Text 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to
题目
Text 2
It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.
No longer. The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.
The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.
This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form. of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.
26.In the first paragraph, the author discusses
[A] the background information of journal editing.
[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.
[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.
[D] the traditional process of journal publication.
相似考题
更多“Text 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to ”相关问题
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第1题：
Which of the following commands would be used to move the working directory from C:\ to C:\Windows?()A.CD
B.RD
C.MD
D.SFC
参考答案：A
-
第2题：
Text 3Vinton Cerf, known as the father of the Internet, said on Wednesday that the Web was outgrowing the planet Earth and the time had come to take the information superhighway to outer space.
“The Internet is growing quickly, and we still have a lot of work to do to cover the planet.” Cerf told the first day of the annual conference of Internet Society in Geneva where more than 1500 cyberspace fans have gathered to seek answers to questions about the tangled web of the Internet.
Cerf believed that it would soon be possible to send real-time science data on the Internet from a space mission orbiting another planet such as Mars. “There is now an effort under way to design and build an interplanetary Internet. The space research community is coming closer and closer and merging. We think that we will see interplanetary Internet networks that look very much like the ones we use today. We will need interplanetary gateways and there will be protocols to transmit data between these gateways, ” Cerf said.
Francois Fluckiger, a scientist attending the conference from the European Particle Physics Laboratory near Geneva, was not entirely convinced, saying: “We need dreams like this. But I don’t know any Martian whom I’d like to communicate with through the Internet.”
Cerf has been working with NASA’s Pasadena Jet Propulsion Laboratory—the people behind the recent Mars expedition—to design what he calls an “interplanetary Internet protocol.” He believes that astronauts will want to use the Internet, although special problems remain with interference and delay.
“This is quite real. The effort is becoming extraordinarily concrete over the next few months because the next Mars mission is in planning stages now,” Cerf told the conference.
“If we use domain names like Earth or Mars...jet propulsion laboratory people would be coming together with people from the Internet community.” He added.
“The idea is to take the interplanetary Internet design and make it a part of the infrastructure of the Mars mission.”
He later told a news conference that designing this system now would prepare mankind for future technological advances.
“The whole idea is to create an architecture so the design works anywhere. I don’t know where we’re going to have to put it but my guess is that we’ll be going out there some time,” Cerf said.
“If you think 100 years from now, it is entirely possible that what will be purely research 50 years from now will become commercial 100 years from now. The Internet was the same—it started as pure research but now it is commercialized.”
第31题：According to Cerf, the purpose to design interplanetary internet is to _____.
［A］ send real-time science data
［B］ communicate with astronauts
［C］ lay foundation for future technological advances
［D］ commercialize the technology
正确答案：C本题考查事实细节。［C］项是对倒数第三段的改写，lay foundation for与prepare mankind for同义。［A］项在文章第三段首句提到，［B］项在第五段提到，但都是设计和建立星际因特网可能带来的好处，不是设计目的。［D］项在文章最后一段提到，是在说明建立星际因特网的可能性，不是设计目的。
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第3题：
共用题干
Medical Journals
Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals.
In the past,these journals were available only in print. With the development of electronic publishing,many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet,and some journals are pub-lished only online.A few medical journals,like the Journal of the American Medical Associa-tion,are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine.Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine.
Medical journals publish many types of articles.Research articles report the results of re-search studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments.Review articles summarize and analyze the informa-tion available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature.Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors,combining results from dif-ferent studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing,diagnosing or treating a particular disease.Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat them. Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors,of-ten regarding a research or review article published in the same issue.Editorials provide a per-spective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic .Letters to the edi-tor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments,questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on______.
