第12题:
问答题
Passage 1Rapid Police Response A Police departments in the United States and Canada see it as central to their role that they respond to calls for help as quickly as possible. This ability to react fast has been greatly improved with the aid of technology. The telephone and police radio, already long in use, assist greatly in the reduction of police response time. In more recent times there has been the introduction of the “911” emergency system, which allows the public easier and faster contact with police, and the use of police computer systems, which assist police in planning patrols and assigning emergency requests to the police officers nearest to the scene of the emergency. B An important part of police strategy, rapid police response is seen by police officers and the public alike as offering tremendous benefits. The more obvious ones are the ability of police to apply first-aid lifesaving techniques quickly and the greater likelihood of arresting people who may have participated in a crime. It aids in identifying those who witnessed an emergency or crime, as well as in collecting evidence. The overall reputation of a police department, too, is enhanced if rapid response is consistent, and this in itself promotes the prevention of crime. Needless to say, rapid response offers the public some degree of satisfaction in its police force. C While these may be the desired consequences of rapid police response, actual research has not shown it to be so beneficial. For example, it has been demonstrated that rapid response leads to a greater likelihood of arrest only if responses are in the order of 1-2 minutes after a call is received by the police. When response times increase to 3-4 minutes-still quite a rapid response-the likelihood of an arrest is substantially reduced. Similarly, in identifying witnesses to emergencies or crimes, police are far more likely to be successful if they arrive at the scene no more than four minutes on average, after receiving a call for help. Yet both police officers and the public define “rapid response” as responding up to 10-12 minutes after calling the police for help. D Should police assume all the responsibility for ensuring a rapid response? Studies have shown that people tend to delay after an incident occurs before contacting the police. A crime victim may be injured and thus unable to call for help, for example, or no telephone may be available at the scene of the incident. Often, however, there is no such physical barrier to calling the police. Indeed, it is very common for crime victims to call their parents, their minister, or even their insurance company first. When the police are finally called in such cases the effectiveness of even the most rapid of responses is greatly diminished. E The effectiveness of rapid response also needs to be seen in light of the nature of the crime. For example, when someone rings the police after discovering their television set has been stolen from their home, there is little point, in terms of identifying those responsible for the crime, in ensuring a very rapid response. It is common in such burglary or theft cases that the victim discovers the crime hours, days, even weeks after it has occurred. When the victim is directly involved in the crime, however, as in the case of a robbery, rapid response, provided the victim was quickly able to contact the police, is more likely to be advantageous. Based on statistics comparing crimes that are discovered and those in which the victim is directly involved, Spelman and Brown (1981) suggest that three in four calls to police need not be met with rapid response. F It becomes clear that the importance of response time in collecting evidence or catching criminals after a crime must be weighed against a variety of factors. Yet because police department officials assume the public strongly demands rapid response, they believe that every call to the police should be met with it. Studies have shown, however, that while the public wants quick response, more important is the information given by the police to the person asking for help. If a caller is told the police will arrive in five minutes but in fact it takes ten minutes or more. Waiting the extra time can be extremely frustrating. But if a caller is told he or she will have to wait 10 minutes and the police indeed arrive within that time, the caller is normally satisfied. Thus, rather than emphasizing rapid response, the focus of energies should be on establishing realistic expectations in the caller and making every attempt to meet them.List of Headings i The presumptions of policy makers ii Need for more equitable parenting policies iii The impact of dual employment iv Comparison of employed and non-employed mothers v The benefits of balanced responsibility vi The unchanged role of the female parent vii The effect of stress on the female parent viii Disadvantages of parental equality ix The experts’ view of the male parent’s role x Commitment of mothers to their paid jobs xi Origins of anxiety in working mothers Example Answer Section A. …ii… 1. Section B 2. Section C 3. Section D 4. Section E 5. Section F
正确答案:
1. vi
(该段的主题句是第一句“Despite the significant increase…Australian research studies over the last l5 years are consistent in showing that divisions of labor for family work are very rigid indeed (Watson l991)”,其中rigid一词就暗含了这么多年澳大利亚家庭中的劳务分配没有发生多大的变化,再结合下文就可知道女性在家庭中的角色没有发生多少变化,所以本段大意概括准确的是选项vi。)
2. iii
(本段的主题句是第一句“Divisions of labor for family work are particularly problematic in families in which both parents are employed outside the home(dual-worker families)”, 意思是“对于那些父母都在外工作的家庭(双职工家庭)来说,家务劳力的分配就尤其成问题”,可知本段主要讲双职工家庭存在的问题,只有选项iii的表述与此相似,故选项iii。)
3. xi
(本段的主题句是第一句“The parental role is central to the stress, related anxiety reported by employed mothers, and a major contributor to such stress is their taking a greater role in child care (VandenHeuvel l993)”, 可知本段主要讲的是女性产生压力的原因是女性在家庭生活中承担更多的责任。所以应该选择xi。)
4. ix
(本段的主题句是第一句“Family therapists and social work researchers are increasingly defining family problems in terms of a lack of involvement and support from fathers and are concerned with difficulties involved in having fathers take responsibility for the solution of family and child behavior problems (Edgar and Glezer l986)”,可以看出前半句说明这段话是专家的观点,后半句说明这段话是关于男性在家庭中的作用的观点,因此,本段的大意就是专家们对于父亲角色的观点,因此,选项ix的说法是正确的。)
5. v
(本段主题句是首句“there are benefits for families considering a change to a fairer or more equitable division of the pleasures and pains of family life”,其中fairer和more equitable division与选项v中的balance表达一致,benefits一次也属于原词再现,因此,答案可以确定为v。)
解析:
暂无解析