Which of the following is the result of the volcanic eruption?A. People stop traveling in EuropeB. Airlines suffer from the loss of planesC. It becomes dangerous for animals to eat outsideD. Farmers have lost many of their animals
题目
Which of the following is the result of the volcanic eruption?
A. People stop traveling in Europe
B. Airlines suffer from the loss of planes
C. It becomes dangerous for animals to eat outside
D. Farmers have lost many of their animals
相似考题
更多“Which of the following is the result of the volcanic eruption?A. People stop traveling in EuropeB. Airlines suffer from the loss of planesC. It becomes dangerous for animals to eat outsideD. Farmers have lost many of their animals”相关问题
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第1题：
Which of the following is the result of the volcanic eruption?
A．People stop traveling in Europe
B．Airlines suffer from the loss of planes
C．It becomes dangerous for animals to eat outside
D．Parmers have lost many of their animals
正确答案：C
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第2题：
If cloned animals could be used as organ donors, ().
A、people don’t have to worry about cloning twins for transplants
B、raising animals such as pigs can help solve the problem
C、the human body attacks and destroys tissue from other species
D、it may be more efficient to produce such animals by cloning than by cur
参考答案：ABD
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第3题：
Part C
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET II. ( 10 points)
Do animals have rights.'? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground clearing way to start. 46) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 47) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—4or instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations.
In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says "I don' t like this contract" ?
The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 48 ) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consider- ation humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?
Many deny it. 49) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.
This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely "logical". In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form. of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 50)When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind' s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
46.____________________
正确答案：
[参考译文]事实井非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。
[翻译技巧]省略法，非限制性定语从句的译法。
[翻译点评]it指前文所说事实，which引导的非限制性定语从句是对前面整句话内容的说明。
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第4题：
Many kinds of animals have vanished from the earth.A:developed
B:disappeared
C:linked
D:renewed答案：B解析：vanish“消灭，消失”。本句意思是：很多种动物从地球上消失了。disappear也是“消失”的意思。 -
第5题：
The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health.Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat ,it has, at the same time,made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well,especially cancer of the colon. Different cultures are more likely to cause certain different illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is nto a new discovery. In 1945, about 35 years ago, government researchers realized that nitrates, commonly used to preserve color in meats,and other food additives,caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and living animals, and because of this ,penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cow. Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medical purposes,but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.
Which of the following statements is NOT ture?a.Drugs are always given to animals for medical reasons
b.Some of the additives in our food are added to the food itself and some are given to the living animals
c.Researchers have known about the potential dangers of food additives for over thirty-five years.
d.Food may cause forty percent of cancer in world.答案：A解析： -
第6题：
Passage 2
The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health. Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to
eat. some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illness are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well, especially cancer of the colon. Different cultures are more prone to contract certain illness because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures.
That food related to illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, government researchers realized that nitrates and nitrites, commonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food additives, caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in
our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful.
The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and poultry, and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cow. Sometimes similar drugs are administered to animals not for medicinal purposes, but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the
Food and Drug Administration （FDA） has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.
The world ‘this’ in the second sentence of paragraph 2 most probably refers to ___.A. farmer
B. penicillin
C. beef and poultry
D. the fact that farmers often give penicillin to a beef答案：D解析： -
第7题：
Passage 2
The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health. Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to
eat. some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illness are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well, especially cancer of the colon. Different cultures are more prone to contract certain illness because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures.
That food related to illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, government researchers realized that nitrates and nitrites, commonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food additives, caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in
our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful.
The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and poultry, and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cow. Sometimes similar drugs are administered to animals not for medicinal purposes, but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the
Food and Drug Administration （FDA） has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.
Why do farmers give drugs to their animals?A. To speed up the growth of animals.
B. To make the animals fatter.
C. To make the animals' meat fit to eat.
D. To make the animals' meat rich in nutrients.答案：B解析： -
第8题：
Passage 2
The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health. Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to
eat. some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illness are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well, especially cancer of the colon. Different cultures are more prone to contract certain illness because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures.
