问答题Passage 4 Is this the last gasp for the tobacco industry? Scientists have come up with a vaccine that can block the effects of nicotine for up to a year. The vaccine will initially be targeted at the 85% of smokers who want to give up the habit.Althou
题目
问答题
Passage 4 Is this the last gasp for the tobacco industry? Scientists have come up with a vaccine that can block the effects of nicotine for up to a year. The vaccine will initially be targeted at the 85% of smokers who want to give up the habit.Although the drug would not take away the nicotine craving, cigarettes would become completely unsatisfying, making it pointless to smoke them. The drug could also be used to vaccinate youngsters before they even started smoking. Most adults who smoke began the habit while in their teens, so an annual vaccination for those aged 12 to 20 could prevent the industry recruiting new customers. “The potential for this kind of drug is huge,” said John Shields, senior vice-president of research at Cantab, the British developers. Making such a drug available to the public would be a landmark in the history of vaccines. Until now almost all vaccines have been targeted at micro-organisms such as viruses and bacteria. It would be the first time this sort of approach had been used to alter behaviour on such a potentially large scale. Vaccination depends on activating the immune system to recognize and destroy an invading organism or molecule. Previous attempts to develop a vaccine against nicotine have foundered because the nicotine molecule was too small to be recognized. The solution adopted by Cantab—and by Nabi, a rival American firm conducting similar research—is to attach the nicotine molecule to a much larger one. Cantab’s vaccine uses a protein stripped from the toxin produced by cholera bacteria. The protein is known to be safe because it is the basis for the cholera vaccine. Between one and four nicotine molecules are attached to each protein molecule, making them large enough for the body’s defences to recognise them as a hostile invader. Once alerted, the immune system starts to make antibodies specifically targeted for nicotine. They then bind to every nicotine molecule they can find and destroy them. It means that hardly any nicotine can pass from the blood into the brain where it would normally have its effect. Cantab has already started tests using a trial version of the vaccine and plans full-scale trials early next year. A similar vaccine, aimed at helping cocaine addicts, is already well into its final trials. Frank Stonebanks, a spokesman for Nabi which is about to commence similar trials, said he foresaw a day when parents would get their children vaccinated against smoking in the way that most are inoculated today against tuberculosis. “Such drugs would also have huge potential in the Third World where tobacco addiction costs people a much bigger proportion of their income,” he said. Both companies emphasise that it will be at least three years before a vaccine becomes widely available. It would probably be used in conjunction with behavioural therapy since many smokers light up for social reasons as well as addictive ones. The development coincides with a sharp increase in smoking among youngsters. In the past three decades the number of smokers has been falling steadily but the mid-1990s saw a gradual increase in the number of child smokers, especially teenage girls. Government figures show that every day about 450 British youngsters start smoking while another 330 adults die from tobacco-related illnesses such as lung cancer and heart disease. Half of all smokers in Britain die prematurely because of their habit. 1. What can we learn about the basic principle of vaccination from the passage? 2. What is nicotine vaccine? What is the major difference between nicotine vaccine and other medical vaccines? 3. What was the major difficulty in developing nicotine vaccine? How was it overcome?
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更多“问答题Passage 4 Is this the last gasp for the tobacco industry? Scientists have come up with a vaccine that can block the effects of nicotine for up to a year. The vaccine will initially be targeted at the 85% of smokers who want to give up the habit.Althou”相关问题
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第1题：
I'm going camping this weekend. —( ).
A. Can you fish?
B. Have a good time
C. No, I'm too busy
D. Don't give up now
正确答案：B -
第2题：
It’s hard to give up __________(smoke), but you have to.
正确答案：
smoking -
第3题：
Had he ________ her promise, she would have made it to Yale University.
A. looked up to
B. lived up to
C. kept up with
D. come up with
正确答案：B
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第4题：
People have smoked cigarettes for a long time now. The tobacco which is used to make cigarettes was first grown in what is now part of the United States. Christopher Columbus, who discovered America, saw the Indians smoking. Soon the dried leaves were transported to Europe. In the late 1800s, the Turks made cigarettes popular.
