题：
共用题干
Teaching Math,Teaching Anxiety
In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school,the psychologists at the University of Chicago Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship be-tween what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is un-comfortable with her own math skills,then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.
If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers in later grades,it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement said Levine. In other words,girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers. The study suggests that if these girls grow up be-lieving that boys are better at math than girls are,then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident.
Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult,teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn一and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for every-one. Researchers use the word“anxiety”to describe such feelings:anxiety is uneasiness or worry.
The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math,that feeling can influ-
ence how her female students feel about math. The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first-and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year,and the researchers com-pared the scores.
The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out
which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a sales receipt. A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt,for example, was probably anxious about math.
Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teacher's anxiety. On average,girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study
did. Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math一and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.
“This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need of replication with a larger sample,”said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri in Columbia.The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings______.
A: prove a strong link between female teachers'math anxiety and their female students' math achievements
B: show that male students are less likely to be affected by their math anxiety than fe-male students
C: provide strong evidence that math superstars are more likely to be males than females
D: discover a strong link between teachers'math anxiety and their students'math achievements答案：A解析：题干意为“依据第一段的内容来看，芝加哥大学的研究结果是什么？”利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语 result of the research , University of Chicago , girls , math skills,boys,female teachers' math skills,girl students' math skills作为定位线索，在第一段中寻找到相关句：In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psy-chologists at the University of Chicago Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising rela- tionship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills，then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math．第一段是一个独立成段句，该句意为“在最 近一项关于小学生学数学的研究中，芝加哥大学的心理学家Sian Beilock和Susan Levine发现，女教师的想法和女学生的学习之间有着惊人的联系：如果女教师对自己的数学能力感到焦虑，她的女学生很可能会认为男孩学数学比女孩学得更好”。由此可知女教师对自己数学能力的自信会影响女生时自己数学能力的信心，从而最终会影响到女生的数学能力，因此答案为D项“女教师对自己数学能力的自信与女生的数学能力相关”。
题干意为“第三段暗示了什么？”题干中没有任何细节信息词可以利用，因此只能利用备选项中的细节信息词/短语math teachers,math learners, subject,difficulty, dif-ficult subject,teachers' confidence, teaching math, students learning math，利用这些线索词在第三段中找到相关句：Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn一and teach. The subject of math can be particular-ly difficult for everyone. Researchers use the word“anxiety”to describe such feelings: anxie-ty is uneasiness or worry．第三段第一句提到“如同学生会认为某些科目很难学那样，老师也会认为某些学科既难学也难教”。最后一句提到“这就是研究者所言的‘焦虑’：不自在或担心”。依据这两个句子可以推断出作者想要告诉读者，教师会因为数学这门学科难而对教授该课程产生焦虑，也就是不自信，因此答案为B项“像数学这样难学的科目可能会影响教师 对教授该学科的自信”。
题干意为“根据实验来看，当那些老师感到……时可能会对数学产生焦虑感”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语experiment , teachers , numbers of a sales re-ceipt作为定位线索，在第五段中找到相关句：The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the research-ers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the research-ers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a sales receipt. A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt， for example,was probably anxious about math．定位线索词集中出现在第五段第二句和第三句中，因此重点关注这两个句子。这两个句子提到“然后研究者们对教师进行测试，试图找出哪些教师对数学感到焦虑，研究者们问教师们当遇到数学问题诸如阅读销售清单时的感受，如果一位教师一看到销售清单的数字就感到紧张，那么她可能会对数学存在焦虑”。由此可知选项C项“一看销售清单上的数字就感到紧张”是答案。saving the numbers意为“保存数字”,filling in the numbers意为“数字排序”,memorizing the numbers意为“数字记忆”。
题干意为“第六段告诉我们研究结果……”利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语research findings,strong link,female teachers' math anxiety,female students' math achievements , math anxiety , strong evidence , math superstars , males , females作为定位线索，在第六段中找到相关句：Boys , on average , were unaffected by a teacher's anxiety. On aver-age,girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did. Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math su- perstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math一and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety（与female teachers' math anxiety呼应）．定位线索词集中出现在第六段最后一句中，因此重点关注这个句子。该 句意为“在关于是否认为数学高手应该是男孩的测试中，有20个女孩认为男孩数学比女孩好，这20个女孩的老师都是女性，而且都对数学有焦虑感”。这说明女教师对数学的焦虑感会影响女学生对自己数学能力的信心。该句的前一句提到“一般来说，教女孩子的教师对数学有焦虑感，那么女孩子们在学年结束时测试得分会比其他的女孩要低”。结合这两个句子的意思可以得出这样的结论：女教师对数学的焦虑感会影响女学生对自己数学能力的信心，并最终影响女学生的数学成绩，因此该题答案为A项“证明在女教师对数学的焦虑感和女学生的数学成绩之间有密切的联系”。 -
第4题：
There were many different cultures in the ancient world,but the two that had the most influence?on European and American civilizations were the Greek and the Roman．Often these two eultures are?lumped together in our minds,as if they were really exactly alike．But that is not the case．In many?ways the Greeks and the Romans could not have been more different．
The Greeks were truly democratic,often without a single leader but instead governed by a group?of men chosen by the people．The Romans were semi-democratic．They had a governing Senate,but?the political power was mostly or completely in the hands of a single emperor．
Both cultures were great builders．But the construction interests of the two cultures were also?different．The Greeks tended to be more artistic．Their buildings were well constructed and they were?especially interested in temples,columns,and decorative forms．The Romans,on the other hand,were more engineers than artists．They concentrated their efforts on urban planning,well-functioning?water pipes,and the best roads．
Only in cooking and eating habits are the two cultures really similar．Both peoples ate very well?indeed:lots of fish,fresh vegetables and fruits,healthy meals,holding at the same time long?discussions and tasting excellent wines．
In fact,it would probably be fair to say that they both loved life in their warm,
sea-oriented?climates,and they both lived a full life．
How are the two cultures alike?A.Both loved the sea．