That food related to illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, government researchers realized that nitrates and nitrites, commonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food additives, caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in
our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful.
The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and poultry, and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cow. Sometimes similar drugs are administered to animals not for medicinal purposes, but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the
Food and Drug Administration （FDA） has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.
All of the following statements are true EXCEPT___.A. Forty percent of cancer is caused by problems related to food.
B. Researchers have known about the potential danger of food additives for many years.
C. We eat some of the food additives directly and some indirectly.
D. Drugs are always given to animals for medicinal purposes答案：D解析： -
第9题：
共用题干
Eating Meat-Less or More? Every second in the United States alone,more than 250 animals are slaughtered for food,adding up to more than 8 billion animals each year.Reducing the amount of meat in one's diet is nutritionally, environmentally,and ethically beneficial, People who eat meat usually have weaker immune systems compared to those of vegetarians.Meat has been directly linked to diabetes,obesity,arthritis,and many other illnesses.Furthermore,meat-eaters are at a higher risk for diseases,including cancer,and they are more likely to die from these diseases.Critics say that a meatless diet does not provide enough nutrients,especially protein and iron.Actually,according to A Teen’s Guide to Going Vegetarian,by Judy Krizmanic,proteil1 is found in almost every food,and iron appears in many vegetables.Getting enough nutrients in a meat-reduced diet should not be difficult.A 1988 study found that some of the highest pesticide residues appear in meat and eggs.Diets including more fruits and vegetables will only make people healthier. Some skeptics believe that there will be a shortage of food if animals are not eaten.In fact,the opposite is true.More than 80% of the corn and 95% of the oats grown in the U.S.are fed to livestock.The world's cattle alone consume enough food to equal the caloric needs of 8.7 billion people,more than the entire human population.One half of the water used in the Unites States also goes to livestock;250 gallons of water produces only 1 lb.（磅）of beef.If people eat less meat and more plants,the amount of available food will increase。 Many people become vegetarians because they feel that eating animals is unethical.90% of these animals are raised in confinement.Chickens and other birds have only about half a square foot of space each,and since they are raised so close together,a lot of blade is used to cut off their beaks to prevent them from pecking each other to death.Likewise,pigs that are repressed will bite each other's tails,so both their teeth and tails are removed as soon as they are born. Eating animals is hazardous in numerous ways.Even a slight reduction in meat intake is better than nothing at all.Consuming less meat is beneficial to the health of animals,the health of people,and to the health of the world.Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?
A:The Advantage of Eating Less Meat.
B:Why People Become Vegetarians?
C:Environmental Protection and Meatless Diet.
D:Save Chickens,Save Birds.答案：A解析：由文赣四段第一句话“Many people become vegetthians because they feel that eating animals is unethical.”可知，很多人成为素食主义者是因为似门认为摄食动物是不道德的。故选A。
由文章第二段第五句话“… according to A Teen 's Guide to Going Vegetarian , by Judy Krizmanic , protein is found in almost every food , and iron appears in many vegetable.”可知，在这本书上，作者认为几乎每一种食物中都含有蛋白质。故选C。
由文章第三段可知，在美国大量的粮食和水用于饲养肉食动物，而这些动物所摄入的粮食本身就足以满足全人类的热量需求。这暗示了饲养肉食动物对资源的浪费。由此可以推断出，作者认为少吃肉对环境有利。故选B。
由文章第一段最后一句话“Reducing the amount of meat in one 's diet is nutritionally,environmentally, and ethically beneficial.”可知，减少肉类的摄人在营养、环境和道德方面都是有好处的。并且文章第二、三、四段围绕此观点展开讲解，因此可推测出作者对吃肉持否定态度。故选B。
文章第一段和最后一段互相呼应，讲述了少吃肉的各种好处。中间段落也分别从营养、环境和伦理方面讲述多吃肉的坏处。因此可看出文章主题就是少吃肉的好处。故选A。 -
第10题：
The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health.Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat ,it has, at the same time,made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well,especially cancer of the colon. Different cultures are more likely to cause certain different illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is nto a new discovery. In 1945, about 35 years ago, government researchers realized that nitrates, commonly used to preserve color in meats,and other food additives,caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and living animals, and because of this ,penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cow. Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medical purposes,but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue. Which of the following statements is NOT ture?（）
- A、Drugs are always given to animals for medical reasons
- B、Some of the additives in our food are added to the food itself and some are given to the living animals
- C、Researchers have known about the potential dangers of food additives for over thirty-five years.
