A shipper who furnishes the carrier with written information concerning the cargo to be shipped has a right to insist the master or other agent of the carrier ______ a bill of lading incorporating the information so furnished．A.issuingB.writingC.givingD.m

Admiralty Sailing Directions are written with the assumption that the reader ______．

A.is familiar with all information contained in UKHO publications

B.knows nothing about any sailing directions

C.is lack of particular knowledge concerning the navigation of the area

D.has the appropriate chart before him and other relevant publications to hand

Your tow includes a loaded chlorine barge．After inspecting the tow，the mate reports that he hears a hissing sound coming from the safety valves．Where will you find information on emergency procedures concerning the uncontrolled release of cargo ________．

A.Barge's Certificate of Inspection

B.Cargo Information Card on your towboat

C.Cargo Manifest or loading paper

D.Dangerous Cargo Regulations

材料：

The contract of carriage of GOODs by sea is usually concluded as between the shipper and the carrier，either directly or through their respective agents．

Consequently，by virtue of the historic principle of privity of contract，only the shipper and the carrier have the right to take action against one another under the contract of carriage．The only clear exception to the rule was where the party having the right to sue assigned that right under a separate agreement to another party．

On the other hand，when GOODs are sold（as they typically are）prior to shipment，the terms of sale generally result in the risk in the GOODs passing from the seller（the shipper）to the buyer（the consignee or endorsee，in the case of a bill of lading，or the party entitled to take delivery under a waybill）when the GOODs cross the ship&39;s rail in the port of loading．

Therefore，although the law recognizes that the shipper alone has the right to sue the carrier in contract for subsequent cargo loss or damage occurring while the carrier had charge of the shipment，the shipper is not usually the party who actually suffers that loss．

Frequently，also，depending on the terms of sale，the shipper will no longer be the owner of the GOODs at the time when the loss or damage occurs，and so will be unable to sue the carrier in tort．

问题：

The contract of carriage of GOODs by sea is usually concluded as between ________．

A.the seller and the buyer

B.the shipper and the consignee or endorsee

C.the carrier and the consignee or endorsee

D.the shipper and the carrier

It is concluded ________ that only the shipper and the carrier have the right to take action against one another under the contract of carriage．A.by maritime laws

B.by a mainstay of the common law in particular

C.by virtue of the historic principle of privity of contract

D.by shipping practice

When GOODs are sold prior to shipment the risk in the GOODs passes ________．A.from the shipper to the carrier

B.from the seller to the buyer

C.from the carrier to the shipper

D.from the buyer to the seller

When GOODs are sold prior to shipment the shipper ________．A.is not usually the party who actually suffers the subsequent loss

B.is usually the party who actually suffers the subsequent loss

C.will still be the owner of the GOODs at the time when the loss or damage occurs

D.will be responsible for the loss of or damage to the cargo he shipped

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

材料：

As with the duties of loading and stowing of the carrier under Hague Rules and national statutes incorporating one or other of those Rules，there is a difference of opinion as to whether the carrier may validly delegate its responsibility for discharging the cargo to another party，notably to the consignee．Despite some lower court expressions to the contrary，the more prevalent view is that loading，stowing and discharging are “non-delegable”obligations of the carrier of GOODs by sea.

In consequence，while it may be permissible to transfer the responsibility for paying for loading，stowing and discharging to the shipper or consignee（e．g．by inserting an“FIOST”clause in the bill of lading），this or any other clauses which purport to also transfer the liability for fault or negligence in the conduct of these operations from the carrier to cargo are null and void，because they relieve or lessen the carrier&39;s obligations otherwise than as permitted by the Act．

This position is well-founded，given the fundamental purpose of the Rules and the national statutes of protecting shippers and consignees against the superior bargaining power of carriers．While acceptable in charterparties，which are contracts of private carriage，such clauses are rightly set aside by courts in carriage under bills of lading．

问题：

According to this passage，“FIOST”clause in the bill of lading is ______．

A.not accepted by courts

B.acceptable in courts

C.a non-delegable clause in the bill of lading

D.incorporated in the bill of lading to avoid superior bargaining by the carrier against the receiver

The prevalent view is that ______．A.the carrier may validly delegate its responsibility for discharging the cargo to another party

B.whether the carrier may validly delegate its responsibility for discharging the cargo to another party is still in dispute

C.it is not necessary to consider whether the carrier may validly delegate its responsibility for discharging the cargo to another party

D.the carrier may mot validly delegate its responsibility for discharging the cargo to another party

It can be inferred that the author ______ the opinion that the carrier may validly delegate its responsibility for discharging the cargo to another party．A.supports

B.does not support

C.has not indicated whether he supports or not

D.has no interest in discussing

In the eyes of law，an“FIOST”clause in the bill of lading ______．A.does not transfer the responsibility for paying for loading，stowing and discharging to the shipper or consignee

B.has nothing to do with the responsibility of the carrier

C.relieves or lessens the carrier's obligations otherwise than as permitted by the Act

D.imposes more obligations to the carrier than as permitted by the Act

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

During the process of loading，damages to cargo can be reduced to minimum by ______．