B.Both lived long lives．
C.Both loved cooking．
D.Both enjoyed talking over meals．答案：D解析：【考情点拨】事实细节题。
【应试指导】文章最后两段讲了希腊人和罗马人的相似之处．根据“Both peoples ate very well indeed…excellent wines”可知，他们喜欢边吃边聊，故选D。 -
第5题：
There were many different cultures in the ancient world,but the two that had the most influence?on European and American civilizations were the Greek and the Roman．Often these two eultures are?lumped together in our minds,as if they were really exactly alike．But that is not the case．In many?ways the Greeks and the Romans could not have been more different．
The Greeks were truly democratic,often without a single leader but instead governed by a group?of men chosen by the people．The Romans were semi-democratic．They had a governing Senate,but?the political power was mostly or completely in the hands of a single emperor．
Both cultures were great builders．But the construction interests of the two cultures were also?different．The Greeks tended to be more artistic．Their buildings were well constructed and they were?especially interested in temples,columns,and decorative forms．The Romans,on the other hand,were more engineers than artists．They concentrated their efforts on urban planning,well-functioning?water pipes,and the best roads．
Only in cooking and eating habits are the two cultures really similar．Both peoples ate very well?indeed:lots of fish,fresh vegetables and fruits,healthy meals,holding at the same time long?discussions and tasting excellent wines．
In fact,it would probably be fair to say that they both loved life in their warm,
sea-oriented?climates,and they both lived a full life．
What is the first paragraph about?A.The Greek and the Roman were similar．
B.People misunderstood European civilization．
C.Greek civilization was quite different from Roman civilization．
D.European civilization influenced American civilization greatly．答案：C解析：【考情点拨】主旨大意题。
【应试指导】文章第一段首先说人们将希腊和罗马文化混为一谈是错误的，最后一句又强调了两者是非常不同的。所以本段主要讲的是希腊文化和罗马文化两者有巨大差异，故选C。 -
第6题：
Text 2 Far from joining the labour force,women have been falling away at an alarming pace.The female employment rate in India,counting both the formal and informal economy,has tumbled from an already-low 35%in 2005 to just 26%now.Yet nearly 1Om fewer women are in jobs.A rise in female employment rates to the male level would provide India with an extra 235m workers,more than the EU has of either gender,and more than enough to fill all the factories in the rest ofAsia.Imagine the repercussions.Were India to rebalance its workforce in this way,the IMF estimates,the world's biggest democracy would be 27%richer.Its people would be well on their way to middle-income status.Beyond the obvious economic benelits are the incalculable human ones.Women who work are likelier to invest more in their children's upbringing,and to have more say over how they lead their lives.Social mores are startlingly conservative.A girl's first task is to persuade her own family that she should have a job.The in-laws she will typically move in with after marriage are even more likely to yank her out of the workforce and into social isolation.In a survey in 2012,84%of Indians agreed that men have more right to work than women when jobs are scarce.Men have taken 90%of the 36m additional jobs in industry India has created since 2005.And those who say that women themselves prefer not to work must contend with plenty of counter-evidence.Census data suggest that a third of stay-at-home women would WOfk ifjobs were available;govemment make-work schemes attract more women than men.What can be done?Many of the standard answers fall short.Promoting education,a time-tested development strategy,may not succeed.Figures show that the more schooling an Indian woman receives,the less likely she is to work,at least if she has anything less than a university degree.Likewise urbanization,another familiar way to alleviate poverty:city-dwelling women are half as likely as rural ones to have a job.An optimist might argue that more women are not working because India is still paying for the sins of the past,when so many of them were illiterate and high fertility rates bound them to the home.Most measures of female welfare are improving.India has many more girls in classrooms and fewer child brides than it once did.In fact,many fear that all that extra schooling was a parental ploy to improve a daughter's prospects not in the labour market but in the arranged-marriage market,part of the all-important quest to snag a suitable boy.A further push is needed to get Indian women what they really need:a suitable job.Once India balanced its workforce again,it would probably bring the following benefits except____.A.a wealthier India
B.a higher living standard
C.a brighter future for children
D.a heavy investment in education答案：D解析：事实细节题。根据定位词定位到文章第二段。原文指出，如果印度以这种方式重新平衡劳动力，那么这个世界上最大的民主国家将会富足27%，A项是好处之一；它的人民将会顺利地走在通往中等收入的道路上，B项是好处之一；工作的女性更有可能在孩子的成长过程中投入更多的资金，C项属于合理推断；D项原文未提及，故D项为正确选项。【干扰排除】由以上分析可知，A、B、C项均为平衡劳动力带来的好处，故排除。 -
第7题：
共用题干
1.All research to date on body image shows that women are much more critical of their appearance than men and much less likely to admire what they see in the mirror. Up to 8 out of 10 women are dissatisfied with their reflection,and more than half may see a distorted image.
2.Men looking in the mirror are more likely to be either pleased with what they see or indifferent. Research shows that men generally have a much more positive body-image than women一if anything,they may tend to over-estimate their attractiveness.Some men looking in the mirror may literally not see the flaws in their appearance.
3.Why are women too much more self-critical than men?Because women are judged on their appearance more than men,and standards of female beauty are considerably higher and more inflexible.Women are continually bombarded with images of the inflexible.Women are continually bombarded with images of the"ideal"face.And constant exposure to idealized images of female beauty on TV,magazines and billboards makes exceptional good looks seem normal and anything short of perfection seem abnormal and ugly.It has been estimated that young women now see more images of outstandingly beautiful women in one day than our mothers saw throughout their entire adolescence.
4.Also,most women are trying to achieve the impossible:standards of female beauty have in fact become progressively more unrealistic during the last century.In 1917,the physically perfect woman was about 5 feet 4 inches tall and weighed nearly 10 stone（约140磅）.Even 25 years ago, top models and beauty queens weighed only 8% less than the average woman,now they weigh 23% less.The current media ideal for women is achievable by less than 5% of the female population一and that's just in terms of weight and size.If you want the ideal shape,face,etc, it's probably more like 1%.Paragraph 4_________
A:How do men view their appearance?