- D、Food may cause forty percent of cancer in world.
正确答案:A -
第11题：
问答题Animal rights are a controversial topic right now. Actually, the debate is focused mainly on animal testing. The following are opinions from both sides. Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions from both sides, and then 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Animals are used for research in a variety of settings, including tests to determine the safety of drugs, cosmetics and other substances. Whether or not humans should use animals for testing purposes, however, is a controversial subject. Dr. Bob Miller, a medical researcher from Michigan State University, states that one of the primary advantages of animal testing is that it allows researchers to develop new medications and treatments, advancing the field of medicine and enhancing the health of society. For instance, many drugs used to treat or prevent cancer, HIV, diabetes, infections and other medical maladies have resulted from tests performed on animals. Moreover, animal testing enables scientists and researchers to test the safety of medications and other substances with which humans have regular contact. Drugs, for instance, may pose significant risks to humans, so testing them on animals fast gives researchers a chance to determine drugs’ safety before human trials are performed. While scientists are cognizant of the differences between humans and animals, the similarities are considered significant enough to produce relevant, useful data that they can then apply to humans. Thus, animal testing reduces harm to humans and saves lives. However, Prof. Abhay Shina, a leading critic of animal testing, points out that the major disadvantage to animal testing is that a significant number of animals are harmed or die as a result of experiments and testing. Unfortunately, many of the substances used on animal subjects never receive approval for human use or consumption. Humans receive no direct benefits as a result of the deaths of these animals. He also argues that animals are dissimilar enough from humans to make the results of animal tests unreliable. A related criticism is that testing induces stress in the animals, meaning that the subjects do not react to experimental substances in the same way that they might in more natural circumstances, making the results of experiments less valid. Using animals as research subjects is also expensive, because the animals require food, shelter, care and treatment in addition to the costs of experimental substances. Long-term or multi-phase tests can increase the costs of the practice as well. The actual price paid for the animals is also worth consideration; there are companies that breed and sell animals specifically for testing purposes.正确答案：
【参考范文】
My View on Animal Testing Animal rights has gained more and more attention nowadays. The debate on animal testing is increasingly heated. When asked whether animal testing should be allowed or not, different people have different views. Supporters believe that animal testing help develop new medications and treatments, advancing the field of medicine and enhancing the health of society and reducing risks to humans and saving lives. However, some people criticize animal testing. They argue that animal testing is expensive and harms or kills a significant number of animals, bringing no direct benefits and the results may be not reliable.
From my point of view, a limited amount of animal experimentation is necessary in spite of its shortcomings. First, it indeed contributes to the development of medicine and health. Many medical treatments and procedures have been developed from experiments on animals. Since animals share many features with humans, scientists use animals to test the safety and effectiveness of newly developed drugs before pilot testing on small groups of patients. Medical teams also practice new operating techniques such as transplants on animals. Without animal testing, many procedures or new drugs would be extremely unsafe. Second, we simply do not have alternative methods of testing. Computer models are not advanced enough and tests on plants are much less applicable to humans than tests on animals such as monkeys. Until we have a better system, we can only use animal testing.