A: any medical event
B: articles published in the same issue
C: articles published in that journal
D: medical development答案：C解析：由文章第一段“Medical journals are physicians that report medical information to physi-cians and other health professionals.”可知，内科医生和其他健康专业人士是医学杂志的主要读者。故答案为B。
由文章第二段第二句中“and some journals are published only online”可知，只是有一些医学杂志只刊登在网上。
由文章最后一段中的内容“Medical journals publish many types of articles. Research articles report the results of...Review articles summarize and analyze...Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals...Editorials in medical journals are...Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of...”可知，文章的类型有五种。
由文章第三段中“Review articles summarize and analyze the information available for preventing , diagnosing or treating a particular disease.”可知，答案为B。
由文章最后一段最后一句“Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments,questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal." 可知，给编者的信使读者能够对杂志上发表的文章进行评论、提出问题或提出批评意见。 -
第4题：
Text 2 It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the comments received,the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright rested with the journal publisher,and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer.The Internet–and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it–is making access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development（OECD）has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this.The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,makes heavy reading for publishers who have,so far,made handsome profits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change in what has,until now,been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends,in part,upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big business.In America,the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between$7 billion and$11 billion.The International Association of Scientific,Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing.According to the OECD report,some 75%of scholarly journals are now online.Entirely new business models are emerging;three main ones were identified by the report’s authors.There is the so-called big deal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author（or his employer）to pay for the paper to be published.Finally,there are open-access archives,where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.Other models exist that are hybrids of these three,such as delayed open-access,where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months,before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.29.With the open-access publishing model,the author of a paper is required toA.cover the cost of its publication.
B.subscribe to the journal publishing it.
C.allow other online journals to use it freely.
D.complete the peer-review before submission.答案：A解析：根据题干中的关键词“the open-access publishing model”可以定位于最后一段的“there is open-access publishing,…asking the author to pay for the paper to be published”，即主要依靠作者或其雇主支付论文出版费用，A项是该句的同义转述，为正确答案。该题只涉及原文这一句话，只要准确定位，就不会受其他选项干扰。 -
第5题：
Text 2 It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the comments received,the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright rested with the journal publisher,and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer.The Internet–and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it–is making access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development（OECD）has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this.The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,makes heavy reading for publishers who have,so far,made handsome profits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change in what has,until now,been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends,in part,upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big business.In America,the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between$7 billion and$11 billion.The International Association of Scientific,Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing.According to the OECD report,some 75%of scholarly journals are now online.Entirely new business models are emerging;three main ones were identified by the report’s authors.There is the so-called big deal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author（or his employer）to pay for the paper to be published.Finally,there are open-access archives,where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.Other models exist that are hybrids of these three,such as delayed open-access,where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months,before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph,the author discussesA.the background information of journal editing.
B.the publication routine of laboratory reports.
C.the relations of authors with journal publishers.
D.the traditional process of journal publication.答案：D解析：文章第一段主要介绍了一个具体的传统论文出版的流程，通常作为第一段的案例是作为铺垫以引出文章的主题，也是为了说明文章的中心，从后文我们可以看出文章谈到的是一个现代的出版模式，那么相对应，这里应该是谈到的传统的出版模式。由此可知D项为正确答案。A项错在editing一词上，第一段中并未涉及编辑期刊这一概念，而是在介绍传统的期刊出版，属于偷换概念故排除；B选项的“publication routine”，论述范围太窄，不能完全表达全文意思；同时，此段确实出现作者author与出版商publisher的关键词， -
第6题：
It can be inferred from the text that__________.A.employees are facing a reduction in working hours today
B.increased leisure time would benefit two-career households
C.companies have no set standard to evaluate their staff
D.high incomes don't guarantee Americans enough leisure time答案：B解析：现在工人的空闲时间越来越少，工作时间相应就变长，A错误；公司通过工作时间的长短代替工人产出来评价一个员工，C不符；文章最后一段话说明商品是为高收入和有长时间的人准备的，D错误。故选B。 -
第7题：
共用题干
Medical Journals Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals. In the past,these journals were available only in print.With the development of electronic publishing, many medical journals now have web sites on the Internet,and some journals are published only online.A few medical journals,like the Journal of the American Medical Association,are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine.
Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine. Medical journals publish many types of articles.Research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments.
Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature.Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors,combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing,diagnosing or treating a particular disease.
Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat them.Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors,often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue.Editorials provide a perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic.
Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments,questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on______.
A:any medical event
B:articles published in the same issue
C:articles published in that journal
D:medical development答案：C解析：由文章第一段“Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and health professions.”可知，内科医生和其他健康专业人士是医学杂志的主要读者。故选B。
由文章第二段第二句话“… some journals are published only online.”可知，只有一些医学杂志仅仅在网上发行，而不是大部分都只在网上发行。故选C。
由文章第三段内容可知，医学杂志包含的文章类型有科研论文（research artides)、综述文章（review articles).病例会诊和病例报告（case conferences and case reports)、社论（editorials)和读者来信（letters to the editor)，共5种。故选A。
由文章第三段第三句和第四句话可知，包含同一主题的不同的研究结果的文章是综述文章（review article)。故选B。
由文章最后一段最后一句话“Letters to the editor…to express comments , questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.”可知，读者来信（letters to the editor）使读者能够对杂志上发表的文章进行评论。故选C。 -
第8题：
共用题干
Medical Journals Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals. In the past,these journals were available only in print.With the development of electronic publishing, many medical journals now have web sites on the Internet,and some journals are published only online.A few medical journals,like the Journal of the American Medical Association,are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine.
Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine. Medical journals publish many types of articles.Research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments.
Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature.Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors,combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing,diagnosing or treating a particular disease.
Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat them.Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors,often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue.Editorials provide a perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic.
Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments,questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.An article dealing rjth results from different studies on the same topic is called___＿＿.
A:a research article
B:a review article
C:a case report
D:an editorial答案：B解析：由文章第一段“Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and health professions.”可知，内科医生和其他健康专业人士是医学杂志的主要读者。故选B。
由文章第二段第二句话“… some journals are published only online.”可知，只有一些医学杂志仅仅在网上发行，而不是大部分都只在网上发行。故选C。
由文章第三段内容可知，医学杂志包含的文章类型有科研论文（research artides)、综述文章（review articles).病例会诊和病例报告（case conferences and case reports)、社论（editorials)和读者来信（letters to the editor)，共5种。故选A。
由文章第三段第三句和第四句话可知，包含同一主题的不同的研究结果的文章是综述文章（review article)。故选B。
由文章最后一段最后一句话“Letters to the editor…to express comments , questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.”可知，读者来信（letters to the editor）使读者能够对杂志上发表的文章进行评论。故选C。 -
第9题：
Some team leaders think that the only way to ( )their team is through cash incentives. However research proves that money is the last thing you would want to use.A.arouse
B.encourage
C.incite
D.motivate答案：D解析：一些团队主管认为唯一可以（ ）团队的方式是现金激励。然而研究表明，金钱往往是最后选择使用的手段 。 A、引起 B、鼓励 C、煽动 D、激励 -
第10题：
Which of the following commands would be used to move the working directory from C:/ to C:/Windows?（）
- A、CD
- B、RD
- C、MD
- D、SFC
正确答案:A -
第11题：
Company.com has employed you as their exchange administrator.The Company.com network contains an exchange server 2010 organization.the Company.com organization contains a hub transport server as well as an edge transport server.the hub transport server is named -ex01 and the edge transport server is named -ex02.-ex02 is used to send smtp mail to the internet.a new Company.com directive requires that a disclaimer is added to all internal and external mail messages sent by employees. What should you do？（）
- A、your best option would be to have the properties of a send connector modified from -ex02.
- B、your best option would be to have a transport rule created from -ex01.
- C、your best option would be to have a transport rule created from -ex02.
- D、your best option would be to have the properties of a send connector modified from -ex01.
正确答案:B -
第12题：
单选题Different from a work group, ______Aa team includes a large group of people working together.
Bmembers of a team are skilled employees.
Cthe leader of a team believes in team work.
Dteam members don’t communicate with the leader.
正确答案： A解析：
第四段出现了本题的相关内容。选项A和B是group和team的共同特点，因此可以首先排除掉。而选项D则与team的主要特征相矛盾，因此也可以排除掉。本段最后三句话的另外一种表述方式其实是选项C的内容。也即是，作为team leader，他肯定会对团队合作精神深信不疑，这与C的意思“team leader相信团队合作精神”是吻合的，因此C是本题答案。 -
第13题：
some team leaders think that the only way to （） their team is through cash incentives. However research proves that money is the last thing you would want to use
A.arouse
B.encourage
C.incite
D.motivate
正确答案：D
解析：一些团队主管认为唯一可以（）团队的方式是现金激励。然而研究表明，金钱往往是最后选择使用的手段A、引起B、鼓励C、刺激D、激励 -
第14题：
共用题干
Medical Journals
Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals.
In the past,these journals were available only in print. With the development of electronic publishing,many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet,and some journals are pub-lished only online.A few medical journals,like the Journal of the American Medical Associa-tion,are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine.Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine.
Medical journals publish many types of articles.Research articles report the results of re-search studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments.Review articles summarize and analyze the informa-tion available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature.Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors,combining results from dif-ferent studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing,diagnosing or treating a particular disease.Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat them. Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors,of-ten regarding a research or review article published in the same issue.Editorials provide a per-spective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic .Letters to the edi-tor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments,questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called______.