B:How can women make themselves more beautiful?
C:Why do men and women view their appearance differently?
D:Is it possible for women to meet the standards of perfect beauty?
E:How do people judge women and men?
F: How do women view their appearance?答案：D解析：本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。本段主要讲的是女性对自己的外貌持挑剔态度。
本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。本段主要讲的是和女性相比，男性对自己的外貌更为肯定和自信。
本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。本段主要讲的是男女之所以对自己的外貌会有如此不同看法的原因。该段第一句即为主题句。
本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。本段主要讲的是想成为一位不论是身材还是脸蛋都很“完美”的女性的概率非常之小。该段第一句是本段的主题句。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是第二段最后一句：Some men looking in the mirror may literally not see the flaws in their appearance．有些男性照镜子时甚至看不到自己外貌中的瑕疵。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是第三段第二句：Because women are judged on their appearance more than men,and standards of female beauty are considerably higher and more inflexible．因为和男性相比，人们更多的是用外表来对女性进行判断，女性美的标准也更高，更为恒定不变。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是第四段第一句：Also,most women are trying to achieve the impossible:standards of female beauty have in fact become progressively more unrealistic during the last century．再者，大多数女性努力想要实现不可能的事情：女性美的标准实际上在上个世纪已将变得越来越不切实际。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是最后一段最后一句：If you want the ideal shape , face , etc , it's probably more like 1%. -
第8题：
共用题干
1.All research to date on body image shows that women are much more critical of their appearance than men and much less likely to admire what they see in the mirror. Up to 8 out of 10 women are dissatisfied with their reflection,and more than half may see a distorted image.
2.Men looking in the mirror are more likely to be either pleased with what they see or indifferent. Research shows that men generally have a much more positive body-image than women一if anything,they may tend to over-estimate their attractiveness.Some men looking in the mirror may literally not see the flaws in their appearance.
3.Why are women too much more self-critical than men?Because women are judged on their appearance more than men,and standards of female beauty are considerably higher and more inflexible.Women are continually bombarded with images of the inflexible.Women are continually bombarded with images of the"ideal"face.And constant exposure to idealized images of female beauty on TV,magazines and billboards makes exceptional good looks seem normal and anything short of perfection seem abnormal and ugly.It has been estimated that young women now see more images of outstandingly beautiful women in one day than our mothers saw throughout their entire adolescence.
4.Also,most women are trying to achieve the impossible:standards of female beauty have in fact become progressively more unrealistic during the last century.In 1917,the physically perfect woman was about 5 feet 4 inches tall and weighed nearly 10 stone（约140磅）.Even 25 years ago, top models and beauty queens weighed only 8% less than the average woman,now they weigh 23% less.The current media ideal for women is achievable by less than 5% of the female population一and that's just in terms of weight and size.If you want the ideal shape,face,etc, it's probably more like 1%.Women are more self-critical than men because women are judged on their appearance mor than men,and_____.
A:literally not see the flaws in their appearance.
B:1%
C:smile at themselves
D:standards of female beauty are considerably higher and more inflexible
E:progressively more unrealistic
F:5%答案：D解析：本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。本段主要讲的是女性对自己的外貌持挑剔态度。
本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。本段主要讲的是和女性相比，男性对自己的外貌更为肯定和自信。
本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。本段主要讲的是男女之所以对自己的外貌会有如此不同看法的原因。该段第一句即为主题句。
本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。本段主要讲的是想成为一位不论是身材还是脸蛋都很“完美”的女性的概率非常之小。该段第一句是本段的主题句。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是第二段最后一句：Some men looking in the mirror may literally not see the flaws in their appearance．有些男性照镜子时甚至看不到自己外貌中的瑕疵。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是第三段第二句：Because women are judged on their appearance more than men,and standards of female beauty are considerably higher and more inflexible．因为和男性相比，人们更多的是用外表来对女性进行判断，女性美的标准也更高，更为恒定不变。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是第四段第一句：Also,most women are trying to achieve the impossible:standards of female beauty have in fact become progressively more unrealistic during the last century．再者，大多数女性努力想要实现不可能的事情：女性美的标准实际上在上个世纪已将变得越来越不切实际。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是最后一段最后一句：If you want the ideal shape , face , etc , it's probably more like 1%. -
第9题：
共用题干
1.All research to date on body image shows that women are much more critical of their appearance than men and much less likely to admire what they see in the mirror. Up to 8 out of 10 women are dissatisfied with their reflection,and more than half may see a distorted image.
2.Men looking in the mirror are more likely to be either pleased with what they see or indifferent. Research shows that men generally have a much more positive body-image than women一if anything,they may tend to over-estimate their attractiveness.Some men looking in the mirror may literally not see the flaws in their appearance.
3.Why are women too much more self-critical than men?Because women are judged on their appearance more than men,and standards of female beauty are considerably higher and more inflexible.Women are continually bombarded with images of the inflexible.Women are continually bombarded with images of the"ideal"face.And constant exposure to idealized images of female beauty on TV,magazines and billboards makes exceptional good looks seem normal and anything short of perfection seem abnormal and ugly.It has been estimated that young women now see more images of outstandingly beautiful women in one day than our mothers saw throughout their entire adolescence.
4.Also,most women are trying to achieve the impossible:standards of female beauty have in fact become progressively more unrealistic during the last century.In 1917,the physically perfect woman was about 5 feet 4 inches tall and weighed nearly 10 stone（约140磅）.Even 25 years ago, top models and beauty queens weighed only 8% less than the average woman,now they weigh 23% less.The current media ideal for women is achievable by less than 5% of the female population一and that's just in terms of weight and size.If you want the ideal shape,face,etc, it's probably more like 1%.Men generally have such a positive body-image that some men looking in the mirn may_______.
A:literally not see the flaws in their appearance.