In conclusion, I am convinced that animal testing is necessary, and that it will continue to benefit humans in new and wonderful ways. But we need to make sure that millions of animals who are used for testing new products have the minimum of suffering. Although some animal testing may be unavoidable at present, treating our fellow creatures as mercifully as possible will demonstrate our humanity.解析：
【审题构思】
本题的题目要求是就动物试验发表自己的看法。对此可以表示支持，也可以表示反对，言之有理即可。考生首先要总结材料中双方观点，然后明确陈述自己的观点。接下来提供一个或者两个理由支持自己的观点。以支持动物试验为例，可从两方面进行论证：第一，利于医学的发展，第二，尚无其他可行办法。最后总结全文，重申观点；也可进一步补充观点，深化主题。 -
第12题：
问答题Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 1) Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 2) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says “I don’t like this contract”? The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 3) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all? Many deny it. 4) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans. This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical.” In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh others’ interests against one’s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 5) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.正确答案：
(1)【答案】事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的,而这种共同认识并不存在。
【解析】本题需要注意对两个it的翻译,第一个it指的是前文的内容,并且该句开头提到actually(实际上),因此Actually, it isn’t应译为“事实并非如此”,第二个it指的是Do animals have rights?这一提问,因此应译为“这种问法”。
(2)【答案】有些哲学家论证说,权利只存在在于社会契约中,是责任与权益相交换的一部分。
【解析】该句中social contract指“社会契约”;as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements中的as为介词,意为“作为”,该介词短语是对rights的修饰。entitlement应得权益;授权。
(3)【答案】这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。
【解析】该句开头的it指的是前文中提到的动物权利,因此此处译为“这种说法”;at the outset一开始,当初。此处的invite不能取其平常“邀请”的意思,而应根据上下文译为“使,让”。
(4)【答案】这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
【解析】that引导的从句that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect为view的同位语;in every respect在各方面。
(5)【答案】这种反应并不错,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用,这种本能应得到鼓励,而不应遭到嘲弄。
【解析】该题需要注意代词that的指代,即上文中提到的看到动物痛苦时人们的反应,因此应译为“这种反应”。解析： 暂无解析 -
第13题：
C
Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly. The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is one of the most common symptoms.
Certain microorganisms（微生物）cause most types of food poisoning. Bacteria and other microorganisms can poison eggs, meat, vegetables, and many other foods. After entering the body, these tiny living things release（释放）poisons that make people sick.
Some chemicals can also cause food poisoning. They are often added to food while it is being grown, processed, or prepared. For example, many farmers spray chemicals on crops to kill weeds and insects. Some people may have a bad reaction to those chemicals when they eat the crops.
Some plants and animals contain natural poisons that are harmful to people. These include certain kinds of seafood, grains, nuts, seeds, beans, and mushrooms.
When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning is very small. Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means that people should never touch food with dirty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from growing. Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganisms. People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it. Finally, people should not eat wild mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild. Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans. In addition, some types of fish can be poisonous.
Most people recover from food poisoning after a few days of resting and drinking extra water. If people eat natural poisons, they must go to the hospital right away to have their stomachs emptied.
51. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Food when poisoned can make people sick.
B. Food poisoning means death.
C. Food poisoning comes in varieties.
D. Food poisoning can be serious.
正确答案：B
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第14题：
Modern zoos are very different from zoos that were built fifty years ago.At that time, zoos were places (1) people could go to see animals from many parts of the world.They animals lived in cages that were made (2) Concrete with iron bars, cages that were easy to keep clean.
Unfortunately for the animals, the cages were small and impossible to hide in.the zoos environment was anything (3) natural.Al though the zoo keepers took good care of the animals and fed them well, many of the animals did not thrive: they behaved in strange ways, and they often became ill
In modern zoos, people can see animals in more natural habitats.The animals are(4)more freedom in large areas so that they can live more comfortably as they would in nature Even the appearance of zoos has changed, trees and grass grow in the cages, and streams of water flow (5) the areas that animals live in.(完型填空)
A.Of
B.But
C.Where
D.Over
E.Given
参考答案：CABED
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第15题：
which of the following plays a role in making the islands “a paradise for wildlife”?
A．Animals on the islands feed on grass。
B．Local government forbids killing wildlife.
