Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ________.[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers[B] can be taught to exchange things[C] will not be cooperative if feeling cheated[D] are unhappy when separated from others

题目

Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ________.

[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers

[B] can be taught to exchange things

[C] will not be cooperative if feeling cheated

[D] are unhappy when separated from others

相似考题

1.What are important things for study()?A.discussingB.thinkingC.raising questionsD.asking for help from others

2.Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)Text 1Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a cooperative, group living species. Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.[A] posing a contrast[B] justifying an assumption[C] making a comparison[D] explaining a phenomenon

3.We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that ________.[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old

4.What are important things for study? ()A. discussingB. thinkingC. rising questionsD. Asking for help from others

更多“Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ________.[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers[B] can be taught to exchange things[C] will not be cooperative if feeling cheated[D] are unhappy when separated from others”相关问题

  • 第1题：

    Passage One

    Sharon Keating was worried about her kids when she got a divorce. Her daughter, says, "I was feeling.., like down and sad and even though I didn't really show it."

    Judith Wallerstein says problems from divorce can stay for many years. They can show up when the kids are adults. As adults the kids have trouble.

    Wallerstein studied 93 children over a generation. The results can only be found in her book.

    She says children of divorce are more likely to have problems with drugs. They are far more likely to seek therapy. About 40-percent of them do not marry. Their marriages fail at nearly twice the usual rate. It is hard for them to trust. They are afraid of failing.

    Critics say Wallerstein had too few children in her study. Other things may be the cause of the kid's problems. The study does not compare kids from divorced families with kids from "healthy" families.

    Wallerstein's families divorced a generation ago. Times have changed. People feel different about divorce. Today programs like Kid's Turn try to lessen some of the effects of divorce with family counseling. Talking about their feelings helps the kids get through it.

    Since they know more about the problems, maybe the kids will be able to handle it.

    31. Children of divorce ______.

    A. are always happy

    B. Sometimes feel sad but don't really show it

    C. are not affected

    D. are always very angry


    正确答案：B

    第一段。当Sharon Keating离婚时，她的女儿承认很难过，虽然她并不表现出来。


  • 第2题：

    B

    Have you ever walked into a room and felt relaxed？It could be because the walls were painted blue, a calm and peaceful color .Sometimes colors can affect our feelings and moods.Some colors can make us feel calm and peaceful.Blue is one of these.Wearing blue clothes or sleeping in a blue room is good for our mind and body, because this color makes a good feeling.Blue is also the color of sadness, so you may say you’re feeling blue when you are feeling sad.White is another calm color.You should wear white clothes if you are feeling nervous.White is also the color of purity(纯洁).Many women like to be in white on their wedding day.Green is the color of nature.It can give us more energy when we are feeling tired.Some colors can make you feel warm.These colors can give you a happy feeling.People who live in cold climates use warm colors in their homes like orange and yellow instead of white and blue.Orange shows joy.It can bring you success and cheer you up when you are feeling sad.Yellow is the color of the sun, so it can remind you of a warm, sunny day.Yellow is also the color of wisdom.Some people prefer this color when they study for exams.For example, they may use yellow school things.Red is one of the strong colors.Wearing red often makes us active.

    In short, we can try out different colors if we aren’t feeling our best.

    根据短文内容,选择最佳答案。 第 6 题 （ ）According to the passage, which color of the following can make you feel relaxed?

    A．Yellow.

    B．Orange.

    C．Red.

    D．White.


    正确答案：D

  • 第3题：

    共用题干
    第二篇

    Sleep Deficit

    Judging from recent surveys,most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic（流
    行病）of sleepiness in the nation."I can't think of a single study that hasn't found Americans getting less
    sleep than they ought to,"says Dr. David.Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably
    be better off with more rest.
    The beginning of our sleep-deficit (睡眠不足）crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a
    century ago.From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries,sleep scien-
    tists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night."The best
    sleep habits once were forced on us,when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm,and it was
    dark."By the 1950s and 1960s,that sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically,to between 7.5 and 8
    hours,and most people had to wake up to an alarm clock."People cheat on their sleep,and they don't even
    realize they're doing it,"says Dr. David."They think they're okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours,
    when they really need 7.5,eight or even more to feel ideally vigorous.
    Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep,researchers say,is the complexity of the day.Whenever
    pressures from work,family,friends and community mount,many people consider sleep the least expensive
    item on his programme.In our society,you're considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5hours'
    sleep.If you'ye got to get 8.5 hours,people think you lack drive and ambition.
    To determine the consequences of sleep deficit,researchers have put subjects through a set of psycho-
    logical and performance tests requiring them,for instance,to add columns of numbers or recall a passage
    read to them only minutes earlier."We'ye found that if you're in sleep deficit,performance suffers,"says
    Dr. David."Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."

    Many Americans believe that________.
    A:sleep is the first thing that can be sacrificed when one is busy
    B:they need more sleep to cope with the complexities of everyday life
    C:to sleep is something one can do at any time of the day
    D:enough sleep promotes people's drives and ambition

