It is generally agreed that the first true cities appeared about 5,000 years ago in the food-producing communities of the Middle East． The cities of Sumeria, Egypt and the Indus Valley possessed a number of characteristics that distinguished them as truly
题目
labor． Moreover, the need to keep records led to the development of writing and arithmetic, and the increased sophistication of urban society gave a new impetus to artistic expression of every kind．
When the basis of city life was established in Europe the urban tradition was drawn from the ancient cities of the Middle East, via the civilization of Greece and Rome． We can trace three main phases in the growth of the West European city． The first of these is the medieval phase which extends from the beginning of the 1 lth century A．D． to about 1,500 to the beginning of the 19th century． The third is the modern phase extending from the early 19th century to the present day．
Every medieval city began as a small settlement, which grew up round a geographical or cultural focal point． This would be a permanent structure such as a stronghold, a cathedral or a large church． In districts where travel and trade were well established, it might be a market, a river crossing, or a place where two or more trade routes met, in studies of urban geography the oldest part of town is referred to as the nuclear settlement． There are many small towns in Europe where it is still possible to trace the outline of the original nuclear settlement． It is, of course,
much more difficult to do this in the case if a large modern city which has grown to many times its original size．
?Which of the following would be the best title of the passage?
B.The Differences Between a Modern City and an Ancient City．
C.The Functions of a City．
D.The Characteristics of an Ancient City．
相似考题
更多“It is generally agreed that the first true cities appeared about 5,000 years ago in the food-producing communities of the Middle East． The cities of Sumeria, Egypt and the Indus Valley possessed a nu”相关问题
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第1题：
What is the 'biggest city in the world? That is, (21) city has the largest population? This seems like (22) question to answer, but actually it isn't.
It's actually rather difficult to say which cities (23) the largest. There are two reasons for this difficulty. First of all, it isn't easy to determine a city's boundaries, that is, where a city ends. Nowadays, nearly all cities have a large (24) area around them. So when we talk about the population of a city, we often mean the population of the whole metropolitan area around the city. That means that it's difficult to determine what the population of a city is because it's difficult to define what a city is.
The second reason that it is difficult to 25 the population of different cities is this: it is almost impossible to get (26) about the population of all cities for the same year. For example, we might get an estimate of New York's population in 1979 and an (27) of Mexico City's population in 1981. So we real ly can't compare the numbers because the information is for (28) different years. And the population of cities changes rather quickly, especially in some cases. For example, the population of Jakarta, Indonesia, may increase by 5% each year, so the population figure will change rather quickly.
So we can say that these are our two (29) for comparing the populations of cities: one, it's difficult to determine the (30) of a city, and two, it is difficult to get accurate information.
21. A. what
B. which
C. where
D. how
正确答案：B首先判断此处缺少的是一个定语。参考上文及该句中that is这一短语可知，此处应填which一词。
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第2题：
New cities appeared on ( ) sides of the river.A、every
B、each
C、both
D、all
参考答案：C
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第3题：
A
Man invented a lot of sports equipment． The first true piece was the ball．
Thousands of years ago，in Egypt，the children's favorite game was throwing stones． But a badly thrown stone could hurt a child． Looking for something less dangerous to throw，the peo-ple in Egypt made the first balls．
At first，they used tree leaves to make balls． They used vines(藤) to keep the leaves to-gether． Later they began to use pieces of animals' skin and filled them with some light things．These balls were much better than the old ones．
Before long they invented a lot of ball games，and each had its own rules． They began to play these ball games according to the rules． They thought that ball playing was one of the best ways to teach the young men to be brave and strong．
( )21． The Egyptians invented _________very long ago．
A． many different games with balls
B． throwing stones
C． dangerous games
D． many different kinds of games
正确答案：A
21.A【解析】由第四段第一句“Before long they in- vented a lot of ball games...”可知。 -
第4题：
It is generally agreed that the first true cities appeared about 5,000 years ago in the food-producing communities of the Middle East． The cities of Sumeria, Egypt and the Indus Valley possessed a number of characteristics that distinguished them as truly urban． The cities were very much larger and more densely populated than any previous settlement, and their function wasclearly differentiated from that of the surrounding villages． In the cities the old patterns of kinship relations were replaced by a complex hierarchy of social classes based on the specialization of
