单选题The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that ______.A medical resources are often wastedB doctors are helpless against fatal diseasesC some treatments are too aggressiveD medical costs are becoming unaffordable

The British Medical Journal recently featured a strong response to what was judged an inappropriately lenient reaction by a medical school to a student cheating in an examination.
　　Although we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon, its prevention, or its effective management, much can be concluded and acted upon on the basis of common sense and concepts with face validity.
　　There is general agreement that there should be zero tolerance of cheating in a profession based on trust and one on which human lives depend. It is reasonable to assume that cheaters in medical school will be more likely than others to continue to act dishonestly with patients,colleagues, insurers, and government.
　　The behaviours under question are multifactorial in origin. There are familial, religious, and cultural values that are acquired long before medical school. For example, countries, cultures, and subcultures exist where bribes and dishonest behaviour are almost a norm. There are secondary schools in which neither staff nor students tolerate cheating and others where cheating is rampant;there are homes which imbue young people with high standards of ethical behaviour and others which leave ethical training to the harmful influence of television and the market place.
　　Medical schools reflect society and cannot be expected to remedy all the ills of a society. The selection process of medical students might be expected to favour candidates with integrity and positive ethical behaviour--if one had a reliable method for detecting such characteristics in advance. Medical schools should be the major focus of attention for imbuing future doctors with integrity and ethical sensitivity. Unfortunately there are troubling, if inconclusive, data that suggest that during medical school the ethical behaviour of medical students does not necessarily improve;indeed, moral development may actually stop or even regress.
　　The creation of a pervasive institutional culture of integrity is essential. It is critical that the academic and clinical leaders of the institution set a personal example of integrity. Medical schools must make their institutional position and their expectations of students absolutely clear from day one. The development of a school's culture of integrity requires a partnership with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and nurturing. Moreover, the school's examination system and general treatment of students must be perceived as fair. Finally, the treatment of infractions must be firm, fair, transparent, and consistent.
According to the author, what precautions should medical schools take to prevent students from cheating
　　

A. Medical schools should establish a firm moral standard to weed out applicants with low integrity.
B. Medical schools should make efforts to remedy the ills of a society.
C. Medical schools should teach future doctors integrity and ethical values.
D. There is nothing medical schools can do to improve the ethical behaviour of their students.

共用题干
Promising Resnlts from Cancer Study
A new experimental vaccine（疫苗）has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer.In a small Texas-based study,a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.
Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study.Forty一three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in tho advanced stages of the disease.They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months,and were carefully monitored for three years.In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.
This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.It stimulates（刺激）the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful,and attacks and destroys them.
The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general,although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.

All the patients were from Dallas.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

共用题干
Double Effect
The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients'pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."
George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston Univeisity,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimale medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.if you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."
On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician一assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards"must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."

George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they______.
A:manage their patients incompetently
B:give patients more medicine than needed
C:reduce drug dosages for their patients
D:prolong the needless suffering of the patients

共用题干
Promising Resnlts from Cancer Study
A new experimental vaccine（疫苗）has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer.In a small Texas-based study,a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.
Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study.Forty一three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in tho advanced stages of the disease.They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months,and were carefully monitored for three years.In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.
This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.It stimulates（刺激）the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful,and attacks and destroys them.
The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general,although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.

Patients in the early stages of the disease recovered more quickly in the trial.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

共用题干
第三篇

Fight against the Side Effects of Cancer Treatment

Once the hard decisions have been made about how to treat a patient's cancer,doctors face an even more difficult question:how do you help patients deal with the side effects of treatment?
The issue is a challenge for physicians because,unlike with cancer therapies,there are few scientific studies on the most effective ways to handle the side effects一including common symptoms such as poor sleep or fatigue. But addressing these seemingly common complications（并发症）is crucial for helping patients maintain their regular lifestyle,which in turn may even encourage the success of their cancer treatment.
That's why Dr. Karen Mustian of the University of Rochester Medical Center decided to put a favorite practice of cancer survivors一yoga一to the test.In a paper she will present at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (肿瘤学）(ASCO) annual meeting in June, Mustian designed a standardized program based on hatha yoga一a slow-moving form of the discipline一and tested its effect on improving the quality of life for cancer survivors.
Called YOCAS,the four-week program involved sessions of hatha yoga twice a week for 75 minutes each,in combination with breathing exercises and meditation（冥想）.Among the 410 participants,who were divided into yoga and traditional follow一up care groups,those practicing yoga recorded nearly double the improvement in sleep quality and reduction of fatigue compared to those not practicing yoga. They also reported better quality of life overall,Mustian says.
For cancer physicians,the findings will be a welcome addition to their discussions with patients."Many patients ask about complementary (互补的)therapies, whether they are exercise or meditation or yoga," says Dr. Douglas Blayney,medical director of the comprehensive cancer center at University of Michigan and president of ASCO."I often don't know what to tell them because there isn't lot of science on these complementary therapies. Here is a scientific study showing benefit,so at least we can have some assurance in telling women that there is a yoga program,here are its characteristics and it has been shown to have beneficial effects on sleep and quality of life."

