单选题The author seems to indicate that ______.A there are many controversial issues like the right amount of sleepB among many issues the right amount of sleep is the least controversialC the right amount of sleep is topic of much controversy among doctorsD

Text 4 When you go to bed,is it because you're tured or because you need to get up at a certain time and want to make sure you get enough sleep?Everyone has a chronotype,which is the sleep cycle that their body would naturally prefer,if left to its own devices.But society forces its own chronotype on people,too.Maybe your prefer to sleep from 2 a.m.t0 10 a.m.But if you have a typical 9-to-5 workday,to get eight hours,you'd probably need to sleep from something like 11 p.m.t0 7 a,m.Individuals'sleep is surely shaped by their jobs,their families,and their habits.But a new study shows that society can shape sleep broadly,on a population level,as well.In the paper,published in Science Advances,Olivia Walch,Amy Cochran,and Daniel Forger of the University of Michigan look at data gathered from a smartphone app to see how sleep cycles vary in different countries and among different demographics.What country people lived in didn't have any noticeable effect on when they woke up,but it was linked to what time they went to bed.And what time they went to bed was linked to how much sleep they got.So in the countries that got less sleep on average,like Japan and Brazil,it was because they were going to bed later,not because they were waking up earlier than people in countries that got more sleep on average,like the Netherlands and Belgium,where people have earlier bedtimes.But it's notable in pointing out bedtime as a problem area.A lot of the research and discussion about the tension between sleep and society has focused on the morning-how the 9-to-5 workday isn't suitable for everyone's internal clocks,how starting the school day later can help teens,who have notoriously late chronotypes,how exposing yourself to light in the moming can help keep your intemal clock wound in a way that promotes good sleep.Bedtime,meanwhile,seems like it should be more of a choice.You wake up to go somewhere,or to start fulfilling responsibilities,and you go to bed when you decide to,based on a complex calculus of how tired you are,how much sleep you want to get,and whether the chapter you were just reading in your book ended on a cliffhanger.But when people are deciding to go to bed differs significantly across societies,it seems there's something cultural at play here,too.
The paper published by the professors from University ofMichigan shows that____

A.many people use smartphones before going to sleep
B.the countries where people live may decide when they get up
C.Japanese go to bed later and wake up later
D.people in some European countries enjoy longer sleep time

资料：We all know that lack of sleep affects our memory along with other cognitive abilities. Sitting in the office sleep deprives it’s difficult to remember your own name, let along the ever-lengthening to-do list.
But now new research shows that not getting enough sleep increases the chances your mind will actually create false memories. The study, published in Psychological Science, allowed one group of participants to get a full nights’ sleep while another had to stay up all night. In the morning they were given a series of photos that were supposed to show a crime being committed. Next, both groups were given some eyewitness statements about the crime. Like many witness statements in real-life crimes the details were different to those shown in the photographs. For example, in one instance the photo showed a thief putting a wallet in his jacket, but in the witness statement it said he put it in his pants（that's ‘trousers’ for British people not his underwear!）. Afterwards they were asked what they had seen in the original photographs. The results showed that those who'd missed out on their sleep were the most likely to regurgitate the false eyewitness statements they'd just read rather than remembering the ‘true’ crime-scene photos they'd been shown moments beforehand. The lack of sleep had messed with their heads to the extent the all the evidence—right and wrong—had got mixed up.
One of the study's authors, Kimberly Fenn, said:”People who repeatedly get low amounts of sleep every night could be more prone in the long run to develop these forms of memory distortion. It's not just a full night of sleep deprivation that puts them at risk. Indeed, a preliminary study they carried out found that getting just five hours sleep was enough to cause people to start manufacturing false memories.

What is the independent variable in the study?

A.The memory distortion
B.The amount of sleep
C.The short-term memory
D.The ability to recall long list

共用题干
Sleeping

People who sleep for more than eight hours a night do not live as long as those who
sleep for six hours,according to the biggest study yet into sleep patterns and mortality（死
亡率）.
Scientists have no explanation for the findings and do not know if they mean people who
like a lie-in（睡懒觉）can extend their lives by sleeping less.
Although it is a common belief that sleeping for at least eight hours a night is vital for
health and well-being,the six-year study involving more than 1.1 million Americans older
than 30 found that those who slept for less than eight hours were far from doing themselves
any long-term harm.
"Individuals who now average 6.5 hours of sleep a night can be reassured that this is a
safe amount of sleep.From a health standpoint,there is no reason to sleep longer,"said
Daniel Kripke , a professor of psychiatry（精神病学）at the University of California, San
Diego.
Dr. Kripke said,"We don't know if long sleep periods lead to death.Additional studies
are needed to determine if setting your alarm clock earlier will actually improve your health."
The scientists,who were funded by the American Cancer Society,found that the best
survival rates were among the men and women who slept for seven hours a night.Those
who slept for eight hours were 12 per cent more likely to die during the six-year period of the
study,when other factors such as diet and smoking were taken into account.
Even those who spent a mere five hours a night in bed lived longer than those who slept
eight or more hours.However,an increasing death rate was found among those who slept
for less than five hours.
Dr. Kripke said,"Previous sleep studies have indicated that both short-and long-duration
（持续时间）sleep had higher mortality rates. However, none of those studies were large
enough to distinguish the difference between seven and eight hours a night,until now."