labor． Moreover, the need to keep records led to the development of writing and arithmetic, and the increased sophistication of urban society gave a new impetus to artistic expression of every kind．
When the basis of city life was established in Europe the urban tradition was drawn from the ancient cities of the Middle East, via the civilization of Greece and Rome． We can trace three main phases in the growth of the West European city． The first of these is the medieval phase which extends from the beginning of the 1 lth century A．D． to about 1,500 to the beginning of the 19th century． The third is the modern phase extending from the early 19th century to the present day．
Every medieval city began as a small settlement, which grew up round a geographical or cultural focal point． This would be a permanent structure such as a stronghold, a cathedral or a large church． In districts where travel and trade were well established, it might be a market, a river crossing, or a place where two or more trade routes met, in studies of urban geography the oldest part of town is referred to as the nuclear settlement． There are many small towns in Europe where it is still possible to trace the outline of the original nuclear settlement． It is, of course,
much more difficult to do this in the case if a large modern city which has grown to many times its original size．
?Which of the following statements is TRUE?A.West European cities established their own urban traditions．
B.West European cities grew directly out of those in the Middle East．
C.Cities appeared earlier in the Middle East cities went through the same phases．
D.West European and Middle East cities went through the same phases．答案：C解析：根据第二段的第一句可知，当欧洲城市生活的基础才刚刚开始的时候，中东的城市生活已经从古代城市文明中发展起来了。故选C。 -
第5题：
Years ago our cities were full of cars,buses and trucks．Now the streets are completely congested(拥挤的)and it is very difficult to drive a car along them．Drivers must stop at hundreds of traffic lights．What are our cities going to be like in ten or twenty years?Will enormous(巨大的)motorways be built across them?With-big motorways cutting across them,full of noisy,dirty cars and lorries,our cities are going to be awful places．How can we solve the problem?
There are some good ideas to reduce the use of private cars．In 1989,for example,the authorities in Rome began an interesting experiment:passengers on the city buses did not have to pay for their tickets.
In Stockholm there was another experiment:people paid very little for a season ticket to travel on any bus,trolley bus,train or tram in all the city.
In many cities now some streets are closed to vehicles,and pedestrians are safe there.
In London there is another experiment:part of the street is for buses only,so the buses can travel fast．There are no cars or taxies in front of them.
What the writer worries about in a big city is__.A.the number of traffic lights
B.the shortage of buses
C.the lack of motorways
D.the traffic congestion答案：D解析：参见第一段。 -
第6题：
共用题干
Cities“Worse to Live in Than 20 Years Ago”
One thousand people were surveyed about a range of issues which affect cities,and the re-markable findings show that life in today's mega-cities is so stressful that at least two-thirds of those currently living in big cities would like to relocate to the countryside or a small town.
The stress of the getting from A to B in big cities is at the top of the list of problems.For many people,the daily commute to work is a source of frustration.40% of the people in the sur-vey have suffered from road rage while stuck in traffic on the way to work.The cost of public transport is also a serious problem.Many people think the price of underground and bus travel is too high and that they have to devote more than 10% of their salary to transport costs.
The general cost of living in cities is another problem.The high property prices in most big cities put buying a property out of reach of most first-time buyers.Many young people are priced out of the housing market,and have to take in lodgers to make ends meet,or rent over-priced flats miles away from the city centre .In London,for instance,the price of buying even a one-bedroom flat is so prohibitive that many have given up even considering putting money aside for a deposit.
Another issue facing people who live in cities is rising crime.Crime rates have rocketed in many big cities,and many say there are several dangerous no-go areas in their city.Fear of crime is on the increase-street crimes,such as mugging and assault,are now very common-and many are afraid of going out at night alone.
Many were also concerned by the lack of green spaces and play facilities for children.Most major conurbations（有卫星城的大都市）surveyed have a far smaller number of parks and gar- dens than a generation ago.Planning permission seems to have been given for an ever-greater number of supermarkets,office developments and apartments on sites where there were previously green spaces.Many of the respondents in the survey said they felt stressed and suffocated in the city,a problem which is compounded by pollution.