    答案：A
    解析：
    文章第二段第一句说：睡眠不足始于一个世纪前电灯的发明。第三句说：良好的睡眠 习惯是强加于人的，晚上天黑，地里无法干活。由此可以推断出，C项符合题意。
    本题为推理判断题。在文章第二段后半部分David博士直接提出：人们在睡眠问题上 自己欺骗自己，而且他们根本没有意识到这一点。由此可以推断出美国人也经常忽略睡眠不 足产生的后果。故选B。
    文章第三段第二句话说：只要来自工作、家庭、朋友或社会的压力增加了，许多人就认 为睡眠不足是不重要的事情。A项；工作一忙，首先可以牺牲的是睡眠，符合题意。
    本题为词义辨析题。本题考了一个熟悉的词subject。它是一个多义词，可以表示“题目”、“科目”等。但这些义项在这里都不合适。要确定它的意思，最关键的是要准确弄清它所 在句子前后部分的意思和关系。这句话前一部分说，要确定睡眠不足引起的后果：研究人员让 subject。通过一系列的心理和能力的测验，要求them将几栏数字加起来或回忆几分钟前所听 到过的文章。所以，这里subjects是人，是“正在被研究的对象”。选项C是正确答案。
    本题为判断推理题。在文章最后一段研究结果“We' ye found that if you' re in sleep deficit, performance suffers,""Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate.”可知，睡眠关系到人的精力和表现。故选D。第三篇 本篇文章讲述了营养不良是造成发展中国家许多儿童体重过低，生长发育缓慢的主要原因。 世界卫生组织(WHO）呼呀国际社会关注这一现象。然而在世界范围内仍有一大批人正遭受营养不 良所带来的病痛。仅从数据方面看，铁缺乏是最普遍的微量元素缺乏症，发病人群主要是孕妇和儿 童。文章最后提到治疗铁缺乏症的一些措施。

  • 第4题：

    共用题干
    第三篇

    Judging from recent surveys,most experts in sleep behavior agree that it is virtually an epidemic of sleepiness in the nation."I can't think of a single study that hasn't found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,"says Dr. David.Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest.
    The beginning of our sleep-deficit crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century ago.From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries,sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night. "The best sleep habits once were forced on us,when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm,and it was dark." By the 1950s and 1960s,that sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically,to between 7.5 and 8 hours,and most people had to wake to an alarm clock."People cheat on their sleep,and they don't even realize they're doing it,"says Dr. David."They think they're okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours,when they really need 7.5,8 or even more to feel ideally vigorous."
    "Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep,"researchers say,"is the complexity of the day." Whenever pressures from work,family,friends and community mount,many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his program."In our society,you're considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5 hours' sleep.If you've got to get 8.5 hours,people think you lack drive and ambition."
    To determine the consequences of sleep deficit,researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them,for instance,to add columns of numbers or recall a page read to them only minutes earlier."We've found that if you're in sleep deficit,performance suffers,"says Dr. David."Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate."

    According to Dr. David,Americans___________.
    A: are ideally vigorous even under the pressure of life
    B:often neglect the consequences of sleep deficit
    C:do not know how to relax themselves properly
    D:can get by on 6.5 hours of sleep

    答案：B
    解析：
    细节题。答案相关句在第二段第三句："The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark.”由此可知，以前夜晚一片漆黑，人们没有事做，因而那时的人们养成了最佳睡眠的习惯。本段首句提到了睡眠不足是因为电灯泡的发明，可推知十八九世纪的人因为没有照明，导致没有事情可做，因而养成了早睡觉的习惯。因此，选项B符合文意。选项A“没有精力和野心”和选项C “有最好的睡眠习惯”使用文中的只言片语进行干扰，不正确；选项D“第二天有很多事情要做”文中没有提及。
    推断题。在第二段后半部分中，大卫博士提到其实在睡眠上人们在自欺欺人，只是他们没有意识到而已，并且人们认为睡6.5个小时他们完全可以应付。事实上，要确保精力充沛，他们需要7.5个小时、8个小时或更长时间的睡眠。在第三段中，大卫博士指出，每当面对工作、家人、朋友和社会的巨大压力时，很多人认为睡眠是最不重要的，是最可以有弹性的。由此不难得出结论，美国人不在乎睡眠不足的后果或对此视而不见，因此选项B 符合文意。
    推断题。根据第三段内容可知，美国人往往通过减少睡眠时间的方式来处理生活中的事情，因为他们认为睡眠是最不重要的（the least expensive item)。因此，选项A 符合文意。选项B“需要更多的睡眠去应对生活压力”与文意正好相反；选项C“一天任何时候都可以用来睡觉”和选项D“充足的睡眠可以激发人的动力和野心”文中没有提及。
    语义题。由最后一段第一句的put subjects through...tests可知，这些subjects要经过一些测试，由此推知，subjects即 “测试对象”。因此，选项C为正确答案。
    推断题。由最后一段最后两句“We've found that if you're in sleep deficit, performance suffers…Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate.”可知，睡眠关系到人的精力和表现，因此，选项D符合文意。虽然文章在最后一段提到了睡眠不足时，瞬时记忆力会下降，但并没有说睡多了可以提高记忆力，因此选项A“大幅度提高记忆力”不正确；选项B“被其他人认为精力充沛”是对原文的曲解；选项C“维持某人的日程安排”文中并未提及。

  • 第5题：

    共用题干
    第三篇

    Judging from recent surveys,most experts in sleep behavior agree that it is virtually an epidemic of sleepiness in the nation."I can't think of a single study that hasn't found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,"says Dr. David.Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest.
    The beginning of our sleep-deficit crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century ago.From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries,sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night. "The best sleep habits once were forced on us,when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm,and it was dark." By the 1950s and 1960s,that sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically,to between 7.5 and 8 hours,and most people had to wake to an alarm clock."People cheat on their sleep,and they don't even realize they're doing it,"says Dr. David."They think they're okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours,when they really need 7.5,8 or even more to feel ideally vigorous."
    "Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep,"researchers say,"is the complexity of the day." Whenever pressures from work,family,friends and community mount,many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his program."In our society,you're considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5 hours' sleep.If you've got to get 8.5 hours,people think you lack drive and ambition."
    To determine the consequences of sleep deficit,researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them,for instance,to add columns of numbers or recall a page read to them only minutes earlier."We've found that if you're in sleep deficit,performance suffers,"says Dr. David."Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate."