A: a research article
B: a review article
C: a case report
D: an editorial答案：B解析：由文章第一段“Medical journals are physicians that report medical information to physi-cians and other health professionals.”可知，内科医生和其他健康专业人士是医学杂志的主要读者。故答案为B。
由文章第二段第二句中“and some journals are published only online”可知，只是有一些医学杂志只刊登在网上。
由文章最后一段中的内容“Medical journals publish many types of articles. Research articles report the results of...Review articles summarize and analyze...Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals...Editorials in medical journals are...Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of...”可知，文章的类型有五种。
由文章第三段中“Review articles summarize and analyze the information available for preventing , diagnosing or treating a particular disease.”可知，答案为B。
由文章最后一段最后一句“Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments,questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal." 可知，给编者的信使读者能够对杂志上发表的文章进行评论、提出问题或提出批评意见。 -
第15题：
Text 2 It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the comments received,the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright rested with the journal publisher,and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer.The Internet–and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it–is making access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development（OECD）has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this.The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,makes heavy reading for publishers who have,so far,made handsome profits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change in what has,until now,been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends,in part,upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big business.In America,the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between$7 billion and$11 billion.The International Association of Scientific,Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing.According to the OECD report,some 75%of scholarly journals are now online.Entirely new business models are emerging;three main ones were identified by the report’s authors.There is the so-called big deal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author（or his employer）to pay for the paper to be published.Finally,there are open-access archives,where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.Other models exist that are hybrids of these three,such as delayed open-access,where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months,before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?A.It criticizes government-funded research.
B.It introduces an effective means of publication.
C.It upsets profit-making journal publishers.
D.It benefits scientific research considerably.答案：C解析：文章第二段首先谈到互联网使得获得科学成果变成现实，接着谈到了最近OECD发布的一个报告，该报告描写了互联网对出版行业的影响，使得盈利不菲的出版商们很头痛（make heavy reading for的意思是让某人读起来很费力）。文章在提到这些出版商时给其加了一个盈利不菲的定语，这说明使其头疼的事情正是与该定语对应，在这里就是会对他们盈利产生不利，故答案为C。 -
第16题：
Text 1 On January lst the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation did something that may help to change the practice of science.It brought into force a policy,foreshadowed two years earlier,that research it supports must,when published,be freely available to all.On March 23rd it followed this up by announcing that iiwill pay the cost of putting such research in one particular repository of freely availablc papers.To a layman,this may sound neither controversial nor ground-breaking.But the crucial word is"freely".It means papers reporting Gates-sponsored research cannot be charged for.No pay walls.No journal subscriptions.That is not a new idea,but the foundation's announcement gives it teeth.It means recipients of Gates'largesse can no longer offer their papers to journals such as Nature,the New England Joiu-na!o[Medicine or the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,since reading the contents ofthese publications costs money.One criticism,in a world where most non-commercial scientific research is sponsored by governments,is that there should be no further charge for reading the results of taxpayer-funded work.Journals,in other words,should have no cover or subscription price.A second is that the process of getting a paper published takes too long.Months-sometimes years-can pass while a hopeful researcher first finds a journal willing to publish,and then waits for peer review and the negotiation of amendments.That keeps others in the field in the dark about new results for longer than is really necessary,and thus slows down the progress of science.Third,though this is less easy to prove,many researchers suspect that anonymous peer review is sometimes exploited by rivals to delay the publication of competitors'papers.Partial solutions to some of these problems have been tried.The Gates foundation is experimenting with carrots,as well as sticks.It has offered the publishers of one top-flight journal,Science$l00,000 to make papers published this year about Gates-sponsored research free to read from the beginning.If this goes well,the experiment may be extended to other publications.Similarly,there is a movement among some publishers to make papers free to the reader by charging the authors for the costs of publication-usually in the range of$2,000-$3,000 per paper.But many now think these are half-measures,and that a real revolution in the idea of scientific publishing is needed.23.The following are mentioned as criticisms to taxpayer-funded research EXCEPTA.the unwillingness of many researchers to publish the original data.
B.the peer review process having failed to do what it should.
C.much long cycle for a paper to get published.