Cigarette smoke contains at least two harmful substances, tar and nicotine. Tar, which forms as the tobacco bums, damages the lungs and therefore affects breathing. Nicotine, which is found in the leaves, causes the heart to beat faster and increases the breathing rate. Nicotine in large can kill a person by stopping a person′s breathing muscles. Smokers usually take in small amounts that the body can quickly break down.
Nicotine can make new smokers feel dizzy (头晕) or sick to their stomachs. The heart rate for young smokers increases 2 to 3 beats per minute. Nicotine also lowers skin temperature and reduces blood flow in the legs and feet. It plays an important role in increasing smokers′ risk of heart disease and stroke.
Smoking cigarettes is dangerous. Cigarette smoking was the cause of lung cancer and several other deadly diseases.
Tobacco first appeared in ___________.A.Asia
B.Africa
C.Europe
D.America答案：D解析：细节题。根据第一段第二句话“The tobacco which is used to make cigarettes was first grown in what is now part of the United States．”可知答案为D。 -
第5题：
Passage?One
The small number of newborn babies,which has been caused by high prices and the changing social situation of women,is one of the most serious problems inAsia.When people talk about it,you can hear a word invented inJapan,"DINKS",which means Double Income No Kids.
In many majorAsian cities like Seoul,Singapore,and Tokyo,the cost of a house is extremelyhigh.A young couple who want to buy their own house may have to pay about$300,000（though prices have fallen）.For a flat with one bedroom,onedining-room,a kitchen,and a bathroom,the couple will pay about$900 amonth.What′s more,if they want to have a child,the child′s education is veryexpensive.For example,most kindergarten charges are at least$5,000 a year.In such a situation,it′s difficult to afford children.
The number ofmarried women who want to continue working increases rapidly because they enjoytheir jobs.However,if they want to have children,they immediately haveserious problems.Though most companies allow women to leave their jobs for ashort time to have a baby,they expect women with babies to give up their jobs.In short,if they want to bring up children properly,both parents have towork,but it is hard for mothers to work.Indeed,women who want to continueworking have to choose between having children or keeping their jobs.
In a word,Asiangovernments must take steps to improve the present situation as soon aspossible.
What is the main problem beingdiscussed in the passage?A.The small number of newborn babies.
B.The changing social situation of women.
C.The high prices of houses andeducation.
D.The necessary steps of Asiangovernments.答案：A解析：通过文章的第一句就可以判断A项是正确的，其他选项只是文章讨论的一个细节。 -
第6题：
I have been trying to quit smoking.A:pick up
B:give up
C:build up
D:take up答案：B解析：本句意思：我一直都在努力戒烟。quit离开，退出，放弃。pick up捡起，获得;giVe up放弃，戒除；build up加强，加大，增多；take up占用，占据。 -
第7题：
根据以下材料，回答题
People have smoked cigarettes for a longtime now. The tobacco which is used to make cigarettes was first grown in whatis now part of the United States. Christopher Columbus, who discovered America,saw the Indians smoking. Soon the dried leaves were transported to Europe. In thelate 1800s, the Turks made cigarettes popular.
Cigarette smoke contains at least twoharmful substances, tar and nicotine. Tar, which forms as the tobacco burns,damages the lungs and therefore affects breathing. Nicotine, which is found inthe leaves, causes the heart to beat faster and increases the breathing rate.Nicotine in large can kill a person by stopping a person′s breathing muscles.Smokers usually take in small amounts that the body can quickly break down.
Nicotine can make new smokers feel dizzy (头晕) or sick to theirstomachs. The heart rate for young smokers increases 2 to 3 beats per minute.Nicotine also lowers skin temperature and reduces blood flow in the legs andfeet. It plays an important role in increasing smokers′ risk of heart disease andstroke.
Smoking cigarettes is dangerous. Cigarettesmoking was the cause of lung cancer and several other deadly diseases.