And finally,the majority of people in the survey were fed up with the constant noise pollu-lion—the roar of traffic , the sound of loud music blaring（发刺耳声）out of a neighbour's win-dow,and the constant sound of activity.It is not surprising,then,that the levels of stress-related illnesses among people who live in cities are higher than ever before .Big cities,once a mecca for ambitious people seeking fameJ and fortune,are now less and less popular among people of all ages .Perhaps the 21st century is set to be the century of the small town and the countryside.The crime rate has remained stable in recent years.
A: Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：B解析：由第一段中的“ at least two-thirds of those currently living in big cities would like to relocate to the countryside or a small town”可知，在调查中，大多居住在大城市中的人想要迁居至乡村或小镇，即更小的地方。故选A。
由第二段末句中的“Many people think the price of underground and bus travel is too high”可知，很多人认为地铁和公交的收费过高。由此可知，在调查中，很多人认为公共交通的收费并不合理。故选B。
由第三段最后一句“In London, for instance, the price of buying even a one-bedroom flat is so prohibitive that many have given up even considering putting money aside for a deposit.”可知，因为房价太高，所以在伦敦很难买到房子。故选A。
由第四段首句“Another issue facing people who live in cities is rising crime.”可知，犯罪率近年来并没保持稳定。故选B0
由第五段第二句“Most major conurbations surveyed have a far smaller number of parks and gardens than a generation ago.”可以推断，城市中的绿化区域较之以前减少了。故选A。
通读全文可以发现文章并未提及伦敦在减少污染方面的成功案例。故选C。
由最后一段首句中的“the majority of people in the survey were fed up with the constant noise pollution”可以推断，受调查的很多人认为噪音污染是个大问题。故选A。 -
第7题：
共用题干
Cities“Worse to Live in Than 20 Years Ago”
One thousand people were surveyed about a range of issues which affect cities,and the re-markable findings show that life in today's mega-cities is so stressful that at least two-thirds of those currently living in big cities would like to relocate to the countryside or a small town.
The stress of the getting from A to B in big cities is at the top of the list of problems.For many people,the daily commute to work is a source of frustration.40% of the people in the sur-vey have suffered from road rage while stuck in traffic on the way to work.The cost of public transport is also a serious problem.Many people think the price of underground and bus travel is too high and that they have to devote more than 10% of their salary to transport costs.
The general cost of living in cities is another problem.The high property prices in most big cities put buying a property out of reach of most first-time buyers.Many young people are priced out of the housing market,and have to take in lodgers to make ends meet,or rent over-priced flats miles away from the city centre .In London,for instance,the price of buying even a one-bedroom flat is so prohibitive that many have given up even considering putting money aside for a deposit.
Another issue facing people who live in cities is rising crime.Crime rates have rocketed in many big cities,and many say there are several dangerous no-go areas in their city.Fear of crime is on the increase-street crimes,such as mugging and assault,are now very common-and many are afraid of going out at night alone.
Many were also concerned by the lack of green spaces and play facilities for children.Most major conurbations（有卫星城的大都市）surveyed have a far smaller number of parks and gar- dens than a generation ago.Planning permission seems to have been given for an ever-greater number of supermarkets,office developments and apartments on sites where there were previously green spaces.Many of the respondents in the survey said they felt stressed and suffocated in the city,a problem which is compounded by pollution.
And finally,the majority of people in the survey were fed up with the constant noise pollu-lion—the roar of traffic , the sound of loud music blaring（发刺耳声）out of a neighbour's win-dow,and the constant sound of activity.It is not surprising,then,that the levels of stress-related illnesses among people who live in cities are higher than ever before .Big cities,once a mecca for ambitious people seeking fameJ and fortune,are now less and less popular among people of all ages .Perhaps the 21st century is set to be the century of the small town and the countryside.There are fewer green areas in cities than there used to be.
A: Right
B:Wrong
C: Not mentioned答案：A解析：由第一段中的“ at least two-thirds of those currently living in big cities would like to relocate to the countryside or a small town”可知，在调查中，大多居住在大城市中的人想要迁居至乡村或小镇，即更小的地方。故选A。
由第二段末句中的“Many people think the price of underground and bus travel is too high”可知，很多人认为地铁和公交的收费过高。由此可知，在调查中，很多人认为公共交通的收费并不合理。故选B。
由第三段最后一句“In London, for instance, the price of buying even a one-bedroom flat is so prohibitive that many have given up even considering putting money aside for a deposit.”可知，因为房价太高，所以在伦敦很难买到房子。故选A。
由第四段首句“Another issue facing people who live in cities is rising crime.”可知，犯罪率近年来并没保持稳定。故选B0
由第五段第二句“Most major conurbations surveyed have a far smaller number of parks and gardens than a generation ago.”可以推断，城市中的绿化区域较之以前减少了。故选A。
通读全文可以发现文章并未提及伦敦在减少污染方面的成功案例。故选C。
由最后一段首句中的“the majority of people in the survey were fed up with the constant noise pollution”可以推断，受调查的很多人认为噪音污染是个大问题。故选A。 -
第8题：
Electricity （） by the Greeks a good many years ago.