    People in the 18th and 19th centuries used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night because they had__________.
    A:no drive and ambition
    B:no electric lighting
    C:the best sleep habits
    D:a lot to do the next day

    答案：B
    解析：
    细节题。答案相关句在第二段第三句："The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark.”由此可知，以前夜晚一片漆黑，人们没有事做，因而那时的人们养成了最佳睡眠的习惯。本段首句提到了睡眠不足是因为电灯泡的发明，可推知十八九世纪的人因为没有照明，导致没有事情可做，因而养成了早睡觉的习惯。因此，选项B符合文意。选项A“没有精力和野心”和选项C “有最好的睡眠习惯”使用文中的只言片语进行干扰，不正确；选项D“第二天有很多事情要做”文中没有提及。
    推断题。在第二段后半部分中，大卫博士提到其实在睡眠上人们在自欺欺人，只是他们没有意识到而已，并且人们认为睡6.5个小时他们完全可以应付。事实上，要确保精力充沛，他们需要7.5个小时、8个小时或更长时间的睡眠。在第三段中，大卫博士指出，每当面对工作、家人、朋友和社会的巨大压力时，很多人认为睡眠是最不重要的，是最可以有弹性的。由此不难得出结论，美国人不在乎睡眠不足的后果或对此视而不见，因此选项B 符合文意。
    推断题。根据第三段内容可知，美国人往往通过减少睡眠时间的方式来处理生活中的事情，因为他们认为睡眠是最不重要的（the least expensive item)。因此，选项A 符合文意。选项B“需要更多的睡眠去应对生活压力”与文意正好相反；选项C“一天任何时候都可以用来睡觉”和选项D“充足的睡眠可以激发人的动力和野心”文中没有提及。
    语义题。由最后一段第一句的put subjects through...tests可知，这些subjects要经过一些测试，由此推知，subjects即 “测试对象”。因此，选项C为正确答案。
    推断题。由最后一段最后两句“We've found that if you're in sleep deficit, performance suffers…Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate.”可知，睡眠关系到人的精力和表现，因此，选项D符合文意。虽然文章在最后一段提到了睡眠不足时，瞬时记忆力会下降，但并没有说睡多了可以提高记忆力，因此选项A“大幅度提高记忆力”不正确；选项B“被其他人认为精力充沛”是对原文的曲解；选项C“维持某人的日程安排”文中并未提及。

  • 第6题：

    共用题干
    第三篇

    Judging from recent surveys,most experts in sleep behavior agree that it is virtually an epidemic of sleepiness in the nation."I can't think of a single study that hasn't found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,"says Dr. David.Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest.
    The beginning of our sleep-deficit crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century ago.From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries,sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night. "The best sleep habits once were forced on us,when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm,and it was dark." By the 1950s and 1960s,that sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically,to between 7.5 and 8 hours,and most people had to wake to an alarm clock."People cheat on their sleep,and they don't even realize they're doing it,"says Dr. David."They think they're okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours,when they really need 7.5,8 or even more to feel ideally vigorous."
    "Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep,"researchers say,"is the complexity of the day." Whenever pressures from work,family,friends and community mount,many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his program."In our society,you're considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5 hours' sleep.If you've got to get 8.5 hours,people think you lack drive and ambition."
    To determine the consequences of sleep deficit,researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them,for instance,to add columns of numbers or recall a page read to them only minutes earlier."We've found that if you're in sleep deficit,performance suffers,"says Dr. David."Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate."

    Many Americans believe that__________.
    A:sleep is the first thing that can be sacrificed when one is busy
    B:they need more sleep to cope with the complexities of everyday life
    C:to sleep is something one can do at any time of the day
    D:enough sleep promotes people's drive and ambition

    答案：A
    解析：
    细节题。答案相关句在第二段第三句："The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark.”由此可知，以前夜晚一片漆黑，人们没有事做，因而那时的人们养成了最佳睡眠的习惯。本段首句提到了睡眠不足是因为电灯泡的发明，可推知十八九世纪的人因为没有照明，导致没有事情可做，因而养成了早睡觉的习惯。因此，选项B符合文意。选项A“没有精力和野心”和选项C “有最好的睡眠习惯”使用文中的只言片语进行干扰，不正确；选项D“第二天有很多事情要做”文中没有提及。
    推断题。在第二段后半部分中，大卫博士提到其实在睡眠上人们在自欺欺人，只是他们没有意识到而已，并且人们认为睡6.5个小时他们完全可以应付。事实上，要确保精力充沛，他们需要7.5个小时、8个小时或更长时间的睡眠。在第三段中，大卫博士指出，每当面对工作、家人、朋友和社会的巨大压力时，很多人认为睡眠是最不重要的，是最可以有弹性的。由此不难得出结论，美国人不在乎睡眠不足的后果或对此视而不见，因此选项B 符合文意。
    推断题。根据第三段内容可知，美国人往往通过减少睡眠时间的方式来处理生活中的事情，因为他们认为睡眠是最不重要的（the least expensive item)。因此，选项A 符合文意。选项B“需要更多的睡眠去应对生活压力”与文意正好相反；选项C“一天任何时候都可以用来睡觉”和选项D“充足的睡眠可以激发人的动力和野心”文中没有提及。
    语义题。由最后一段第一句的put subjects through...tests可知，这些subjects要经过一些测试，由此推知，subjects即 “测试对象”。因此，选项C为正确答案。
    推断题。由最后一段最后两句“We've found that if you're in sleep deficit, performance suffers…Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate.”可知，睡眠关系到人的精力和表现，因此，选项D符合文意。虽然文章在最后一段提到了睡眠不足时，瞬时记忆力会下降，但并没有说睡多了可以提高记忆力，因此选项A“大幅度提高记忆力”不正确；选项B“被其他人认为精力充沛”是对原文的曲解；选项C“维持某人的日程安排”文中并未提及。