Tobacco first appeared in ______.查看材料A.Asia
B.Africa
C.Europe
D.America答案：D解析：细节题。根据第一段第二句话“Thetobacco which is used to make cigarettes was first grown in what is now part ofthe United States．”可知答案为D。 -
第8题：
根据以下材料，回答题
People have smoked cigarettes for a longtime now. The tobacco which is used to make cigarettes was first grown in whatis now part of the United States. Christopher Columbus, who discovered America,saw the Indians smoking. Soon the dried leaves were transported to Europe. In thelate 1800s, the Turks made cigarettes popular.
Cigarette smoke contains at least twoharmful substances, tar and nicotine. Tar, which forms as the tobacco burns,damages the lungs and therefore affects breathing. Nicotine, which is found inthe leaves, causes the heart to beat faster and increases the breathing rate.Nicotine in large can kill a person by stopping a person′s breathing muscles.Smokers usually take in small amounts that the body can quickly break down.
Nicotine can make new smokers feel dizzy (头晕) or sick to theirstomachs. The heart rate for young smokers increases 2 to 3 beats per minute.Nicotine also lowers skin temperature and reduces blood flow in the legs andfeet. It plays an important role in increasing smokers′ risk of heart disease andstroke.
Smoking cigarettes is dangerous. Cigarettesmoking was the cause of lung cancer and several other deadly diseases.
______doesn′t make one′s heart beat asusual.查看材料A.Tar
B.Nicotine
C.Lung disease
D.Leave答案：B解析：细节题。根据第二段第三句“Nicotine，which is found in the leaves，causes theheart to beat faster and increases the breathing rate．”可知答案为B。
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第9题：
根据以下材料，回答题
People have smoked cigarettes for a longtime now. The tobacco which is used to make cigarettes was first grown in whatis now part of the United States. Christopher Columbus, who discovered America,saw the Indians smoking. Soon the dried leaves were transported to Europe. In thelate 1800s, the Turks made cigarettes popular.
Cigarette smoke contains at least twoharmful substances, tar and nicotine. Tar, which forms as the tobacco burns,damages the lungs and therefore affects breathing. Nicotine, which is found inthe leaves, causes the heart to beat faster and increases the breathing rate.Nicotine in large can kill a person by stopping a person′s breathing muscles.Smokers usually take in small amounts that the body can quickly break down.
Nicotine can make new smokers feel dizzy (头晕) or sick to theirstomachs. The heart rate for young smokers increases 2 to 3 beats per minute.Nicotine also lowers skin temperature and reduces blood flow in the legs andfeet. It plays an important role in increasing smokers′ risk of heart disease andstroke.
Smoking cigarettes is dangerous. Cigarettesmoking was the cause of lung cancer and several other deadly diseases.
What′s the main idea of this passage 查看材料A.Where did cigarettes come from
B.The effect of smoking on your body.
C.How to smoke is healthy
D.Who is the first smoker答案：B解析：主旨题。通读全文可知本文主要介绍的是吸烟的影响。 -
第10题：
问答题Passage 4 Is this the last gasp for the tobacco industry? Scientists have come up with a vaccine that can block the effects of nicotine for up to a year. The vaccine will initially be targeted at the 85% of smokers who want to give up the habit.Although the drug would not take away the nicotine craving, cigarettes would become completely unsatisfying, making it pointless to smoke them. The drug could also be used to vaccinate youngsters before they even started smoking. Most adults who smoke began the habit while in their teens, so an annual vaccination for those aged 12 to 20 could prevent the industry recruiting new customers. “The potential for this kind of drug is huge,” said John Shields, senior vice-president of research at Cantab, the British developers. Making such a drug available to the public would be a landmark in the history of vaccines. Until now almost all vaccines have been targeted at micro-organisms such as viruses and bacteria. It would be the first time this sort of approach had been used to alter behaviour on such a potentially large scale. Vaccination depends on activating the immune system to recognize and destroy an invading organism or molecule. Previous attempts to develop a vaccine against nicotine have foundered because the