Awas first found
Bwas first discovered
Chas first been discovered
Dwas seen first
B
略 -
第9题：
It was about 600 years ago （） the first clockwith a face and an hour hand was made.
正确答案:that -
第10题：
单选题What is the passage mainly about?AHow to fight air pollution in big cities.
BHow to avoid air pollution in big cities.
CHow to breathe fresh air in big cities.
DHow serious air pollution is in big cities.
正确答案： B解析：
第一段第四句是全文的主题句：城市人如何减少接触被污染的空气。 -
第11题：
单选题When was the first story about the monster told?A200 years ago.
BOver 500 years ago.
CIn 1933.
DIn 1960.
正确答案： B解析：
根据文章第二段第二句“The first story about a monster in Loch Ness was told over 500 years ago,”第一个关于这个怪物的故事是在500多年前。故选B项。 -
第12题：
单选题Electricity （） by the Greeks a good many years ago.Awas first found
Bwas first discovered
Chas first been discovered
Dwas seen first
正确答案： B解析： 暂无解析 -
第13题：
［A］ For example, the Moche lords of Sipán in coastal Peru were buried in about AD 400 in fine cotton dress and with exquisite ornaments of bead, gold, and silver. Few burials rival their lavish sepulchres. Being able to trace the development of such rituals over thousands of years has added to our understanding of the development of human intellect and spirit.
［B］ By 40,000 years ago people could be found hunting and gathering food across most of the regions of Africa. Populations in different regions employed various technological developments in adapting to their different environments and climates.
［C］ Archaeological studies have also provided much information about the people who first arrived in the Americas over 12,000 years ago.
［D］ The first fossil records of vascular plants—that is, land plants with tissue that carries food—appeared in the Silurian period. They were simple plants that had not developed separate stems and leaves.
［E］ Laetoli even reveals footprints of humans from 3.6 million years ago. Some sites also contain evidence of the earliest use of simple tools. Archaeologists have also recorded how primitive forms of humans spread out of Africa into Asia about 1.8 million years ago, then into Europe about 900,000 years ago.
［F］ One research project involves the study of garbage in present-day cities across the United States. This garbage is the modern equivalent of the remains found in the archaeological record. In the future, archaeologists will continue to move into new realms of study.
［G］ Other sites that represent great human achievement are as varied as the cliff dwellings of the ancient Anasazi (a group of early Native Americans of North America) at Mesa Verde, Colorado; the Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the Andes Mountains of Peru; and the mysterious, massive stone portrait heads of remote Easter Island in the Pacific.