  • 第7题：

    共用题干
    The Interpersonal Skills of Children without Siblings

    Many parents may think that each new sibling（兄弟姐妹）offers their children the gift of companionship.But while we tend to think that siblings teach one another conflict resolution and other 、interpersonal skills,new research says they are no better off socially than children without siblings.
    "Most studies look at the negative consequences of having siblings in terms of educational outcome,"said Donna Bobbitt-Zeher,lead author of Good for Nothing?Number of Siblings and Friendship Nominations Among Adolescents."But we decided to look at social skills to see if there was any other possible benefit to having brothers or sisters."She and her co-author,Douglas Downey are sociologists at Ohio State's Marion campus,and neither is an only child.They presented their findings at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association in August.
    The paper is in large part a reply to a previous study,Playing Well With Others in Kindergarten:The Benefits of Siblings at Home,also co-authored by Dr. Downey,which found that kindergarten teachers rated children without siblings worse in interpersonal skills,self-control and problem behaviors.
    But an only child isn't necessarily a loner and misfit.First,the social advantages found in children with siblings in the kindergarten study were quite modest. Second,the study relied on teacher evaluations,and teachers may not be reliable judges of friendships among their charges.
    And now it seems that any benefits documented in kindergarten disappear altogether by middle school. Using a metric called"peer nomination（提名）",Dr. Downey and Dr. Bobbitt Zeher found that children without siblings had just as many friends as children with siblings.
    "I see the two studies as a natural progression,showing what happens to the only children who didn't have much interaction before kindergarten,"Dr. Downey said.Another study he is working on shows that the same only children evaluated in kindergarten had caught up by fifth grade.
    While the studies don't examine the cause for the disappearing social boost to kindergartners with siblings,Dr. Downey speculates that continuing school,youth clubs and other group activities一especially in an era of overscheduled children一provide sufficient opportunity for onlys to sharpen their skills.

    Paragraph 2_______
    A:How the study replies to a previous study.
    B:Why the benefits documented in kindergarten disappear.
    C:Why an only child isn't always a loner and misfit.
    D:How these two research are related.
    E:The author's speculation on the researches.
    F:The focus of this research.

    答案：F
    解析：
    本题考查的是对所读材料大意与主旨的掌握。本段的中心意思是这个研究的焦点。
    本题考查的是对所读材料大意与主旨的掌握。本段的中心意思是为什么说独生子女并不总是孤独的、不能适应社会或工作环境的人。
    本题考查的是对所读材料大意与主旨的掌握。本段的中心意思是这两个研究之间的关系。
    本题考查的是对所读材料大意与主旨的掌握。本段的中心意思是作者对于研究的推测。
    本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。文章第一段第二句提到“we tend to think that siblings teach one another conflict resolution and other interpersonal skills"（我们往往会认为有兄弟姐妹能够使小孩们学会解决冲突的方法及人际交往的技能）。由此推断作者认为“人们觉得他们的社交能力比独生子女更强”是对独生子女的固有印象，这正是选项B所陈述的内容。
    本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。文章第二段第二句提到“But we decided to look at social skills to see if there was any other possible benefit to having brothers or sisters"（但我们决定对社交能力进行研究，看有兄弟姐妹的孩子是否会有其他优势）。选项C中beneficial to children in any other ways与文中的there was any other possible benefit to having brothers or sisters意思一致。
    本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是第四段第三句："Second,the study relied on teacher evaluations,and teachers may not be reliable judges of friendships among their charges.”但老师对孩子间友谊的评估也存在偏差。这与选项E所描述的“老师对孩子间友谊的评估可能不公正”意思一致。
    本题考查的是对阐述文章的主旨事实与细节的了解。依据是文章最后一段："group activities ...provide sufficient opportunity for onlys to sharpen their skills.”集体活动……给独生子女提供了充足的机会磨炼他们的社交技能。这与选项A中所描述的“从最后一段可知集体活动可能有助于提高孩子们的社交技能”意思一致。

  • 第8题：

    Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960’s and 70’s, were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation worldwide has decreased significantly. A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic (北极的) snow were declining. In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate (区分) the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States. In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline. Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period. The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990. The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected. Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem (生态系统) respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute. The authors of the Ambio study have found that（）

    • A、forests get rid of lead pollution faster than expected
    • B、lead accumulations in forests are more difficult to deal with
    • C、lead deposits are widely distributed in the forests of the US
    • D、the upper layers of soil in forests are easily polluted by lead emissions

    正确答案:A

  • 第9题：

    Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960’s and 70’s, were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation worldwide has decreased significantly. A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic (北极的) snow were declining. In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate (区分) the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States. In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline. Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period. The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990. The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected. Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem (生态系统) respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute. The study published in the journal Nature indicates that （）

    • A、the Clean Air Act has not produced the desired results
    • B、lead deposits in arctic snow are on the increase
    • C、lead will stay in soil and snow longer than expected
    • D、the US is the major source of lead pollution in arctic snow

    正确答案:D

  • 第10题：

    You have an Exchange organization.All servers in the organization have Exchange Server 2010 Service Pack 1 （SP1） installed. You need to ensure that an administrator can recover hard-deleted e-mail messages from a user’s mailbox until the deleted item retention period has elapsed.All expired e-mail messages must be deleted when the retention period has elapsed. What should you do？（）

    • A、From the Exchange Management Shell， run Set-MailboxDatabase -DumpsterStatistics $true.
    • B、From the properties of the mailbox database， select the This database can be overwritten by a restore check box.
    • C、From the Exchange Management Shell， run the New-MailboxSearch cmdlet.
    • D、From the Exchange Management Shell， run the New-MailboxExportRequest cmdlet.
    • E、From the properties of the mailbox， enable single item recovery.
    • F、From the properties of the mailbox database， modify the Deletion Settings.

    正确答案:E

  • 第11题：

    单选题
    What can we infer（推断） from the story?
    A

    Aunt Polly gave Tom a lot of pocket money for what he had done.