C．People cannot visit the islands as they wish.
D．tourists are not allowed to touch the animals。
正确答案：C
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第16题：
The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health.Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat ,it has, at the same time,made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well,especially cancer of the colon. Different cultures are more likely to cause certain different illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is nto a new discovery. In 1945, about 35 years ago, government researchers realized that nitrates, commonly used to preserve color in meats,and other food additives,caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and living animals, and because of this ,penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cow. Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medical purposes,but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.
What are nitrates used for?a.They preserve flavor in packaged foods.
b.They preserve the color of meats.
c.They are the objects of research.
d.They cause the animals to become fatter.答案：B解析： -
第17题：
Passage 2
The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health. Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to
eat. some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illness are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well, especially cancer of the colon. Different cultures are more prone to contract certain illness because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures.
That food related to illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, government researchers realized that nitrates and nitrites, commonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food additives, caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in
our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful.
The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and poultry, and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cow. Sometimes similar drugs are administered to animals not for medicinal purposes, but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the
Food and Drug Administration （FDA） has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.
It can inferred from the passage that___.A. Scientists have made all the food fit to eat.
B. Only in recent years have people found that the food is related to one’s illness.
C. All kinds of cancer are related to the diet.
D. Some additives are harmful to our health.答案：D解析： -
第18题：
The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health.Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat ,it has, at the same time,made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well,especially cancer of the colon. Different cultures are more likely to cause certain different illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is nto a new discovery. In 1945, about 35 years ago, government researchers realized that nitrates, commonly used to preserve color in meats,and other food additives,caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and living animals, and because of this ,penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cow. Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medical purposes,but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.
The word 'carcinogenic' most nearly means '___'.a.trouble-making
b.color-retaining
c.money-making
d.cancer-causing答案：D解析： -
第19题：
The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health.Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat ,it has, at the same time,made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well,especially cancer of the colon. Different cultures are more likely to cause certain different illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is nto a new discovery. In 1945, about 35 years ago, government researchers realized that nitrates, commonly used to preserve color in meats,and other food additives,caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and living animals, and because of this ,penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cow. Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medical purposes,but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.
How has science done something harmful to mankind?a.Because of science , diseases caused by polluted food haven been virtually eliminated.
b.It has caused a lack of information concerning the value of food.
c.Because of the application of science,some potentially harmful substances have been added to food.
d.The scientists have preserved the color of meats,but not of vegetables.答案：C解析： -
第20题：
共用题干
Eating Meat-Less or More? Every second in the United States alone,more than 250 animals are slaughtered for food,adding up to more than 8 billion animals each year.Reducing the amount of meat in one's diet is nutritionally, environmentally,and ethically beneficial, People who eat meat usually have weaker immune systems compared to those of vegetarians.Meat has been directly linked to diabetes,obesity,arthritis,and many other illnesses.Furthermore,meat-eaters are at a higher risk for diseases,including cancer,and they are more likely to die from these diseases.Critics say that a meatless diet does not provide enough nutrients,especially protein and iron.Actually,according to A Teen’s Guide to Going Vegetarian,by Judy Krizmanic,proteil1 is found in almost every food,and iron appears in many vegetables.Getting enough nutrients in a meat-reduced diet should not be difficult.A 1988 study found that some of the highest pesticide residues appear in meat and eggs.Diets including more fruits and vegetables will only make people healthier. Some skeptics believe that there will be a shortage of food if animals are not eaten.In fact,the opposite is true.More than 80% of the corn and 95% of the oats grown in the U.S.are fed to livestock.The world's cattle alone consume enough food to equal the caloric needs of 8.7 billion people,more than the entire human population.One half of the water used in the Unites States also goes to livestock;250 gallons of water produces only 1 lb.（磅）of beef.If people eat less meat and more plants,the amount of available food will increase。 Many people become vegetarians because they feel that eating animals is unethical.90% of these animals are raised in confinement.Chickens and other birds have only about half a square foot of space each,and since they are raised so close together,a lot of blade is used to cut off their beaks to prevent them from pecking each other to death.Likewise,pigs that are repressed will bite each other's tails,so both their teeth and tails are removed as soon as they are born. Eating animals is hazardous in numerous ways.Even a slight reduction in meat intake is better than nothing at all.Consuming less meat is beneficial to the health of animals,the health of people,and to the health of the world.Why does the author say reducing the amount of meat in one's diet is environmentally beneficial?