正确答案：E本题考查的知识点是：段落内一致性原则+词语的复现
本题的解答方法有两种：顺读法和逆读法。先看顺读法，文章首句是全文的主题句：考古学研究的时间很长，涉及到的主题也多种多样。第二句出现了特征词earliest，并将第一段的中心内容缩小为：最早的考古研究主题是人类起源。接下来的内容主要举例说明这方面的研究，如：人类祖先的化石残骸、最早的考古遗址。根据段落一致性原则，除非出现表示转折的逻辑词，空格处的内容应围绕这一中心内容展开论述。从内容上判断，只有［E］项正确。该项第一、二句提到人类足迹和最早的工具的使用，依然属于对于人类起源研究的范畴。此外，该项也出现了原词Laetoli的复现以及第二句some sites contain evidence of the earliest…与原文中的These sites contain evidence of the first…结构上的呼应。逻辑词also表明空格处填入的内容和上文是并列逻辑关系。［C］、［D］项出现了同义词的复现，即first对应原文中的earliest，［G］项复现了原词sites，但［C］项中的“到达美洲的人口”，［D］项中“导管植物”（vascular plants），［G］项中的“人类的伟大成就”显然都与空白处的上文无法衔接。
也可用逆读法，空格出现在一段末。其上文提到一些直立行走的两足动物（类似猿的早期人类），下文则提到最早具有现代身体特征的人类。因此空格处的内容也应该围绕人类展开论述，提到humans或其同义词的有［B］、［C］、［E］、［G］项。然后再根据段落内一致性原则，排除干扰项，得出［E］项正确。
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第14题：
Electricity ________ by the Greeks a good many years ago.A.was first found
B.was first discovered
C.has first been discovered
D.was seen first
参考答案：B
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第15题：
It is generally agreed that the first true cities appeared about 5,000 years ago in the food-producing communities of the Middle East． The cities of Sumeria, Egypt and the Indus Valley possessed a number of characteristics that distinguished them as truly urban． The cities were very much larger and more densely populated than any previous settlement, and their function wasclearly differentiated from that of the surrounding villages． In the cities the old patterns of kinship relations were replaced by a complex hierarchy of social classes based on the specialization of
labor． Moreover, the need to keep records led to the development of writing and arithmetic, and the increased sophistication of urban society gave a new impetus to artistic expression of every kind．
When the basis of city life was established in Europe the urban tradition was drawn from the ancient cities of the Middle East, via the civilization of Greece and Rome． We can trace three main phases in the growth of the West European city． The first of these is the medieval phase which extends from the beginning of the 1 lth century A．D． to about 1,500 to the beginning of the 19th century． The third is the modern phase extending from the early 19th century to the present day．
Every medieval city began as a small settlement, which grew up round a geographical or cultural focal point． This would be a permanent structure such as a stronghold, a cathedral or a large church． In districts where travel and trade were well established, it might be a market, a river crossing, or a place where two or more trade routes met, in studies of urban geography the oldest part of town is referred to as the nuclear settlement． There are many small towns in Europe where it is still possible to trace the outline of the original nuclear settlement． It is, of course,
much more difficult to do this in the case if a large modern city which has grown to many times its original size．
It is easier to locate its original nuclear settlement of a small town__________．A.because it began as a small settlement
B.because it is less developed
C.because of its small size
D.because of its location答案：C解析：根据题干关键词定位到第三段最后一句“It is，of course，much more difficult to do this…its original size”，由此可知，一个面积是原先面积很多倍的大型现代城市，是很难再探寻到其原始核心村落的概貌的。故可推断面积不大是容易探寻其原始核心村落的概貌的原因。故选C。 -
第16题：
Years ago our cities were full of cars,buses and trucks．Now the streets are completely congested(拥挤的)and it is very difficult to drive a car along them．Drivers must stop at hundreds of traffic lights．What are our cities going to be like in ten or twenty years?Will enormous(巨大的)motorways be built across them?With-big motorways cutting across them,full of noisy,dirty cars and lorries,our cities are going to be awful places．How can we solve the problem?
There are some good ideas to reduce the use of private cars．In 1989,for example,the authorities in Rome began an interesting experiment:passengers on the city buses did not have to pay for their tickets.
In Stockholm there was another experiment:people paid very little for a season ticket to travel on any bus,trolley bus,train or tram in all the city.
In many cities now some streets are closed to vehicles,and pedestrians are safe there.
In London there is another experiment:part of the street is for buses only,so the buses can travel fast．There are no cars or taxies in front of them.
In many cities pedestrians are now much safer because__.A.no traffic is allowed on some streets
B.traffic is computer-controlled
C.cars move very slowly
D.only one way streets are open to traffic答案：A解析：参见第四段。单词close是“关闭”的意思。 -
第17题：
共用题干
Urbanization and Its Influence
Over half the world's people now live in cities.The latest"Global Report on Human Settlements"says a significant change took place last year. The report________(51)this week from U.N.Habitat,a United Nations agency.
A century ago,________(52)than five percent of all people lived in cities.________(53) the middle of this century it could be seventy percent,or ________(54)six and a half billion people.
Already three一fourths of people in________(55)countries live in cities.Now most urban population________(56)is in the developing world.
Urbanization can lead to social and economic progress,but also put________(57)on cities to provide housing and________(58).The new report says almost two hundred thousand people move________(59)cities and towns each day.It says worsening inequalities,________(60)by social divisions and differences in________(61),could result in violence and crime unless cities plan better.