    B

    Ben and the other boys might feel unhappy when they found out the truth.

    C

    Tom believed that he had discovered how to deal with different people.

    D

    Everyone thought Tom clever when they realized what had happened.


    正确答案： C
    解析：
    推理判断题。根据文章内容可知，Tom是通过小伎俩让其他的孩子们来给栅栏刷油漆的。所以如果他们知道真相的话，可能会不高兴。

  • 第12题：

    单选题
    Dr. Bruce Charlton would probably prefer to see a more formal relationship _____.
    A

    among doctors

    B

    among managers

    C

    between doctors and managers

    D

    between doctors and patients


    正确答案： A
    解析：
    推断题根据文章倒数第二段可知，Dr. Bruce是希望医生与病人之间、银行经理与客户之间的关系不要过于随意，否则工作关系中应有的距离感和尊重感就会被破坏，故答案为D项。A、B、C三项都无法体现职业与客户之间的关系，皆可排除。

  • 第13题：

    Dr. Singer thinks men are more suitable to maintain justice and issue punishment than women because _______ .

    A. men's brain's empathy centers remained dull when punishment was executed

    B. women's pleasure centers were lit up with punishment implemented

    C. men have no response when seeing punishment executed

    D. men had different experiences from women


    正确答案：A
    A 推理判断题。Dr. Singer之所以认为男人更适合维持公正、执行惩罚是和其天生的本性有关的，从文章前面可以看出，男人看到惩罚坏人时会有愉悦感，而女人则有一点怜悯感，这就是男人比女人更适合做这些工作的原因。选项A“执行惩罚时神入中心呈迟钝状”，说明这是没有同情的感情在；B“执行惩罚时女人的愉悦中心会发亮”，和文章事实相反；C“男人看到执行惩罚时没有反应”，而文中提到其愉悦中心发亮，有愉悦感；D“男人和女人有不同的经历”。故选A。

  • 第14题：

    共用题干
    第二篇

    Sleep Deficit

    Judging from recent surveys,most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic（流
    行病）of sleepiness in the nation."I can't think of a single study that hasn't found Americans getting less
    sleep than they ought to,"says Dr. David.Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably
    be better off with more rest.
    The beginning of our sleep-deficit (睡眠不足）crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a
    century ago.From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries,sleep scien-
    tists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night."The best
    sleep habits once were forced on us,when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm,and it was
    dark."By the 1950s and 1960s,that sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically,to between 7.5 and 8
    hours,and most people had to wake up to an alarm clock."People cheat on their sleep,and they don't even
    realize they're doing it,"says Dr. David."They think they're okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours,
    when they really need 7.5,eight or even more to feel ideally vigorous.
    Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep,researchers say,is the complexity of the day.Whenever
    pressures from work,family,friends and community mount,many people consider sleep the least expensive
    item on his programme.In our society,you're considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5hours'
    sleep.If you'ye got to get 8.5 hours,people think you lack drive and ambition.
    To determine the consequences of sleep deficit,researchers have put subjects through a set of psycho-
    logical and performance tests requiring them,for instance,to add columns of numbers or recall a passage
    read to them only minutes earlier."We'ye found that if you're in sleep deficit,performance suffers,"says
    Dr. David."Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."

    The word"subjects"(Line 1,Para 4)refers to_________.
    A:the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficit
    B:special branches of knowledge that are being studied
    C:people whose behavior or reactions are being studied
    D:the psycological consequences of sleep deficit

    答案：C
    解析：
    文章第二段第一句说：睡眠不足始于一个世纪前电灯的发明。第三句说：良好的睡眠 习惯是强加于人的，晚上天黑，地里无法干活。由此可以推断出，C项符合题意。
    本题为推理判断题。在文章第二段后半部分David博士直接提出：人们在睡眠问题上 自己欺骗自己，而且他们根本没有意识到这一点。由此可以推断出美国人也经常忽略睡眠不 足产生的后果。故选B。
    文章第三段第二句话说：只要来自工作、家庭、朋友或社会的压力增加了，许多人就认 为睡眠不足是不重要的事情。A项；工作一忙，首先可以牺牲的是睡眠，符合题意。
    本题为词义辨析题。本题考了一个熟悉的词subject。它是一个多义词，可以表示“题目”、“科目”等。但这些义项在这里都不合适。要确定它的意思，最关键的是要准确弄清它所 在句子前后部分的意思和关系。这句话前一部分说，要确定睡眠不足引起的后果：研究人员让 subject。通过一系列的心理和能力的测验，要求them将几栏数字加起来或回忆几分钟前所听 到过的文章。所以，这里subjects是人，是“正在被研究的对象”。选项C是正确答案。
    本题为判断推理题。在文章最后一段研究结果“We' ye found that if you' re in sleep deficit, performance suffers,""Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate.”可知，睡眠关系到人的精力和表现。故选D。第三篇 本篇文章讲述了营养不良是造成发展中国家许多儿童体重过低，生长发育缓慢的主要原因。 世界卫生组织(WHO）呼呀国际社会关注这一现象。然而在世界范围内仍有一大批人正遭受营养不 良所带来的病痛。仅从数据方面看，铁缺乏是最普遍的微量元素缺乏症，发病人群主要是孕妇和儿 童。文章最后提到治疗铁缺乏症的一些措施。

  • 第15题：

    共用题干
    第二篇

    Sleep Deficit

    Judging from recent surveys,most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic（流
    行病）of sleepiness in the nation."I can't think of a single study that hasn't found Americans getting less
    sleep than they ought to,"says Dr. David.Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably
    be better off with more rest.
    The beginning of our sleep-deficit (睡眠不足）crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a
    century ago.From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries,sleep scien-
    tists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night."The best
    sleep habits once were forced on us,when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm,and it was
    dark."By the 1950s and 1960s,that sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically,to between 7.5 and 8
    hours,and most people had to wake up to an alarm clock."People cheat on their sleep,and they don't even
    realize they're doing it,"says Dr. David."They think they're okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours,
    when they really need 7.5,eight or even more to feel ideally vigorous.
    Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep,researchers say,is the complexity of the day.Whenever
    pressures from work,family,friends and community mount,many people consider sleep the least expensive
    item on his programme.In our society,you're considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5hours'
    sleep.If you'ye got to get 8.5 hours,people think you lack drive and ambition.
    To determine the consequences of sleep deficit,researchers have put subjects through a set of psycho-
    logical and performance tests requiring them,for instance,to add columns of numbers or recall a passage
    read to them only minutes earlier."We'ye found that if you're in sleep deficit,performance suffers,"says
    Dr. David."Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."