B:1%
C:smile at themselves
D:standards of female beauty are considerably higher and more inflexible
E:progressively more unrealistic
F:5%答案：A解析：本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。本段主要讲的是女性对自己的外貌持挑剔态度。
本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。本段主要讲的是和女性相比，男性对自己的外貌更为肯定和自信。
本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。本段主要讲的是男女之所以对自己的外貌会有如此不同看法的原因。该段第一句即为主题句。
本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。本段主要讲的是想成为一位不论是身材还是脸蛋都很“完美”的女性的概率非常之小。该段第一句是本段的主题句。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是第二段最后一句：Some men looking in the mirror may literally not see the flaws in their appearance．有些男性照镜子时甚至看不到自己外貌中的瑕疵。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是第三段第二句：Because women are judged on their appearance more than men,and standards of female beauty are considerably higher and more inflexible．因为和男性相比，人们更多的是用外表来对女性进行判断，女性美的标准也更高，更为恒定不变。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是第四段第一句：Also,most women are trying to achieve the impossible:standards of female beauty have in fact become progressively more unrealistic during the last century．再者，大多数女性努力想要实现不可能的事情：女性美的标准实际上在上个世纪已将变得越来越不切实际。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是最后一段最后一句：If you want the ideal shape , face , etc , it's probably more like 1%. -
第10题：
共用题干
第一篇
The Relationship between IQ and Being a Vegetarian
A Southampton University team found that people who were vegetarians (素食主义者）by 30 had recor-
ded five IQ points higher on average at the age of]U.Researchers said it could explain why people with a
higher IQ were healthier as a vegetarian diet was linked to lower heart disease and obesity（肥胖）rates.The
study of 8,179 people was reported in the british Medical Journal.
Twenty years after the IQ tests were carried out in 1970,366 of the participants said they were vegetarians一
although more than 100 reported eating either fish or chicken.
Men who were vegetarians had an IQ score of 106,compared with 101 for non-vegetarians;while female
vegetarians averaged 104,compared with 99 for non-vegetarians.There was no difference in the IQ scores
between strict vegetarians and those who said they were vegetarians but reported eating fish or chicken.
Researchers said the findings were partly related to better education and higher class,but it remained
statistically significant after adjusting for these factors.
Vegetarians were more likely to be female,to be of higher social class and to have higher academic or
vocational qualifications than non-vegetarians.However,these differenIces were not reflected in their annual
income,which was similar to that of non-vegetarians.
Lead researcher Catharine Gale said,"The findings that children with greater intelligence are more likely to
report being vegetarians as adults,together with the evidence on the potential benefits of a vegetarian diet on
heart health,may help to explain why a higher IQ in childhood or adolescence is linked with a reduced risk of
coronary heart disease in adult life."
But Dr Frankie Phillips of the British Dietetic Association said, "It is like the chicken and egg."Do
pcople become vegetarians because they have avery high IQ or is it just that they are clever enough to be
more aware of health issues?Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
A:Vegetarians are more likely to have higher social class than non-vegetarians.
B:Vegetarians are more likely to have higher academic qualifications than non-vegetarians,
C:There are more female non-vegetarians than female vegetarians.
D:Vegetarians are more likely to have higher professional qualifications than non-vegetarians.答案：C解析：根据第一段第一句话“people who were vegetarians by 30 had ricorded five IQ points higher on average at the age of 10”可知聪明的孩子长大后更有可能成为素食主义者，因此A项正确。 根据第一段第二句“it could explain why...”可知这一结果可帮助解释B项中的现象。但B项并 非这次研究的结果。C、D选项并未在文中提及。因此该题正确答案为A。
根据第二段可知，他们本身就是素食主义者，而并不是二十年后才成为素食主义者。 故A选项表述错误。根据第三段第二句“There was no difference in the IQ scores between strict vegetarians and those who said they were vegetarians but reported eating fish or chicken.”可知严格 的素食主义者和那些吃鱼或者鸡的素食主义者的智力没有差别，故B项表述与原文一致。根 据第五段可知素食主义者与非素食主义者的差别井未体现在年收入上，因此C项与D项均表 述错误。据此分析该题正确答案为B。
浏览四个备选项可知该题主要考查素食主义者与非素食主义者的差别。通读全文可 知第五段讨论的正是两者的差别。通读该段，可知A、B、D三个选项与原文表述一致，D选项 中的professional是原文vocational的同义替换。C选项与原文表述不符。因此该题目正确答 案为C。
根据题目中关键词Catharine Gale，可快速定位到第六段。通读该段可知Catharinc Gale 只是客观地讲述研究结果，并没有表示自己的立场。故D项objective（客观的）为正确答案。
文章最后一句的意思是：人们成为素食主义者是因为他们智商高还是因为他们足够聪 明而更注意健康问题？由此可见Dr Frankie Phillip。认为素食和高智商的因果关系尚末明确， 就像弄不清楚是因为有蛋才有鸡，还是因为有鸡才有蛋一样。故C项为该题正确答案。第二篇 本文的主要内容是：要了解大自然知何回应气候变化需要监侧生命周期中的关健事件——开花、长叶、春天的第一阵蛙鸣——在世界范围内。但是数量有限的科学家的足连不可能遍及天下， 为了广泛收集数据以研究动植物随着气候变化会如何反应，科学家正求助于“公民科学家”。 -
第11题：
单选题This year, 200 men and 250 women attend State College. If the male population were to increase by 10% next year, what is the maximum possible increase in the female population that would produce no more than an 8% increase in the overall student population next year?A16
B17
C20
D22
E26
正确答案： B解析：
因为男性学生下一年增加了10%，也就是男生增加了200×0. 1= 20人，如果总学生增加不超过8%，那么至多增加了(200+250)×0. 08 = 36名学生，也就意味着明年至多增加的女学生有36-20 =16名。 -
第12题：
单选题Which of the following statements is true to women athletes?AThey are more likely to get hurt than males in football.
BThey suffer 240% more concussions than male players in basketball.
CThey run 40% higher risks than males in sports.
DThey are more competitive than males in sports played by both sexes.