Another issue is urban sprawl（无序扩展的城区）.This is where cities _________ (62) quickly into rural areas,sometimes________(63)a much faster rate than urban population growth.
Sprawl is common in the United States. Americans move a lot.In a recent study,Art Hall at the University of Kansas found that people are moving away from the________(64)cities to smaller ones.He sees a________(65)toward"de-urbanization"across the nation._________(62)
A:expand
B:invade
C:split
D:enlarge答案：A解析：come out：出版、发表；come on：开始、接着来；come over：过来、顺便来访；come off：结果、脱落。这里指发表报告。所以选D。
这句话的意思是：一个世纪前，世界人口应该是非常少。所以选less，即少于5％。
along:沿着；through：通过、穿过。表示时间的节点用by。“by the middleof this century”，意思是“到本世纪中叶”。
barely：几乎不、几乎没有。表示大约的人口数，用“almost”，差不多。
前面应该是和后面的比较，后面用“developing world”，所以此处填“ developed” .flourishing:繁荣的、茂盛的；thriving：旺盛的、蒸蒸日上的；fertile：肥沃的、富饶的、多产的。
从上下文判断，这里指城市人口的增加。extension：扩展；raise：上升、加薪，它不和population搭配使用。addition：添加、增加，不可用来修饰人口，所以选growth。
“put pressure on”是固定搭配，表示“给压力”； restraint：约束、抑制；load: 承载，负荷；weight：重量。
此处指提供住所和服务，即service。 surroundings：环境、生活环境；con-Zerns：关注、关心；communities：社区、团体。
此处意思是“迁入城市”, move into是正确的搭配。around：围绕、环绕。
这句话的意思是：“受社会财富的分配和差异的驱使，社会变得越来越不公平。”所以用driven，和后面的“by”构成被动语态。pressed：重压；drawn：吸引；pulled:拖、拉。
此处指社会财富的不均。社会财富的正确搭配是“social wealth ”。 situation：情景；treasure:财宝、珍宝；category：分类、范畴。
本句话的意思是：“城市的扩张”，用expand，洽当。invade：入侵、侵略； split：分裂；enlarge：扩大、放大。
表示速度用“at the rate”。 beyond：超过、超越。
在逆城市化的进程中，人们从大城市搬往小城市，4个单词中只有“major” 表示“重要的、大的”意思。essential：基本的、本质的；primitive：原始的、粗糙的；prior和to搭配，表示“在……之前”。
此处是一种“de-urbanization”的发展趋势，trend意思正确。direction：指示、方向； style：风格。 -
第18题：
共用题干
Urbanization and Its Influence
Over half the world's people now live in cities.The latest"Global Report on Human Settlements"says a significant change took place last year. The report________(51)this week from U.N.Habitat,a United Nations agency.
A century ago,________(52)than five percent of all people lived in cities.________(53) the middle of this century it could be seventy percent,or ________(54)six and a half billion people.
Already three一fourths of people in________(55)countries live in cities.Now most urban population________(56)is in the developing world.
Urbanization can lead to social and economic progress,but also put________(57)on cities to provide housing and________(58).The new report says almost two hundred thousand people move________(59)cities and towns each day.It says worsening inequalities,________(60)by social divisions and differences in________(61),could result in violence and crime unless cities plan better.
Another issue is urban sprawl（无序扩展的城区）.This is where cities _________ (62) quickly into rural areas,sometimes________(63)a much faster rate than urban population growth.