What does the experiment done by Mustian show?
A:Yoga is the most favorite practice among cancer patients.
B:Yoga indeed helps to improve the quality of cancer patients' life.
C:Yoga is the best way to improve the quality of cancer patients' life.
D:Traditional follow-up care couldn't improve cancer patients' sleep quality.

Text l How,when and where death happens has changed over the past century.As late as 1990 half of deaths worldwide were caused by chronic diseases;in 2015 the share was two-thirds.Most deaths in rich countries follow years of uneven deterioration.Roughly two-thirds happen in a hospital or nursing home.They often come after a ctimax of desperate treatment.Such passionate intervention can be agonising for all concerned.These medicalised deaths do not seem to be what people want.Polls find that most people in good health hope that,when the time comes,they will die at home.They want to die free from pain,at peace,and surrounded by loved ones for whom they are not a burden.But some deaths are unavoidably miserable.Not everyone will be in a condition to toast death's imminence with champagne,as Anton Chekhov did.What people say they will want while they are well may change as the end nears.Dying at home is less appealing if all the medical kit is at the hospital.A treatment that is unbearable in the imagination can seem like the lesser of two evils when the alternative is death.Some patients will want to fight until all hope is lost.But too often patients receive drastic treatment in spite of their dying wishes~by default,when doctors do"everything possible",as they have been trained to,without talking through people's preferences or ensuring that the prediction is clearly understood.The legalisation of doctor-assisted dying has been called for,so that mentally fit,terminally ill patients can be helped to end their lives if that is their wish.But the right to die is just one part of better care at the end of life.The evidence suggests that most people want this option,but that few would,in the end,choose to exercise it.To give people the death they say they want,medicine should take some simple steps.More palliative care is needed.Providing it earlier in the course of advanced cancer alongside the usual treatments turns out not only to reduce suffering,but to prolong life,too.Most doctors enter medicine to help people delay death,not to talk about its inevitability.But talk they must.Medicare,America's public health scheme for the over-65s,has recently started paying doctors for in-depth conversations with terminally ill patients;other national health-care systems,and insurers,should follow.Cost is not an obstacle,since informed,engaged patients will be less likely to want pointless procedures.Fewer doctors may be sued,as poor communication is a common theme in malpractice claims.
A ceniury ago,death was characterized as being_____

A.quick
B.slow
C.medicalised
D.peaceful

Text 2 No wonder they are called"patients".When people enter the health-care systems of rich countries today,they know what they will get:prodding doctors,endless tests,rising costs and,above all,long waits.Some stoicism will always be needed,because health care is complex and diligence matters.But frustration is boiling over.This week three of the biggest names in American business-Amazon,Berkshire Hathaway and JPMorgan Chase-announced a new venture to provide better,cheaper health care for their employees.A fundamental problem with today's system is that patients lack knowledge and control.Access to data can bestow both.The intemet already enables patients to seek online consultations when and where it suits them.Yet radical change demands a shift in emphasis,from providers to patients and from doctors to data.That shift is happening.Technologies such as the smartphone allow people to monitor their own health.The possibilities multiply when you add the crucial missing ingredients-access to your own medical records and the ability easily to share information with those you trust.That allows you to reduce inefficiencies in your own treatment and also to provide data to help train medical algorithms.As with all new technologies,pitfalls accompany the promise.Hucksters will launch apps that do not work.But with regulators demanding oversight of apps that present risks to patients,users will harm only their wallets.Not everyone will want to take active control of their own health care;plenty will want the professionals to manage everything.The benefits of new technologies often flow disproportionately to the rich.Those fears are mitigated by the incentives that employers,govemments and insurers have to invest in cost-efficient preventive care for all.Other risks are harder to deal with.Greater transparency may encourage the hale and hearty not to take out health insurance.They may even make it harder for the unwell to find cover.Will the benefits ofmaking data more widely available outweigh such risks?The signs are that they will.Plenty of countries are now opening up their medical records,but few have gone as far as Sweden.It aims to give all its citizens electronic access to their medical records by 2020;over a third of Swedes have already set up accounts.Studies show that patients with such access have a better understanding of their illnesses,and that their treatment is more successful.Trials in America and Canada have produced not just happier patients but lower costs,as clinicians fielded fewer inquiries.That should be no surprise.No one has a greater interest in your health than you do.Trust in Doctor You.
People may know their health condition better by using technology if_____