正确答案： D解析：
录音中指出某些体育运动中，女运动员比男运动员更容易受伤。其中提到根据美国Journal of Athletic Training的一项研究，在高中篮球队“female concussions were nearly 240% higher”，表明女篮球运动员脑震荡的几率比男篮球运动员高出240%。因此选项B正确。
【录音原文】
These days, female sports are more competitive than they have ever been. And with higher stakes have come more hazardous consequences. Boys who play football are still more likely to suffer concussions than any athletes, but in some sports played by both sexes, girls actually run a higher risk of getting hurt. According to a new study in the Journal of Athletic Training, U.S. female high school soccer athletes suffered almost 40% more concussions than males did. In high school basketball, female concussions were nearly 240% higher. Female college athletes who play soccer, basketball, softball and hockey also bear higher concussion risks than their male counterparts. -
第13题：
共用题干
Teaching Math,Teaching Anxiety
In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school,the psychologists at the University of Chicago Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills,then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.
If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers in later grades,it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement said Levine. In other words,girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are,then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident.
Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult,teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn一and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone. Researchers use the word“anxiety”to describe such feelings:anxiety is uneasiness or worry.
The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math,that feeling can influence how her female students feel about math. The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first-and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year,and the researchers compared the scores.
The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a sales receipt. A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt,for example,was probably anxious about math.
Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teacher's anxiety. On average,girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did. Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math一and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.
“This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need of replication with a larger sample,”said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri in Columbia.The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings______.
A:prove a strong link between female teachers'math anxiety and their female students' math achievements
B: show that male students are less likely to be affected by their math anxiety than female students
C: provide strong evidence that math superstars are more likely to be males than females
D: discover a strong link between teachers'math anxiety and their students'math achievements答案：A解析：题干意为“依据第一段的内容来看，芝加哥大学的研究结果是什么？”利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语result of the research, University of Chicago, girls, math skills,boys,female teachers' math skills,girl students' math skills作为定位线索，在第一段中寻找到相关句：In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the University of Chicago Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills,then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math．第一段是一个独立成段句，该句意为“在最 近一项关于小学生学数学的研究中，芝加哥大学的心理学家Sian Beilock和Susan Levine发现，女教师的想法和女学生的学习之间有着惊人的联系：如果女教师对自己的数学能力感到焦虑，她的女学生很可能会认为男孩学数学比女孩学得更好”。由此可知女教师对自己数学能力的自信会影响女生对自己数学能力的信心，从而最终会影响到女生的数学能力，因此答案为D项“女教师对自己数学能力的自信与女生的数学能力相关”。
题干意为“第三段暗示了什么？”题干中没有任何细节信息词可以利用，因此 只能利用备选项中的细节信息词/短语math teachers,math learners, subject,difficulty, difficult subject,teachers' confidence, teaching math, students learning math，利用这些线索词 在第三段中找到相关句：Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn一and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone. Researchers use the word”anxiety“ to describe such feelings:anxiety is uneasiness or worry．第三段第一句提到“如同学生会认为某些科目很难学那样，老师也会认为某些学科既难学也难教”。最后一句提到“这就是研究者所言的‘焦虑’：不自在或担心”。依据这两个句子可以推断出作者想要告诉读者，教师会因为数学这门学科的难度而对教授该课程产生焦虑，也就是不自信，因此答案为B项“像数学这样难学的科目可能会影响教师对教授该学科的自信”。
题干意为“根据实验来看，当那些老师感到……时可能会对数学产生焦虑 感”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语experiment , teachers , numbers of a sales receipt作为定位线索，在第五段中找到相关句：The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a sales receipt.A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example,was probably anxious about math．定位线索词集中出现在第五段第二句和第三句中，因此重点关注这两个句子。这两个句子提到“然后研究者们对教师进行测试，试图找出哪些教师对数学感到焦虑，研究者们问教师们当遇到数学问题诸如阅读销售清单时的感受，如果一位教师一看到销售清单的数字就感到紧张，那么她可能会对数学存在焦虑”。由此可知选项C项“一看销售清单上的数字就感到紧张”是答案。saving the numbers意为“保存数 字”,filling in the numbers意为“数字排序”,memorizing the numbers意为“数字记忆”。 -
第14题：
共用题干
第二篇
Some People do Not Taste Salt Like Others
Low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others,according to a study by a Penn State
College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist.The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of
the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat.
Those conclusions are important because recent,well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food
have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others,
pointed out John Hayes,assistant professor of food science who was lead investigator on the study.
Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke.That is why public health ex-
perts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that
are enjoyable to eat.This study increases undersfanding of salt preference and consumption.
The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and
chips,on multiple occasions,spread out over weeks.Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women,reportedly
healthy,ranging in age from 20 to 40 years.The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively
modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes.They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly
used scientific scale,ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind.
"Most of us like the taste of salt.However,some individuals eat more salt,both because they like the
taste of saltiness more,and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food,"said Hayes.
"Supertasters,people who experience tastes more intensely,consume more salt than nontasters do.Snack
foods have saltiness as their primary flavor,and at least for these foods,more is better,so the supertasters
seem to like them more."
However,supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in food such as
cheese,Hayes noted."For example,cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk,but al-
so bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt,"he said."A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant
because the bitterness is too pronounced."
Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named
Blakeslee,showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals.As a result,Hayes ex-
plained,we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists,and this variation is as normal as variations in eye
and hair color.
"Some people,called supertasters,'describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter,while others,
called nontasters,find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter,"he said."Response
to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because super-
tasting is not limited to bitterness."The fourth paragraph briefly describes__________.