    According to Dr. David,Americans_________.
    A:are ideally vigorous even under the pressure of life
    B:often neglect the consequences of sleep deficit
    C:don't know how to relax themselves properly
    D:can't get by on 6.5 hours of sleep

    答案：B
    解析：
    文章第二段第一句说：睡眠不足始于一个世纪前电灯的发明。第三句说：良好的睡眠 习惯是强加于人的，晚上天黑，地里无法干活。由此可以推断出，C项符合题意。
    本题为推理判断题。在文章第二段后半部分David博士直接提出：人们在睡眠问题上 自己欺骗自己，而且他们根本没有意识到这一点。由此可以推断出美国人也经常忽略睡眠不 足产生的后果。故选B。
    文章第三段第二句话说：只要来自工作、家庭、朋友或社会的压力增加了，许多人就认 为睡眠不足是不重要的事情。A项；工作一忙，首先可以牺牲的是睡眠，符合题意。
    本题为词义辨析题。本题考了一个熟悉的词subject。它是一个多义词，可以表示“题目”、“科目”等。但这些义项在这里都不合适。要确定它的意思，最关键的是要准确弄清它所 在句子前后部分的意思和关系。这句话前一部分说，要确定睡眠不足引起的后果：研究人员让 subject。通过一系列的心理和能力的测验，要求them将几栏数字加起来或回忆几分钟前所听 到过的文章。所以，这里subjects是人，是“正在被研究的对象”。选项C是正确答案。
    本题为判断推理题。在文章最后一段研究结果“We' ye found that if you' re in sleep deficit, performance suffers,""Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate.”可知，睡眠关系到人的精力和表现。故选D。第三篇 本篇文章讲述了营养不良是造成发展中国家许多儿童体重过低，生长发育缓慢的主要原因。 世界卫生组织(WHO）呼呀国际社会关注这一现象。然而在世界范围内仍有一大批人正遭受营养不 良所带来的病痛。仅从数据方面看，铁缺乏是最普遍的微量元素缺乏症，发病人群主要是孕妇和儿 童。文章最后提到治疗铁缺乏症的一些措施。

  • 第16题：

    共用题干
    第三篇

    Judging from recent surveys,most experts in sleep behavior agree that it is virtually an epidemic of sleepiness in the nation."I can't think of a single study that hasn't found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,"says Dr. David.Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest.
    The beginning of our sleep-deficit crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century ago.From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries,sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night. "The best sleep habits once were forced on us,when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm,and it was dark." By the 1950s and 1960s,that sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically,to between 7.5 and 8 hours,and most people had to wake to an alarm clock."People cheat on their sleep,and they don't even realize they're doing it,"says Dr. David."They think they're okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours,when they really need 7.5,8 or even more to feel ideally vigorous."
    "Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep,"researchers say,"is the complexity of the day." Whenever pressures from work,family,friends and community mount,many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his program."In our society,you're considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5 hours' sleep.If you've got to get 8.5 hours,people think you lack drive and ambition."
    To determine the consequences of sleep deficit,researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them,for instance,to add columns of numbers or recall a page read to them only minutes earlier."We've found that if you're in sleep deficit,performance suffers,"says Dr. David."Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate."

    The word"subjects"(line 1,Para.4)refers to__________.
    A:the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficit
    B:special branches of knowledge that are being studied
    C:people whose behaviors or reactions are being studied
    D:the psychological consequences of sleep deficit

    答案：C
    解析：
    细节题。答案相关句在第二段第三句："The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark.”由此可知，以前夜晚一片漆黑，人们没有事做，因而那时的人们养成了最佳睡眠的习惯。本段首句提到了睡眠不足是因为电灯泡的发明，可推知十八九世纪的人因为没有照明，导致没有事情可做，因而养成了早睡觉的习惯。因此，选项B符合文意。选项A“没有精力和野心”和选项C “有最好的睡眠习惯”使用文中的只言片语进行干扰，不正确；选项D“第二天有很多事情要做”文中没有提及。
    推断题。在第二段后半部分中，大卫博士提到其实在睡眠上人们在自欺欺人，只是他们没有意识到而已，并且人们认为睡6.5个小时他们完全可以应付。事实上，要确保精力充沛，他们需要7.5个小时、8个小时或更长时间的睡眠。在第三段中，大卫博士指出，每当面对工作、家人、朋友和社会的巨大压力时，很多人认为睡眠是最不重要的，是最可以有弹性的。由此不难得出结论，美国人不在乎睡眠不足的后果或对此视而不见，因此选项B 符合文意。
    推断题。根据第三段内容可知，美国人往往通过减少睡眠时间的方式来处理生活中的事情，因为他们认为睡眠是最不重要的（the least expensive item)。因此，选项A 符合文意。选项B“需要更多的睡眠去应对生活压力”与文意正好相反；选项C“一天任何时候都可以用来睡觉”和选项D“充足的睡眠可以激发人的动力和野心”文中没有提及。
    语义题。由最后一段第一句的put subjects through...tests可知，这些subjects要经过一些测试，由此推知，subjects即 “测试对象”。因此，选项C为正确答案。
    推断题。由最后一段最后两句“We've found that if you're in sleep deficit, performance suffers…Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate.”可知，睡眠关系到人的精力和表现，因此，选项D符合文意。虽然文章在最后一段提到了睡眠不足时，瞬时记忆力会下降，但并没有说睡多了可以提高记忆力，因此选项A“大幅度提高记忆力”不正确；选项B“被其他人认为精力充沛”是对原文的曲解；选项C“维持某人的日程安排”文中并未提及。