The findings indicate that it is all right to sleep for 6.5 hours a night.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

Enough sleep is important to health.The amount of sleep（21）depends on the age of the per-son and the conditions in which sleep（22）.The young may need more sleep than the old,hut（23）eight hours are enough for the health of grown-ups.Some can do with less than this amount?but（24）may need more.Every person knows his own need.It is then a matter of how to（25）it.Sleep should be always enough to make one relaxed(松弛)and ready for（26）work.
Fresh air is（27）to sound sleep(酣睡).It is not（28）reason for some people to insist that?it is practical to sleep in the open air.（29）a person can keep himself warm,out-of-door sleeping?probably gives the body（30）complete relaxation.
Ability to sleep is largely a habit.The conditions refen-ed to only lead to sleep.Out-of-door（31）,a good habit of regular drinking and the avoidance of late eating and（32）are all helpful?to sound sleep.Such factors are largely within the（33）of any person.A bath at（34）,neither?hot nor cold but of body temperature,may be helpful to sleep.Sleeping pills should never be taken?except when suggested by（35）.

第（29）题选

A.As
B.Where
C.Unless
D.When

Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?___________

A.Oceanic salinity has great effect on sea life
B.Many factors combine to cause changes in oceanic salinity
C.The movement of the water is related to the amount of salt
D.The temperature of the water has much to do with the oceanic salinity

Text 4 When you go to bed,is it because you're tured or because you need to get up at a certain time and want to make sure you get enough sleep?Everyone has a chronotype,which is the sleep cycle that their body would naturally prefer,if left to its own devices.But society forces its own chronotype on people,too.Maybe your prefer to sleep from 2 a.m.t0 10 a.m.But if you have a typical 9-to-5 workday,to get eight hours,you'd probably need to sleep from something like 11 p.m.t0 7 a,m.Individuals'sleep is surely shaped by their jobs,their families,and their habits.But a new study shows that society can shape sleep broadly,on a population level,as well.In the paper,published in Science Advances,Olivia Walch,Amy Cochran,and Daniel Forger of the University of Michigan look at data gathered from a smartphone app to see how sleep cycles vary in different countries and among different demographics.What country people lived in didn't have any noticeable effect on when they woke up,but it was linked to what time they went to bed.And what time they went to bed was linked to how much sleep they got.So in the countries that got less sleep on average,like Japan and Brazil,it was because they were going to bed later,not because they were waking up earlier than people in countries that got more sleep on average,like the Netherlands and Belgium,where people have earlier bedtimes.But it's notable in pointing out bedtime as a problem area.A lot of the research and discussion about the tension between sleep and society has focused on the morning-how the 9-to-5 workday isn't suitable for everyone's internal clocks,how starting the school day later can help teens,who have notoriously late chronotypes,how exposing yourself to light in the moming can help keep your intemal clock wound in a way that promotes good sleep.Bedtime,meanwhile,seems like it should be more of a choice.You wake up to go somewhere,or to start fulfilling responsibilities,and you go to bed when you decide to,based on a complex calculus of how tired you are,how much sleep you want to get,and whether the chapter you were just reading in your book ended on a cliffhanger.But when people are deciding to go to bed differs significantly across societies,it seems there's something cultural at play here,too.
In the following part immediately after this text,the author will most probably focus on____

A.what sleep patterns people have in different countries
B.the impact of culture on people's sleep
C.whether it is influential to read books before sleep
D.how many choices people have on bedtime

共用题干
The majority of people,about nine out of ten,are right-handed.Not until recently,people who were left-handed were considered__________(51),and once children showed this tendency they were forced to use their right hands. Today left-handedness is generally_________(52),but it is still a disadvantage in a world________(53)most people are right-handed.For example,most tools and implements are still designed for right-handed people.
In sports,__________(54)contrast,doing things with the left hand or foot,is often an advantage.Throwing,kicking,punching or batting from the"wrong"side may result_________(55)throwing off many opponents who are more accustomed to dealing with the_________(56)of players who are right-handed.This is why,in many ________(57)at a professional level,a higher proportion of players are left-handed than in the population as a whole.
The word"right"in many languages means"correct"or is_________(58)with lawfulness, whereas the words associated__________(59)"left",such as"sinister",generally have_________ (60)associations.Moreover,among a number of primitive peoples,there is_________(61)close association between death and the left hand.
In the past,in most Western societies,children were often forced to use their right hands,especially to write with.In some cases the left hand was_________(62)behind the child's back so that it could not be used.If,in the future,they are allowed to choose,_________(63)will certainly be more left handers,and probably_________(64)people with minor psychological disturbances as a result of being forced to use their_________(65)hand.

_________(54)
A:by
B:for
C:at
D:in

Enough sleep is important to health.The amount of sleep（21）depends on the age of the per-son and the conditions in which sleep（22）.The young may need more sleep than the old,hut（23）eight hours are enough for the health of grown-ups.Some can do with less than this amount?but（24）may need more.Every person knows his own need.It is then a matter of how to（25）it.Sleep should be always enough to make one relaxed(松弛)and ready for（26）work.
Fresh air is（27）to sound sleep(酣睡).It is not（28）reason for some people to insist that?it is practical to sleep in the open air.（29）a person can keep himself warm,out-of-door sleeping?probably gives the body（30）complete relaxation.
Ability to sleep is largely a habit.The conditions refen-ed to only lead to sleep.Out-of-door（31）,a good habit of regular drinking and the avoidance of late eating and（32）are all helpful?to sound sleep.Such factors are largely within the（33）of any person.A bath at（34）,neither?hot nor cold but of body temperature,may be helpful to sleep.Sleeping pills should never be taken?except when suggested by（35）.

第（30）题选

A.a strong
B.a most
C.a bad
D.an exciting

Which of the following is NOT considered to be Socrates’s mission？( )

A.Searching for wisdom about right conduct.
B.Discussing moral issues in public.
C.Serving in military campaigns.
D.Being a gadfly.