A:how the subjects were selected and what they were asked to do
B:why the number of subjects was limited to 87
C:why more male subjects were chosen than female ones
D:how salty foods were made and distributed to the subjects in the research答案：A解析：由文章第二段可知，减少食物中的盐使许多口味重的人反对接受这种食物，选项中只 有“许多人努力接受低盐食物”符合题意。
由第四段的内容可知，整段主要讲的是“怎样选择被测试者以及研究中他们该怎 么做”。
由第五段的内容可知，口味超重的人特别喜欢快餐是因为快餐含盐比较多。
由第六段的内容可知，含盐高的乳酪可以遮住其苦味，使其不那么苦，所以口味重的人 喜欢吃含盐高的乳酪。
由最后一段的“biological differences”可以推断出人的口味是由其基因决定的。 -
第15题：
共用题干
第三篇
On the Trial of the Honey Badger
On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert,a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey
badgers（灌）.The team employed a local wildlife expert,Kitso Khama,to help them locate and follow the
badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers'movements and behaviour as discreetly
（谨慎地）as possible,without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behaviour. They
also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them.In view of the animal's reputation,
this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do.
"The problem with honey badgers is that they are naturally curious animals,especially when they see
something new,"he says."That,combined with their unpredictable nature,can be a dangerous mixture.If
they sense you have food,for example,they won't be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat.
They're actually quite sociable creatures around humans,but as soon as they feel they might be in danger,
they can become extremely vicious（凶恶的）. Fortunately this is rare , but it does happen."
The research confirmed many things that were already known.As expected,honey badgers ate any crea-
tures they could catch and kill.Even poisonous snakes,feared and avoided by most other animals,were not
safe from them.The researchers were surprised,however,by the animal's fondness for local melons,probably
because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid require-
ments from its prey（猎物）.The team also learnt that,contrary to previous research findings,the badgers oc-
casionally formed loose family groups.They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research,
including the fact that female badgers never socialised with each other.
Following some of the male badgers was a challenge,since they can cover large distances in a short
space of time.Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers.Although they seem happy to
share these territories with other males,there are occasional fights over an important food source,and male
badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.
As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people,it gave the team the chance to get up close
to them without being the subject of the animals'curiosity一or their sudden aggression.The badgers'eating
patterns,which had been disrupted,returned to normal.It also allowed the team to observe more closely some
of the other creatures that form working associations with the honey badger,as these seemed to adopt the
badgers'relaxed attitude when near humans.Which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers?
A:They don't run very quickly.
B:They defend their territory from other badgers.
C:They hunt over a very large area.
D:They are more aggressive than females.答案：C解析：由第一段第三句“Their main aim was to study the badgers ' movements and behaviour..."可知答案。
由第二段第一句“The problem with honey badgers is that they are naturally curious ani-mals , especially when they see something new...”可知答案。
由第三段第四句“The researchers were surprised , however , by the animal ' s fondness forlocal melons , probably because of their high water content.”可知D项正确。A、B两项可以通过第三段第二、三句来排除，C项可以根据第三段倒数第二句来排除。
由第四段第二句“Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers.”可知C项正确。
由最后一段第一句“As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people , it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being the subject of the animals' curiosity一ortheir sudden aggression.（蜜獾习惯了人的存在后，队员们便有了靠近它们的机会，而不会成为 其好奇或突袭的对象。）”可知蜜獾习惯了人的存在后，就对人失去了兴趣。第5部分：补全短文 -
第16题：
There were many different cultures in the ancient world,but the two that had the most influence?on European and American civilizations were the Greek and the Roman．Often these two eultures are?lumped together in our minds,as if they were really exactly alike．But that is not the case．In many?ways the Greeks and the Romans could not have been more different．
The Greeks were truly democratic,often without a single leader but instead governed by a group?of men chosen by the people．The Romans were semi-democratic．They had a governing Senate,but?the political power was mostly or completely in the hands of a single emperor．
Both cultures were great builders．But the construction interests of the two cultures were also?different．The Greeks tended to be more artistic．Their buildings were well constructed and they were?especially interested in temples,columns,and decorative forms．The Romans,on the other hand,were more engineers than artists．They concentrated their efforts on urban planning,well-functioning?water pipes,and the best roads．
Only in cooking and eating habits are the two cultures really similar．Both peoples ate very well?indeed:lots of fish,fresh vegetables and fruits,healthy meals,holding at the same time long?discussions and tasting excellent wines．
In fact,it would probably be fair to say that they both loved life in their warm,
sea-oriented?climates,and they both lived a full life．
What were the Greeks famous for?A.The overall planning of a city or a town．
B.The artistic decoration of the buildings．
C.The practical functions of the buildings．
D.The system of water supply and transportation．答案：B解析：【考情点拨】事实细节题。
【应试指导】根据文章第三段第三、四句“TheGreeks tended to be more artistic…and decorative?forms”可知，希腊的建筑很有艺术风格，有很多艺术装饰，故选B。 -
第17题：
There were many different cultures in the ancient world,but the two that had the most influence?on European and American civilizations were the Greek and the Roman．Often these two eultures are?lumped together in our minds,as if they were really exactly alike．But that is not the case．In many?ways the Greeks and the Romans could not have been more different．
The Greeks were truly democratic,often without a single leader but instead governed by a group?of men chosen by the people．The Romans were semi-democratic．They had a governing Senate,but?the political power was mostly or completely in the hands of a single emperor．
Both cultures were great builders．But the construction interests of the two cultures were also?different．The Greeks tended to be more artistic．Their buildings were well constructed and they were?especially interested in temples,columns,and decorative forms．The Romans,on the other hand,were more engineers than artists．They concentrated their efforts on urban planning,well-functioning?water pipes,and the best roads．
Only in cooking and eating habits are the two cultures really similar．Both peoples ate very well?indeed:lots of fish,fresh vegetables and fruits,healthy meals,holding at the same time long?discussions and tasting excellent wines．