  • 第17题：

    共用题干
    第二篇

    Sleep Deficit

    Judging from recent surveys,most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic（流
    行病）of sleepiness in the nation."I can't think of a single study that hasn't found Americans getting less
    sleep than they ought to,"says Dr. David.Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably
    be better off with more rest.
    The beginning of our sleep-deficit (睡眠不足）crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a
    century ago.From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries,sleep scien-
    tists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night."The best
    sleep habits once were forced on us,when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm,and it was
    dark."By the 1950s and 1960s,that sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically,to between 7.5 and 8
    hours,and most people had to wake up to an alarm clock."People cheat on their sleep,and they don't even
    realize they're doing it,"says Dr. David."They think they're okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours,
    when they really need 7.5,eight or even more to feel ideally vigorous.
    Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep,researchers say,is the complexity of the day.Whenever
    pressures from work,family,friends and community mount,many people consider sleep the least expensive
    item on his programme.In our society,you're considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5hours'
    sleep.If you'ye got to get 8.5 hours,people think you lack drive and ambition.
    To determine the consequences of sleep deficit,researchers have put subjects through a set of psycho-
    logical and performance tests requiring them,for instance,to add columns of numbers or recall a passage
    read to them only minutes earlier."We'ye found that if you're in sleep deficit,performance suffers,"says
    Dr. David."Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."

    It can be infered from this passage that one should sleep as many hours as is necessary to_________.
    A:improve one’s memory dramatically
    B:be considered dynamic by other people
    C:maintain one’s daily schedule
    D:feel energetic and perform adequately

    答案：D
    解析：
    文章第二段第一句说：睡眠不足始于一个世纪前电灯的发明。第三句说：良好的睡眠 习惯是强加于人的，晚上天黑，地里无法干活。由此可以推断出，C项符合题意。
    本题为推理判断题。在文章第二段后半部分David博士直接提出：人们在睡眠问题上 自己欺骗自己，而且他们根本没有意识到这一点。由此可以推断出美国人也经常忽略睡眠不 足产生的后果。故选B。
    文章第三段第二句话说：只要来自工作、家庭、朋友或社会的压力增加了，许多人就认 为睡眠不足是不重要的事情。A项；工作一忙，首先可以牺牲的是睡眠，符合题意。
    本题为词义辨析题。本题考了一个熟悉的词subject。它是一个多义词，可以表示“题目”、“科目”等。但这些义项在这里都不合适。要确定它的意思，最关键的是要准确弄清它所 在句子前后部分的意思和关系。这句话前一部分说，要确定睡眠不足引起的后果：研究人员让 subject。通过一系列的心理和能力的测验，要求them将几栏数字加起来或回忆几分钟前所听 到过的文章。所以，这里subjects是人，是“正在被研究的对象”。选项C是正确答案。
    本题为判断推理题。在文章最后一段研究结果“We' ye found that if you' re in sleep deficit, performance suffers,""Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate.”可知，睡眠关系到人的精力和表现。故选D。第三篇 本篇文章讲述了营养不良是造成发展中国家许多儿童体重过低，生长发育缓慢的主要原因。 世界卫生组织(WHO）呼呀国际社会关注这一现象。然而在世界范围内仍有一大批人正遭受营养不 良所带来的病痛。仅从数据方面看，铁缺乏是最普遍的微量元素缺乏症，发病人群主要是孕妇和儿 童。文章最后提到治疗铁缺乏症的一些措施。

  • 第18题：

    共用题干
    第三篇

    Judging from recent surveys,most experts in sleep behavior agree that it is virtually an epidemic of sleepiness in the nation."I can't think of a single study that hasn't found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,"says Dr. David.Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest.
    The beginning of our sleep-deficit crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century ago.From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries,sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night. "The best sleep habits once were forced on us,when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm,and it was dark." By the 1950s and 1960s,that sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically,to between 7.5 and 8 hours,and most people had to wake to an alarm clock."People cheat on their sleep,and they don't even realize they're doing it,"says Dr. David."They think they're okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours,when they really need 7.5,8 or even more to feel ideally vigorous."
    "Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep,"researchers say,"is the complexity of the day." Whenever pressures from work,family,friends and community mount,many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his program."In our society,you're considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5 hours' sleep.If you've got to get 8.5 hours,people think you lack drive and ambition."
    To determine the consequences of sleep deficit,researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them,for instance,to add columns of numbers or recall a page read to them only minutes earlier."We've found that if you're in sleep deficit,performance suffers,"says Dr. David."Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate."