A:People who eat meat usually have weaker immune systems compared to those of vegetarians.
B:A lot of food and water are consumed in order to raise livestock.
C:90% of animals are raised in confinement.
D:Raising Animals causes most of the destruction of the nature.答案：B解析：由文赣四段第一句话“Many people become vegetthians because they feel that eating animals is unethical.”可知，很多人成为素食主义者是因为似门认为摄食动物是不道德的。故选A。
由文章第二段第五句话“… according to A Teen 's Guide to Going Vegetarian , by Judy Krizmanic , protein is found in almost every food , and iron appears in many vegetable.”可知，在这本书上，作者认为几乎每一种食物中都含有蛋白质。故选C。
由文章第三段可知，在美国大量的粮食和水用于饲养肉食动物，而这些动物所摄入的粮食本身就足以满足全人类的热量需求。这暗示了饲养肉食动物对资源的浪费。由此可以推断出，作者认为少吃肉对环境有利。故选B。
由文章第一段最后一句话“Reducing the amount of meat in one 's diet is nutritionally,environmentally, and ethically beneficial.”可知，减少肉类的摄人在营养、环境和道德方面都是有好处的。并且文章第二、三、四段围绕此观点展开讲解，因此可推测出作者对吃肉持否定态度。故选B。
文章第一段和最后一段互相呼应，讲述了少吃肉的各种好处。中间段落也分别从营养、环境和伦理方面讲述多吃肉的坏处。因此可看出文章主题就是少吃肉的好处。故选A。 -
第21题：
NHS has suffered from under-funding in recent decades,as a result of which many（）people have been turning to private medical health care.
Aworking class
Belderly
Ceducated
Dbetter-off
D
略 -
第22题：
单选题NHS has suffered from under-funding in recent decades,as a result of which many（）people have been turning to private medical health care.Aworking class
Belderly
Ceducated
Dbetter-off
正确答案： B解析： 暂无解析 -
第23题：
问答题Practice 2 Transgenic plants and animals result from genetic engineering experiments in which genetic material is moved from one organism to another, so that the latter will exhibit a characteristic. Business corporations, scientists, and farmers hope that transgenic techniques will allow more cost-effective and precise plants and animals with desirable characteristics that are not available using up to date breeding technology. Transgenic techniques allow genetic material to be transferred between completely unrelated organisms. In order for a transgenic technique to work, the genetic engineer must first construct a transgene, which is the gene to be introduced plus a control sequence. When making a transgene, scientists usually substitute the original promoter sequence with one that will be active in the correct tissues of the recipient plant or animal. The creation of transgenic animals is one of the most dramatic advances derived from recombinant DNA technology. A transgenic animal results from insertion of a foreign gene into an embryo. The foreign gene becomes a permanent part of the host animals’ genetic material. As the embryo develops, the foreign gene may be present in many cells of the body, including the germ cells of the testis or the ovary. If the transgenic animal is fertile, the inserted foreign gene (transgene) will be inherited by future progeny. Thus, a transgenic animal, once created, can persist into future generations. Transgenic animals are different from animals in which foreign cells or foreign organs have been engrafted. The progeny of engrafted animals do not inherit the