In fact,it would probably be fair to say that they both loved life in their warm,
sea-oriented?climates,and they both lived a full life．
Which of the following is TRUE?A.The Romans had more political awareness．
B.The Romans had less political freedom and democracy．
C.The Romans had more freedom to choose their leader．
D.The Romans had fewer people elected into the government．答案：B解析：【考情点拨】推理判断题。
【应试指导】文章第二段将希腊和罗马的政治文化进行对比，由此可知，希腊的政治强调民主，罗马则强调专制。故罗马的政治自由和民主较少。故选B。 -
第18题：
A recent US study found that people who score high for extroversion rate themselves as leaner and taller than they acmally are,with male extroverts weighing more than introverts.Conscientiousness is associated with a healthier weight,xvith the most conscientious（in the top 25%）weighing on average almost Skg less than the least conscientious（in the bottom 25%）.Participants scoring low on emotional stability tended to overestimate their weight,although women who gave themselves a low score did actually weigh more than others with higher scores on this trait.These findings held across all of the ethnic groups included in the study.While some links are unsurprising（eg.conscientious people stick to their diets）,some are not so easy to explain.Why,for example,do extrovcrted men weigh more?Is it because they're always in the pub?If so,perhaps the"beer goggle"effect explains why they rate themselves as taller and thinner than they actually are.答案：解析：最近一项美国研究发现，外向打分高的人认为自己比实际上更高更瘦，其中男性外向者的体重比内向者更重。责任心和更健康的体重相关，其中最有责任心的人（排名前25%）平均体重比最缺乏责任心的人（排名在后25%）轻将近5公斤。在情绪稳定方面得分低的参与者常常高估他们的体重，虽然给自己打分低的女性在这一特性上比给自己打分高的人实际上更重。这些发现囊括了该研究包含的所有族群。虽然一些联系并不令人惊讶（例如有责任心的人饮食规律），然而有些就难以解释。例如，为什么外向型的男士更重？是因为他们老是泡酒吧？如果是这样，也许“酒里出西施”效应解释了为何他们认为自己比实际上更高更瘦。 -
第19题：
共用题干
1.All research to date on body image shows that women are much more critical of their appearance than men and much less likely to admire what they see in the mirror. Up to 8 out of 10 women are dissatisfied with their reflection,and more than half may see a distorted image.
2.Men looking in the mirror are more likely to be either pleased with what they see or indifferent. Research shows that men generally have a much more positive body-image than women一if anything,they may tend to over-estimate their attractiveness.Some men looking in the mirror may literally not see the flaws in their appearance.
3.Why are women too much more self-critical than men?Because women are judged on their appearance more than men,and standards of female beauty are considerably higher and more inflexible.Women are continually bombarded with images of the inflexible.Women are continually bombarded with images of the"ideal"face.And constant exposure to idealized images of female beauty on TV,magazines and billboards makes exceptional good looks seem normal and anything short of perfection seem abnormal and ugly.It has been estimated that young women now see more images of outstandingly beautiful women in one day than our mothers saw throughout their entire adolescence.
4.Also,most women are trying to achieve the impossible:standards of female beauty have in fact become progressively more unrealistic during the last century.In 1917,the physically perfect woman was about 5 feet 4 inches tall and weighed nearly 10 stone（约140磅）.Even 25 years ago, top models and beauty queens weighed only 8% less than the average woman,now they weigh 23% less.The current media ideal for women is achievable by less than 5% of the female population一and that's just in terms of weight and size.If you want the ideal shape,face,etc, it's probably more like 1%.Today the percentage of women who have the ideal shape,face,etc is probably like________.
A:literally not see the flaws in their appearance.
B:1%
C:smile at themselves
D:standards of female beauty are considerably higher and more inflexible
E:progressively more unrealistic
F:5%答案：B解析：本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。本段主要讲的是女性对自己的外貌持挑剔态度。
本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。本段主要讲的是和女性相比，男性对自己的外貌更为肯定和自信。
本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。本段主要讲的是男女之所以对自己的外貌会有如此不同看法的原因。该段第一句即为主题句。
本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。本段主要讲的是想成为一位不论是身材还是脸蛋都很“完美”的女性的概率非常之小。该段第一句是本段的主题句。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是第二段最后一句：Some men looking in the mirror may literally not see the flaws in their appearance．有些男性照镜子时甚至看不到自己外貌中的瑕疵。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是第三段第二句：Because women are judged on their appearance more than men,and standards of female beauty are considerably higher and more inflexible．因为和男性相比，人们更多的是用外表来对女性进行判断，女性美的标准也更高，更为恒定不变。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是第四段第一句：Also,most women are trying to achieve the impossible:standards of female beauty have in fact become progressively more unrealistic during the last century．再者，大多数女性努力想要实现不可能的事情：女性美的标准实际上在上个世纪已将变得越来越不切实际。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是最后一段最后一句：If you want the ideal shape , face , etc , it's probably more like 1%. -
第20题：
共用题干
1.All research to date on body image shows that women are much more critical of their appearance than men and much less likely to admire what they see in the mirror. Up to 8 out of 10 women are dissatisfied with their reflection,and more than half may see a distorted image.
2.Men looking in the mirror are more likely to be either pleased with what they see or indifferent. Research shows that men generally have a much more positive body-image than women一if anything,they may tend to over-estimate their attractiveness.Some men looking in the mirror may literally not see the flaws in their appearance.
3.Why are women too much more self-critical than men?Because women are judged on their appearance more than men,and standards of female beauty are considerably higher and more inflexible.Women are continually bombarded with images of the inflexible.Women are continually bombarded with images of the"ideal"face.And constant exposure to idealized images of female beauty on TV,magazines and billboards makes exceptional good looks seem normal and anything short of perfection seem abnormal and ugly.It has been estimated that young women now see more images of outstandingly beautiful women in one day than our mothers saw throughout their entire adolescence.
4.Also,most women are trying to achieve the impossible:standards of female beauty have in fact become progressively more unrealistic during the last century.In 1917,the physically perfect woman was about 5 feet 4 inches tall and weighed nearly 10 stone（约140磅）.Even 25 years ago, top models and beauty queens weighed only 8% less than the average woman,now they weigh 23% less.The current media ideal for women is achievable by less than 5% of the female population一and that's just in terms of weight and size.If you want the ideal shape,face,etc, it's probably more like 1%.During the last century,standards of female beauty have in fact become_______.
A:literally not see the flaws in their appearance.