nicotine molecule was too small to be recognized. The solution adopted by Cantab—and by Nabi, a rival American firm conducting similar research—is to attach the nicotine molecule to a much larger one. Cantab’s vaccine uses a protein stripped from the toxin produced by cholera bacteria. The protein is known to be safe because it is the basis for the cholera vaccine. Between one and four nicotine molecules are attached to each protein molecule, making them large enough for the body’s defences to recognise them as a hostile invader. Once alerted, the immune system starts to make antibodies specifically targeted for nicotine. They then bind to every nicotine molecule they can find and destroy them. It means that hardly any nicotine can pass from the blood into the brain where it would normally have its effect. Cantab has already started tests using a trial version of the vaccine and plans full-scale trials early next year. A similar vaccine, aimed at helping cocaine addicts, is already well into its final trials. Frank Stonebanks, a spokesman for Nabi which is about to commence similar trials, said he foresaw a day when parents would get their children vaccinated against smoking in the way that most are inoculated today against tuberculosis. “Such drugs would also have huge potential in the Third World where tobacco addiction costs people a much bigger proportion of their income,” he said. Both companies emphasise that it will be at least three years before a vaccine becomes widely available. It would probably be used in conjunction with behavioural therapy since many smokers light up for social reasons as well as addictive ones. The development coincides with a sharp increase in smoking among youngsters. In the past three decades the number of smokers has been falling steadily but the mid-1990s saw a gradual increase in the number of child smokers, especially teenage girls. Government figures show that every day about 450 British youngsters start smoking while another 330 adults die from tobacco-related illnesses such as lung cancer and heart disease. Half of all smokers in Britain die prematurely because of their habit. 1. What can we learn about the basic principle of vaccination from the passage? 2. What is nicotine vaccine? What is the major difference between nicotine vaccine and other medical vaccines? 3. What was the major difficulty in developing nicotine vaccine? How was it overcome?正确答案： 【参考答案】
1. Vaccination depends on activating the immune system of human body to recognize and destroy invading organism (or molecule, micro—organisms, viruses—bacteria).
2. Nicotine vaccine is a drug developed to help smokers quit smoking and vaccinate youngsters before they even started smoking. /Other vaccines are used to destroy microorganisms, while nicotine vaccine is used to change human habit to get rid of the smoking habit
3. Nicotine molecules are too small to be discovered. /Through use of protein from cholera vaccine, they become large enough to be found and destroyed by immune system解析： 暂无解析 -
第11题：
单选题It Can be inferred from the passage that Henry______.Arefused to give up his seat to a white passenger
Brefused to pay his bus fare
Chad a fight with the bus driver
Dwas the last person to board the bus
正确答案： B解析：
细节理解题。文中第四段提到了Henry，他是前塔斯基吉空军成员，由原文“A problem arose when some white passengers were still standing, which was against the rules. Henry was put off the bus, even though he was the first person to board the bus and had paid his fare”可知，Henry是第一个上车的，并且买了车票，但是当后来有白人乘客没有座位站着的时候，他被赶下了车。按照当时的法律，他是应该给白人乘客让座的，如果让座了，就不会被赶下车。所以他是拒绝让座的。选项A正确。B、C、D均与原文不符。 -
第12题：
单选题It can be inferred from the passage that Henry _____.Arefused to give up his seat to a white passenger
Brefused to pay his bus fare
Chad a fight with the bus driver
Dwas the last person to board the bus
正确答案： C解析：
文中第四段提到了Henry，他是前塔斯基吉空军成员，由原文“A problem arose when some white passengers were still standing, which was against the rules. Henry was put off the bus, even though he was the first person to board the bus and had paid his fare”可知，Henry是第一个上车的，并且买了车票，但是当后来有白人乘客没有座位站着的时候，他被赶下了车。按照当时的法律，他应该给白人乘客让座，如果让座了，就不会被赶下车。所以他拒绝了让座。选项A正确。B、C、D均与原文不符。 -
第13题：
---- I' m surprised to hear that Sue and Paul have __ .
----So am I. They seemed very happy together when I last saw them.