experimental change. The progeny of transgenic animals do. The techniques for creating a transgenic animal include the following: 1) picking a foreign gene, 2) placing the foreign gene in a suitable form called a “construct” which guides the insertion of the foreign gene into the animal genome and encourages its expression, and 3) injecting the construct into a single fertilized egg or at the very early embryo stage of the host animal. Much genetic engineering goes into the choice of a foreign gene and building a construct. The construct must have promoters to turn on foreign gene expression at its new site within the host animal genome. By choosing a particular promoter and splicing it in front of the foreign gene, we can encourage expression of our transgene within a specific tissue. One of the most important applications of transgenic animals is the development of new animal models of human disease. Transgenic animals can serve as models for many malignant tumors. Mice have been the most frequent hosts for transgenic modification, other domestic animals have also been used. One idea has been to create transgenic cows which secrete important pharmaceutical substances in their milk. Other attempts are being made to express human interferon in the milk of sheep. A transgenic crop plant contains a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted instead of the plant acquiring them through pollination. The inserted gene sequence (known as the transgene) may come from another unrelated plant, or from a completely different species: transgenic BT corn, for example, which produces its own insecticide, containing a gene from a bacterium. Plants containing transgenes are often called genetically modified or GM crops although in reality all crops have been genetically modified from their original wild state by domestication, selection and controlled breeding over long periods of time.正确答案： 参考译文
转基因动植物系遗传工程实验的产物,在这个实验中,一个生物体的遗传物质被移入另一个生物体内,因而后者就能显示出新的特征。商界、科学家和农民都希望转基因技术能够培育出更具价格优势、而且是最近的培育技术无法培育的恰遂人愿的动植物。转基因技术能使遗传物质在两种完全不相干的生物体之间进行转移。
为了启用转基因技术,基因工程师必须首先培育一个转基因,转基因即含有受控序列的用于移植的基因。在培育转基因时,科学家通常用一个将在受体动物或植物的恰当组织中活动的启动子序列替代原有的启动子序列。
转基因动物的问世是重组DNA技术最激动人心的进展之一。把异体基因植入胚胎后即培育出转基因动物。这样异体基因就永远地成了宿主动物基因物质的一部分。随着胚胎的发育,异体基因有可能进入身体的许多细胞中,包括睾丸或卵巢的生殖细胞。如果转基因动物具有繁殖能力,植入的异体基因(转基因)就会遗传给下一代。因此,转基因动物一经培育成功,就能世代相传。转基因动物与植入异体细胞或异体器官的动物不一样。植入异体细胞或异体器官的动物发生的实验性变异不会遗传给下一代,而转基因动物的后代会继承转基因引起的变异。
转基因动物的培育主要采用以下的技术手段:1)选取一个异体基因,2)把异体基因置于某个合适的“结构体”(译者注:专业术语称plasmid,汉译“质粒”)中,这个结构体能把异体基因导入动物的基因组并能激活基因显现,3)把结构体注入宿主动物的一个单独的受精卵内或宿主动物的发育刚起步的胚胎中。基因工程的重头戏在于选择异体基因和培育结构体。这个结构体必须要有启动子,并靠启动子激活异体基因在宿主动物基因组的新部位上的基因显现。通过选择某个特别的启动子并把它粘接在异体基因表面,就能在某个特别的组织内激发转基因显现。
转基因动物最为重要的用途之一是开发培育出罹患人类疾病的新型动物。转基因动物可以用来培育罹患多种人类的恶性肿瘤的“模特儿”,老鼠是最常见的用于基因改造的宿主动物,当然还有别的家畜。人们设想培育一种转基因奶牛,能分泌出含有珍贵药物成分的牛奶,此外,人们正在尝试使羊奶中含有人类干扰素。
转基因植物内有一个或多个基因由人工导入,而并非通过天然授粉获得。导入的基因序列(即转基因)可能源于另一种与之毫不相干的植物,甚至会来自于完全不同的物种。例如,转基因Bt玉米就含有某种细菌的基因,能自身产生杀虫物质。体内含有转基因的植物常常称为遗传修饰过的作物,或GM作物,尽管事实上所有的农作物都是由最初的野生状态经过漫长岁月的驯化、优选和调控性育种使其基因得以改良。解析： 暂无解析