B:1%
C:smile at themselves
D:standards of female beauty are considerably higher and more inflexible
E:progressively more unrealistic
F:5%答案：E解析：本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。本段主要讲的是女性对自己的外貌持挑剔态度。
本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。本段主要讲的是和女性相比，男性对自己的外貌更为肯定和自信。
本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。本段主要讲的是男女之所以对自己的外貌会有如此不同看法的原因。该段第一句即为主题句。
本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。本段主要讲的是想成为一位不论是身材还是脸蛋都很“完美”的女性的概率非常之小。该段第一句是本段的主题句。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是第二段最后一句：Some men looking in the mirror may literally not see the flaws in their appearance．有些男性照镜子时甚至看不到自己外貌中的瑕疵。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是第三段第二句：Because women are judged on their appearance more than men,and standards of female beauty are considerably higher and more inflexible．因为和男性相比，人们更多的是用外表来对女性进行判断，女性美的标准也更高，更为恒定不变。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是第四段第一句：Also,most women are trying to achieve the impossible:standards of female beauty have in fact become progressively more unrealistic during the last century．再者，大多数女性努力想要实现不可能的事情：女性美的标准实际上在上个世纪已将变得越来越不切实际。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是最后一段最后一句：If you want the ideal shape , face , etc , it's probably more like 1%. -
第21题：
共用题干
第一篇
The Relationship between IQ and Being a Vegetarian
A Southampton University team found that people who were vegetarians (素食主义者）by 30 had recor-
ded five IQ points higher on average at the age of]U.Researchers said it could explain why people with a
higher IQ were healthier as a vegetarian diet was linked to lower heart disease and obesity（肥胖）rates.The
study of 8,179 people was reported in the british Medical Journal.
Twenty years after the IQ tests were carried out in 1970,366 of the participants said they were vegetarians一
although more than 100 reported eating either fish or chicken.
Men who were vegetarians had an IQ score of 106,compared with 101 for non-vegetarians;while female
vegetarians averaged 104,compared with 99 for non-vegetarians.There was no difference in the IQ scores
between strict vegetarians and those who said they were vegetarians but reported eating fish or chicken.
Researchers said the findings were partly related to better education and higher class,but it remained
statistically significant after adjusting for these factors.
Vegetarians were more likely to be female,to be of higher social class and to have higher academic or
vocational qualifications than non-vegetarians.However,these differenIces were not reflected in their annual
income,which was similar to that of non-vegetarians.
Lead researcher Catharine Gale said,"The findings that children with greater intelligence are more likely to
report being vegetarians as adults,together with the evidence on the potential benefits of a vegetarian diet on
heart health,may help to explain why a higher IQ in childhood or adolescence is linked with a reduced risk of
coronary heart disease in adult life."
But Dr Frankie Phillips of the British Dietetic Association said, "It is like the chicken and egg."Do
pcople become vegetarians because they have avery high IQ or is it just that they are clever enough to be
more aware of health issues?It was found in the research that______________.
A:most of the participants became vegetarians 20 years after the IQ tests were carried out
B:vegetarians who ate fish or chicken were of similar intelligence with strict vegetarians
C:female vegetarians were more likely to have higher annual income than non-vegetarians
D:vegetarians were more likely to have higher annual income than non-vegetarians答案：B解析：根据第一段第一句话“people who were vegetarians by 30 had ricorded five IQ points higher on average at the age of 10”可知聪明的孩子长大后更有可能成为素食主义者，因此A项正确。 根据第一段第二句“it could explain why...”可知这一结果可帮助解释B项中的现象。但B项并 非这次研究的结果。C、D选项并未在文中提及。因此该题正确答案为A。
根据第二段可知，他们本身就是素食主义者，而并不是二十年后才成为素食主义者。 故A选项表述错误。根据第三段第二句“There was no difference in the IQ scores between strict vegetarians and those who said they were vegetarians but reported eating fish or chicken.”可知严格 的素食主义者和那些吃鱼或者鸡的素食主义者的智力没有差别，故B项表述与原文一致。根 据第五段可知素食主义者与非素食主义者的差别井未体现在年收入上，因此C项与D项均表 述错误。据此分析该题正确答案为B。
浏览四个备选项可知该题主要考查素食主义者与非素食主义者的差别。通读全文可 知第五段讨论的正是两者的差别。通读该段，可知A、B、D三个选项与原文表述一致，D选项 中的professional是原文vocational的同义替换。C选项与原文表述不符。因此该题目正确答 案为C。
根据题目中关键词Catharine Gale，可快速定位到第六段。通读该段可知Catharinc Gale 只是客观地讲述研究结果，并没有表示自己的立场。故D项objective（客观的）为正确答案。
文章最后一句的意思是：人们成为素食主义者是因为他们智商高还是因为他们足够聪 明而更注意健康问题？由此可见Dr Frankie Phillip。认为素食和高智商的因果关系尚末明确， 就像弄不清楚是因为有蛋才有鸡，还是因为有鸡才有蛋一样。故C项为该题正确答案。第二篇 本文的主要内容是：要了解大自然知何回应气候变化需要监侧生命周期中的关健事件——开花、长叶、春天的第一阵蛙鸣——在世界范围内。但是数量有限的科学家的足连不可能遍及天下， 为了广泛收集数据以研究动植物随着气候变化会如何反应，科学家正求助于“公民科学家”。 -
第22题：
问答题Male students emit more heat than female students do, and the larger a student is, the more heat he produces.正确答案：解析： -
第23题：
单选题What is true according to the third paragraph?AChief executives spend less time on their jobs than before.
BCareer progression is faster than it used to be.
CCompany hierarchies are barriers to career development.
DThere will be more female executives than male executives in the future.
正确答案： D解析：
文章第三段的主题句是其第一句话，所以本段的主旨是“现如今能够很快地晋升到高层”。而且，第二个句子用具体数字表明人们从第一份工作到最后担任要职所用的平均时间缩短了。选项B的内容与之完全相符，因此答案选B。