Sprawl is common in the United States. Americans move a lot.In a recent study,Art Hall at the University of Kansas found that people are moving away from the________(64)cities to smaller ones.He sees a________(65)toward"de-urbanization"across the nation._________(54)
A: really
B: ever
C: barely
D: almost答案：D解析：come out：出版、发表；come on：开始、接着来；come over：过来、顺便来访；come off：结果、脱落。这里指发表报告。所以选D。
这句话的意思是：一个世纪前，世界人口应该是非常少。所以选less，即少于5％。
along:沿着；through：通过、穿过。表示时间的节点用by。“by the middleof this century”，意思是“到本世纪中叶”。
barely：几乎不、几乎没有。表示大约的人口数，用“almost”，差不多。
前面应该是和后面的比较，后面用“developing world”，所以此处填“ developed” .flourishing:繁荣的、茂盛的；thriving：旺盛的、蒸蒸日上的；fertile：肥沃的、富饶的、多产的。
从上下文判断，这里指城市人口的增加。extension：扩展；raise：上升、加薪，它不和population搭配使用。addition：添加、增加，不可用来修饰人口，所以选growth。
“put pressure on”是固定搭配，表示“给压力”； restraint：约束、抑制；load: 承载，负荷；weight：重量。
此处指提供住所和服务，即service。 surroundings：环境、生活环境；con-Zerns：关注、关心；communities：社区、团体。
此处意思是“迁入城市”, move into是正确的搭配。around：围绕、环绕。
这句话的意思是：“受社会财富的分配和差异的驱使，社会变得越来越不公平。”所以用driven，和后面的“by”构成被动语态。pressed：重压；drawn：吸引；pulled:拖、拉。
此处指社会财富的不均。社会财富的正确搭配是“social wealth ”。 situation：情景；treasure:财宝、珍宝；category：分类、范畴。
本句话的意思是：“城市的扩张”，用expand，洽当。invade：入侵、侵略； split：分裂；enlarge：扩大、放大。
表示速度用“at the rate”。 beyond：超过、超越。
在逆城市化的进程中，人们从大城市搬往小城市，4个单词中只有“major” 表示“重要的、大的”意思。essential：基本的、本质的；primitive：原始的、粗糙的；prior和to搭配，表示“在……之前”。
此处是一种“de-urbanization”的发展趋势，trend意思正确。direction：指示、方向； style：风格。 -
第19题：
Hanseatic merchants benefited by all of the following EXCEPT( )A.the use of trading centers in distant cities
B.a new system of recording commercial transactions
C.the opening of overland trade routes across northern Europe
D.access to markets in about 200 cities答案：C解析：细节题。根据题干关键词Hanseatic merchants定位到文章第三段。题干要求选出汉萨商人没有从中受益的内容，可使用排除法。A项“在遥远的城市使用交易中心”与原文第三段倒数第四句的foreign trading centers对应。B项“记录商业交易的新系统”与原文第三段倒数第三句的the business register对应。D项“进入约200个城市的市场”，对应原段落第三句，该句指出汉萨同盟在十四世纪末迅速扩大到包括荷兰和波兰在内的约200个城市。C项“在北欧开辟陆上贸易路线”原文未提及。 -
第20题：
Such problem （）air, water, and noise pollutions are becoming more and more serious in some big cities.
- A、like
- B、as
- C、of
- D、about
正确答案:B -
第21题：
单选题Which of the following is TRUE about the book?AIt is the first world encyclopedic dictionary
BIt can help deaf people know about the world more easily
CIt took them sixteen years to finish the book
DIt includes medicine and art about the life of deaf people
正确答案： A解析：
原文中第三段说这本书是“the first Chinese encyclopedic dictionary”，并不是世界范围内的。故A错误。原文中第四段提到“They spent six years”，也就是说这本书历时六年完成，并不是十六年，故C项错误。原文中第四段说“The dictionary includes words on medicine, education, psychology, law, history and culture about deaf people’s life.”，故D项不全面，应排除。故B项为正确选项。 -
第22题：
单选题According to the passage, where in colonial North America were there the fewest women?APuritan communities.
BSeaports.
CFrontier settlements.
DCapital cities.
正确答案： B解析： -
第23题：
单选题According to this passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?ACompany workers started to dress down about twenty years ago.
BDress-down has become an everyday phenomenon since the early 1990s.
C“Dress-down Friday” was first given as a favor from employers.
DMany workers want to wear casual clothes to impress people.
正确答案： B解析：
信息题。A选项“公司员工20年前就开始穿非正式的服装”和原文第二段“In the early 1990s”不符；B选项“自从1990年代早期，穿休闲服饰就已经成为日常的现象”，而原文意为1990年代早期，穿休闲服饰的风潮刚刚兴起，与此不符；C选项“穿休闲服装最初是作为对员工的一种优待而推行的”和原文“What started out as an extra one-day-a-week benefit for employees . . .”意义相符，答案为C；D选项“很多员工喜欢穿休闲服饰是为了给他人留下深刻的印象”未在原文提及。