    It can be concluded from the passage that one should sleep as many hours as is necessary to________.
    A:improve one's memory dramatically
    B:be considered dynamic by other people
    C:maintain one's daily schedule
    D:feel energetic and perform adequately

    答案：D
    解析：
    细节题。答案相关句在第二段第三句："The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark.”由此可知，以前夜晚一片漆黑，人们没有事做，因而那时的人们养成了最佳睡眠的习惯。本段首句提到了睡眠不足是因为电灯泡的发明，可推知十八九世纪的人因为没有照明，导致没有事情可做，因而养成了早睡觉的习惯。因此，选项B符合文意。选项A“没有精力和野心”和选项C “有最好的睡眠习惯”使用文中的只言片语进行干扰，不正确；选项D“第二天有很多事情要做”文中没有提及。
    推断题。在第二段后半部分中，大卫博士提到其实在睡眠上人们在自欺欺人，只是他们没有意识到而已，并且人们认为睡6.5个小时他们完全可以应付。事实上，要确保精力充沛，他们需要7.5个小时、8个小时或更长时间的睡眠。在第三段中，大卫博士指出，每当面对工作、家人、朋友和社会的巨大压力时，很多人认为睡眠是最不重要的，是最可以有弹性的。由此不难得出结论，美国人不在乎睡眠不足的后果或对此视而不见，因此选项B 符合文意。
    推断题。根据第三段内容可知，美国人往往通过减少睡眠时间的方式来处理生活中的事情，因为他们认为睡眠是最不重要的（the least expensive item)。因此，选项A 符合文意。选项B“需要更多的睡眠去应对生活压力”与文意正好相反；选项C“一天任何时候都可以用来睡觉”和选项D“充足的睡眠可以激发人的动力和野心”文中没有提及。
    语义题。由最后一段第一句的put subjects through...tests可知，这些subjects要经过一些测试，由此推知，subjects即 “测试对象”。因此，选项C为正确答案。
    推断题。由最后一段最后两句“We've found that if you're in sleep deficit, performance suffers…Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate.”可知，睡眠关系到人的精力和表现，因此，选项D符合文意。虽然文章在最后一段提到了睡眠不足时，瞬时记忆力会下降，但并没有说睡多了可以提高记忆力，因此选项A“大幅度提高记忆力”不正确；选项B“被其他人认为精力充沛”是对原文的曲解；选项C“维持某人的日程安排”文中并未提及。

  • 第19题：

    共用题干
    Yoga May Help Ease High Blood Pressure

    People who follow the ancient practice of yoga may be getting an added health boost,with a new study suggesting it can fight high blood pressure一also known as hypertension.
    "This study confirms many people's feelings that exercise may be useful in the control of hypertension,"said Dr. Howard."Yoga would be a useful adjunct in the lowering of blood pressure in certain populations."
    _________(46)Although the study couldn't prove a cause-and-effect relationship,doing yoga two to three times a week was associated with an average drop in blood pressure readings from 133/ 80 to 130/77,the researchers said.
    In comparison,the average decrease in blood pressure was smaller(134/83 to 132/82)among people who ate a special diet but did not do yoga.
    In a bit of a surprise,doing yoga in tandem with a special diet did not outperform doing yoga alone.___________(47)
    Dr. Howard said the study shows that"yoga can have a favorable effect" on hypertension. ________(48)"But some large population studies have suggested that changes of this magnitude could have very significant long-term benefits."
    ___________(49)including its relatively short length and the fact that most participants were young and had milder forms of high blood pressure,Dr. Howard said.
    __________(50)"Yoga,along with deep breathing exercises,meditation and inner reflection,is a good adjunctive and integrative cardiovascular approach to better health,including lowering blood pressure,as this data suggests,"said Dr. David Friedman.

    __________(46)
    A:The amount of change was small,he said.
    B:Another expert agreed that the ancient Indian practice of yoga might ease hypertension.
    C:In the study,researchers tracked 58 women and men,aged 38 to 62,for six months.
    D:Yoga is proved to be effective in lowering high blood pressure.
    E:The study did have some limitations.
    F: This may be because doing both required a greater amount of time,making it more difficult for participants to stick with their regimens.

    答案：C
    解析：
    本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。前一句讲喻伽的功效，后一句讲这项研究的血压降低值。因此C选项放在这里最符合，指明了该项研究的时间、人群和年龄，与后文数值的出现连接得最合理。
    本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。前一句提到了做瑜伽并且进行特殊饮食的人群并没有比只做瑜伽的人群血压降低得多。F选项最合适，说明了出现这种现象的可能原因。
    本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。后一句说：但是，一些大型人群研究显示这一量级的变化会产生重大的长远效果。A选择最合适，并与后一句的“但是”“重大的长远效果”相呼应。
    本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。后面说的都是研究的缺陷或局限性。E选择是唯一符合题意的。
    本题考查的是对所读材料的大意和主旨的掌握。后一句的最后提到了另一个医生的名字，B选项是最佳的。

  • 第20题：

    Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960’s and 70’s, were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation worldwide has decreased significantly. A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic (北极的) snow were declining. In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate (区分) the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States. In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline. Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period. The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990. The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected. Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem (生态系统) respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that scientists （）

    • A、are puzzled by the mystery of forest pollution
    • B、feel relieved by the use of unleaded gasoline
    • C、still consider lead pollution a problem
    • D、lack sufficient means to combat lead pollution

    正确答案:C

  • 第21题：

    Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960’s and 70’s, were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation worldwide has decreased significantly. A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic (北极的) snow were declining. In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate (区分) the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States. In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline. Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period. The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990. The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected. Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem (生态系统) respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute. Lead accumulation worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in the US （）

    • A、was discouraged
    • B、was enforced by law
    • C、was prohibited by law
    • D、was introduced

    正确答案:B

  • 第22题：

    单选题
    Dr. Fields received so large bill when he checked out of the hotel that he did not have enough money to pay for a taxi to the airport.
    A

    so large bill

    B

    checked out of

    C

    that

    D

    pay for


    正确答案： A
    解析：

  • 第23题：

    单选题
    Which of the following is TRUE according to Donna’s letter?
    A

    The best time to study is from 10 pm to 1 am.

    B

    Walking outside can make you remember more.

    C

    It’s good to tell a study partner about your feeling.

    D

    It’s necessary to have a rest for 15 to 20 minutes an hour.


    正确答案： C
    解析：
    由“建议1”可排除A项；由“建议2”可排除B项；选项D 短文中没提到，故可排除。根据第4条建议可知选项C正确。

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