D.the demand of free access to scientific papers.答案：A解析：事实细节题。根据题干定位到文章第三段，该段讲到三个评论，但未提到A项，故选A项。【干扰排除】第三段讲到的三个评论分别为：阅读纳税人资助的研究结果不应当再次收费；论文出版的过程非常漫长；匿名的同行审阅过程有时会被竞争对手利用以延迟论文的出版时间。分别对应D、C、B三项，故均排除。 -
第17题：
Text 2 It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the comments received,the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright rested with the journal publisher,and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer.The Internet–and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it–is making access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development（OECD）has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this.The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,makes heavy reading for publishers who have,so far,made handsome profits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change in what has,until now,been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends,in part,upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big business.In America,the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between$7 billion and$11 billion.The International Association of Scientific,Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing.According to the OECD report,some 75%of scholarly journals are now online.Entirely new business models are emerging;three main ones were identified by the report’s authors.There is the so-called big deal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author（or his employer）to pay for the paper to be published.Finally,there are open-access archives,where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.Other models exist that are hybrids of these three,such as delayed open-access,where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months,before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.30.Which of the following best summarizes the text?A.The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.
B.A new mode of publication is emerging.
C.Authors welcome the new channel for publication.
D.Publication is rendered easier by online service.答案：B解析：文章首先通过一个传统出版方式的案例作为引子，然后谈到互联网出版的新模式，并对新模式的影响及现实意义——可以让人更容易获得科学成果，做了论述，因此文章的中心是关于一种新的出版模式，故答案为B。威胁出版商，A项断章取义，偷换概念故排除；C项中“出版新渠道”在本文中指的是网络，但它是否受到论文作者们的欢迎不得而知，故排除；D项中的在线服务online service在文中并未出现，属于概念扩大，亦排除。 -
第18题：
The author was required to submit an（）of about 200 words together with his research paper.
A.edition
B.editorial
C.article
D.abstract答案：D解析： -
第19题：
共用题干
Medical Journals Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals. In the past,these journals were available only in print.With the development of electronic publishing, many medical journals now have web sites on the Internet,and some journals are published only online.A few medical journals,like the Journal of the American Medical Association,are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine.
Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine. Medical journals publish many types of articles.Research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments.
Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature.Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors,combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing,diagnosing or treating a particular disease.
Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat them.Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors,often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue.Editorials provide a perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic.
Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments,questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.The main readers of medical journals are______.
A:the general public
B:health professionals
C:medical critics
D:news reporters答案：B解析：由文章第一段“Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and health professions.”可知，内科医生和其他健康专业人士是医学杂志的主要读者。故选B。
由文章第二段第二句话“… some journals are published only online.”可知，只有一些医学杂志仅仅在网上发行，而不是大部分都只在网上发行。故选C。
由文章第三段内容可知，医学杂志包含的文章类型有科研论文（research artides)、综述文章（review articles).病例会诊和病例报告（case conferences and case reports)、社论（editorials)和读者来信（letters to the editor)，共5种。故选A。
由文章第三段第三句和第四句话可知，包含同一主题的不同的研究结果的文章是综述文章（review article)。故选B。
由文章最后一段最后一句话“Letters to the editor…to express comments , questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.”可知，读者来信（letters to the editor）使读者能够对杂志上发表的文章进行评论。故选C。 -
第20题：
According to the third paragraph, researchers differed from each other in the problem of_____A. whether nuclear reaction would occur.
B. whether the stars would increase its density and temperature.
C. whether shock waves would occur.
D. whether the uneven forces would flatten the stars.答案：A解析： -
第21题：
According to the passage，it would be unusual for American Indian poetry to be( )A.attributed to specific authors
B.sung by a group of performers
C.chanted while working
D.sung during a sacred ceremony答案：A解析：
-
第22题：
A system administrator wants to couple two servers together so that users from server A can access server B without entering their password. How would this be accomplished？（）
- A、employ NIS to synchronize user names and passwords
- B、create a /.rhosts on server A and serve B
- C、create a $HOME/.netrc for all users on server A and serve rB
- D、create a /etc/hosts.equiv on server A and server B
正确答案:D -
第23题：
单选题In what way advertising is changed according to the text?AAdvertisements are produced in a scientific way.
BMore research methods are used in creative work.
CAll decisions are made based on the results of research.
DFocus groups now control the whole process of ad-making.
正确答案： C解析：
第三段首句指出广告变化的原因之一是“the shift to market research-driven advertising development”，接下来Grace解释说“There’s too much testing and too much research. Advertising is too much of a science and not as much of an art.”，对应选项B（更多的研究方法被应用到创新工作中）。