A. broken up B. finished up C. divided up closed up
正确答案：A
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第14题：
---- Sorry, I have to ______ now. It’s time for class.
---- OK, I’ll call back later.
A. hang up B. break up C. give up D. hold up
正确答案：A
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第15题：
US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty【美国签订了全球烟草协议】
The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) this week at the United Nations. ____(46)
The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly，including the United States，last year. ______(47)
For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. _____(48) It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban.
______(49)The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly 5 million people worldwide every year. In the US alone, about 440,000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of all cancers in the US are caused by tobacco use. If current trends continue, WHO estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year.
The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. ______(50)
文章(10~15)
A.Tobacco stocks also perked up as investors discounted fears of litigation(诉讼) from the US
B. So far，109 countries have signed it, and 12 have ratified it.
C. The impact of the treaty could be huge.
D. Countries that ratify(批准) it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies.
E.The treaty calls for higher tobacco taxes, restrictions on smoking in public places, and more promotion of tobacco prevention and cessation programs.
F. The Senate must still approve the treaty before the US can implement its provisions.答案：F解析： -
第16题：
People have smoked cigarettes for a long time now. The tobacco which is used to make cigarettes was first grown in what is now part of the United States. Christopher Columbus, who discovered America, saw the Indians smoking. Soon the dried leaves were transported to Europe. In the late 1800s, the Turks made cigarettes popular.
Cigarette smoke contains at least two harmful substances, tar and nicotine. Tar, which forms as the tobacco bums, damages the lungs and therefore affects breathing. Nicotine, which is found in the leaves, causes the heart to beat faster and increases the breathing rate. Nicotine in large can kill a person by stopping a person′s breathing muscles. Smokers usually take in small amounts that the body can quickly break down.
Nicotine can make new smokers feel dizzy (头晕) or sick to their stomachs. The heart rate for young smokers increases 2 to 3 beats per minute. Nicotine also lowers skin temperature and reduces blood flow in the legs and feet. It plays an important role in increasing smokers′ risk of heart disease and stroke.
Smoking cigarettes is dangerous. Cigarette smoking was the cause of lung cancer and several other deadly diseases.
The following effects are caused by Nicotine EXCEPT that ___________.A.it can make new smokers feel dizzy or sick to their stomachs
B.it lowers skin temperature
C.it causes the heart to beat less fast
D.nicotine will probably kill a person if a smoker takes in too much of it.答案：C解析：细节题。根据“Nicotine…causes the heart to beat faster and increases the breathing rate．”可知C项beat less fast错误。 -
第17题：
US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty【美国签订了全球烟草协议】
The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) this week at the United Nations. ____(46)
The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly，including the United States，last year. ______(47)
For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. _____(48) It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban.
______(49)The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly 5 million people worldwide every year. In the US alone, about 440,000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of all cancers in the US are caused by tobacco use. If current trends continue, WHO estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year.
The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. ______(50)
文章(41~45)A.Tobacco stocks also perked up as investors discounted fears of litigation(诉讼) from the US
B. So far，109 countries have signed it, and 12 have ratified it.
C. The impact of the treaty could be huge.
D. Countries that ratify(批准) it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies.
E.The treaty calls for higher tobacco taxes, restrictions on smoking in public places, and more promotion of tobacco prevention and cessation programs.
F. The Senate must still approve the treaty before the US can implement its provisions.答案：F解析： -
第18题：
I have been trying to quit smoking.A:give up
B:pick up
C:build up
D:take up答案：A解析： -
第19题：
根据以下材料，回答题
People have smoked cigarettes for a longtime now. The tobacco which is used to make cigarettes was first grown in whatis now part of the United States. Christopher Columbus, who discovered America,saw the Indians smoking. Soon the dried leaves were transported to Europe. In thelate 1800s, the Turks made cigarettes popular.