A.Shippers who deliver the cargo to the ship on time

B.Stevedores who handle the cargo with caution

C.Ship's crew members who check the cargo in regular intervals

D.Consignees who take good care of the cargo

You are underway with a tow consisting of six barges containing hazardous chemicals．Which statement is FALSE concerning a cargo information card ________．

A.It must be carried in the pilothouse，readily available for each chemical carried

B.It must be posted on the lead barge of the tow only

C.It must be posted on each barge on the tow

D.It contains information on procedure for spills or leaks

材料：

The shipper shall be deemed to have guaranteed to the carrier the accuracy at the time of shipment of the marks，number，quantity and weight，as furnished by him，and the shipper shall indemnify the carrier against all loss，damages and expenses arising or resulting from inaccuracies in such particulars．The right of the carrier to such indemnity shall in no way limit his responsibility and liability under the contract of carriage to any person other than the shipper．

Unless notice of loss or damage and the general nature of such loss or damage be given before or at the time of the removal of the GOODs into the custody of the person entitled to delivery thereof under the contract of carriage，or，if the loss or damage be not apparent，within three days，such removal shall be prima facie evidence of the delivery by the carrier of the GOODs as described in the bill of lading．

The notice in writing need not be given if the state of the GOODs has，at the time of their receipt，been the subject of joint survey or inspection．

In any event the carrier and the ship shall be discharged from all liability in respect of loss or damage unless suit is brought within one year after delivery of the GOODs or the date when the GOODs should have been delivered. In the case of any actual or apprehended loss or damage the carrier and the receiver shall give all reasonable facilities to each other for inspecting and tallying the GOODs．

问题：

It can be concluded that the purpose of this clause is to protect the interest of ________．

A.ship owners

B.shippers

C.charterers

D.the merchant

The duration of the liability of the carrier or ship in respect of loss of or damage to cargo is ________．A.one year

B.three days

C.not mentioned

D.variable with the kind of cargo carried and the voyage the vessel has completed

This clause is most likely extracted from ________．A.Hague Rules

B.Marpol 73/78

C.SOLAS

D.IMDG Code

It is provided in the clause that ________．A.the shipper shall not indemnify the carrier against all loss，damages and expenses arising or resulting from inaccuracies in particulars concerning cargoes

B.the shipper shall indemnify the carrier against no loss，damage and expense arising or resulting from inaccuracies in particulars concerning cargoes

C.the shipper shall not be deemed to have guaranteed to the carrier the accuracy at the time of shipment of the marks，number，quantity and weight，as furnished by him

D.the shipper shall be deemed to have guaranteed to the carrier the accuracy at the time of shipment of the marks，number，quantity and weight，as furnished by him

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

材料：

The carrier who does not pack a container cannot determine the sufficiency of packing of individual cartons within the container．Thus the carrier is not estopped from proving the insufficiency of packing of the GOODs within the container stuffed and sealed by the shipper，even where the carrier has issued a clean bill of lading．

The principle of estoppel only applies to the apparent order and condition of the exterior of the container．The carrier has no duty to inspect the cargo of the shipper-packed container，unless its packaging is apparently inadequate or the shipper has given the carrier special instructions as to the special requirements of the cargo．This view places the burden of inspection and ascertainment of special stowage needs on the party most likely to know of or best equipped to discover such needs．

Both the condition of the container and the packing of the individual objects inside are important．The condition of the container supplied by a shipper may preclude recovery by cargo interests in various situations，for example，where the container&39;s insufficient ventilation causes the GOODs to spoil．

Improper packing of objects（e.g．defective“stuffing”of GOODs into a container）may also constitute a case of insufficiency of packing by the shipper．For example，antiques，furniture，porcelain and crystal had been shipped in containers．The porcelain and crystal which had been packed in cartons suffered no damage，but the furniture and antiques which had only been wrapped in paper were damaged. The carrier was not held responsible as the packing was deemed to be insufficient．

问题：

If the carrier has issued a clean bill of lading for the general cargo on board of his ship，he will be ________．

A.precluded from recovery of any loss or damage from any interests

B.prevented from making a denial that the cargo was packed in apparently GOOD order and condition

C.entitled to make any allegation that contradicts what he has previously stated that the cargo was properly packed

D.estopped from proving the sufficiency of packing of the GOODs

It is inferred that this passage prepared to protect the interests of ________．A.the shipper

B.the supplier of containers

C.the cargo interests

D.the carrier

It is implied in the passage that ________．A.the carrier will not be responsible for the damage to a cargo contained in a container supplied by the carrier

B.the carrier will in no way be responsible for the damage to a cargo contained in a container supplied by the shipper

C.the carrier will be estopped from proving the insufficiency of packing of the GOODs within the container stuffed and sealed by the shipper even he has issued a clean bill of lading

D.by the principle of estoppel，the carrier will not be held responsible even the cargoes，such as antiques，furniture，porcelain and crystal，had been shipped in one container

The insufficient ventilation of a container supplied by a shipper that causes the GOODs to spoil may preclude recovery ________．A.by the cargo interests against the carrier

B.by the carrier against the owners

C.by the shipper against cargo interests

D.by the carrier against the cargo interests

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！