Cigarette smoke contains at least twoharmful substances, tar and nicotine. Tar, which forms as the tobacco burns,damages the lungs and therefore affects breathing. Nicotine, which is found inthe leaves, causes the heart to beat faster and increases the breathing rate.Nicotine in large can kill a person by stopping a person′s breathing muscles.Smokers usually take in small amounts that the body can quickly break down.
Nicotine can make new smokers feel dizzy (头晕) or sick to theirstomachs. The heart rate for young smokers increases 2 to 3 beats per minute.Nicotine also lowers skin temperature and reduces blood flow in the legs andfeet. It plays an important role in increasing smokers′ risk of heart disease andstroke.
Smoking cigarettes is dangerous. Cigarettesmoking was the cause of lung cancer and several other deadly diseases.
The following effects are caused byNicotine EXCEPT that ______.查看材料A.it can make new smokers feel dizzy orsick to their stomachs
B.it lowers skin temperature
C.it causes the heart to beat less fast
D.nicotine will probably kill a person if asmoker takes in too much of it.答案：C解析：细节题。根据“Nicotine…causes the heart to beat faster and increases the breathing rate．”可知C项beat less fast错误。 -
第20题：
根据以下材料，回答题
People have smoked cigarettes for a longtime now. The tobacco which is used to make cigarettes was first grown in whatis now part of the United States. Christopher Columbus, who discovered America,saw the Indians smoking. Soon the dried leaves were transported to Europe. In thelate 1800s, the Turks made cigarettes popular.
Cigarette smoke contains at least twoharmful substances, tar and nicotine. Tar, which forms as the tobacco burns,damages the lungs and therefore affects breathing. Nicotine, which is found inthe leaves, causes the heart to beat faster and increases the breathing rate.Nicotine in large can kill a person by stopping a person′s breathing muscles.Smokers usually take in small amounts that the body can quickly break down.
Nicotine can make new smokers feel dizzy (头晕) or sick to theirstomachs. The heart rate for young smokers increases 2 to 3 beats per minute.Nicotine also lowers skin temperature and reduces blood flow in the legs andfeet. It plays an important role in increasing smokers′ risk of heart disease andstroke.
Smoking cigarettes is dangerous. Cigarettesmoking was the cause of lung cancer and several other deadly diseases.
What is the main purpose of the firstparagraph 查看材料A.To tell us the bad effects caused bysmoking cigarettes.
B.To introduce the history of smoking.
C.To let us know what the cigarettes aremade from.
D.To tell the readers that Columbus foundthe Indians smoking.答案：B解析：推断题。第一段主要讲述了烟草的来源，故选B。 -
第21题：
单选题A: How annoying! I can’t come up with an answer to that problem. Can you give me a hand? B: ______ANever mind.
BThat can’t be.
CI can’t at the moment. Perhaps another time would be convenient.
DTake it easy.
正确答案： D解析：
前者请求对方帮助：“真烦人，我解不出那道题，能帮个忙吗?”C项“现在不行，另外时间更为方便”为正确答案。A项“没关系”；D项“轻松一点儿；别紧张”不符合此场景；B项“不可能”不符合英语礼貌交际原则。 -
第22题：
单选题Picking up books that vaguely interest you can be dangerous because _____.Ayou may forget about the book you plan to buy
Byou have to give up the best-selling book
Cit makes you break your appointment
Dit costs you too much money and time
正确答案： B解析： -
第23题：
单选题What is the main idea of the passage?AMan-smokers live shorter than woman-smokers.
BAll the deaths in Britain result directly from tobacco smoking.
CSmoking is the main killer of babies.
DSmoking can give rise to several major diseases.
正确答案： B解析： -
第24题：
单选题Since Jonas Salk came up with his polio vaccine, infantile paralysis has virtually disappeared from the United States.Asurfaced with
Braised the price of
Cdiscovered
Delevated
正确答案： D解析： 习语辨析题。句意：自从Jonas Salk发现小儿麻痹的疫苗，美国的小儿麻痹症几乎消失了。come up with在这里意为“想出”。discover意为“(首次)发现，找到”用在句中符合句意，所以选C。raise the price of抬高……的价格。elevate举起；提拔。