A.their medical records are available
B.they accept medical algorithms training
C.data is paid much more attention
D.health-carc institutions trust you

共用题干
Medical Journals Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals. In the past,these journals were available only in print.With the development of electronic publishing, many medical journals now have web sites on the Internet,and some journals are published only online.A few medical journals,like the Journal of the American Medical Association,are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine.
Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine. Medical journals publish many types of articles.Research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments.
Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature.Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors,combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing,diagnosing or treating a particular disease.
Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat them.Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors,often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue.Editorials provide a perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic.
Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments,questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.

The main readers of medical journals are______.
A:the general public
B:health professionals
C:medical critics
D:news reporters

The British Medical Journal recently featured a strong response to what was judged an inappropriately lenient reaction by a medical school to a student cheating in an examination.
　　Although we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon, its prevention, or its effective management, much can be concluded and acted upon on the basis of common sense and concepts with face validity.
　　There is general agreement that there should be zero tolerance of cheating in a profession based on trust and one on which human lives depend. It is reasonable to assume that cheaters in medical school will be more likely than others to continue to act dishonestly with patients,colleagues, insurers, and government.
　　The behaviours under question are multifactorial in origin. There are familial, religious, and cultural values that are acquired long before medical school. For example, countries, cultures, and subcultures exist where bribes and dishonest behaviour are almost a norm. There are secondary schools in which neither staff nor students tolerate cheating and others where cheating is rampant;there are homes which imbue young people with high standards of ethical behaviour and others which leave ethical training to the harmful influence of television and the market place.
　　Medical schools reflect society and cannot be expected to remedy all the ills of a society. The selection process of medical students might be expected to favour candidates with integrity and positive ethical behaviour--if one had a reliable method for detecting such characteristics in advance. Medical schools should be the major focus of attention for imbuing future doctors with integrity and ethical sensitivity. Unfortunately there are troubling, if inconclusive, data that suggest that during medical school the ethical behaviour of medical students does not necessarily improve;indeed, moral development may actually stop or even regress.
　　The creation of a pervasive institutional culture of integrity is essential. It is critical that the academic and clinical leaders of the institution set a personal example of integrity. Medical schools must make their institutional position and their expectations of students absolutely clear from day one. The development of a school's culture of integrity requires a partnership with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and nurturing. Moreover, the school's examination system and general treatment of students must be perceived as fair. Finally, the treatment of infractions must be firm, fair, transparent, and consistent.
According to the author, it is important to prevent cheating in medical schools because__________.
　　

A. the medical profession is based on trust
B. there is zero tolerance of cheating in medicine
C. the medical profession depends on the government
D. cheating exists extensively in medical schools

共用题干
Clinical Trials
1. Many clinical trials are done to see if a new drug or device is safe and effective for people to use.Sometimes clinical trials are used to study different ways to use the standard treatments so they will be more effective,easier to use,and/or decrease side effects.Sometimes,studies are done to learn how to best use the treatment in a different population,such as children,in whom the treatment was not previously tested.
2. It is important to test drugs and medical products in the people they are meant to help.It is also important to conduct research in a variety of people because different people may respond differently to treatments.Some people participate in clinical trials because they have exhausted standard treatment options .Other people participate in trials because they want to contribute to the ad-vancement of medical knowledge.
3. The FDA（食品及药物管理局）works to protect participants in clinical trials and to ensure that people have reliable information as they decide whether to join a clinical trial.Although efforts are made to control the risks to clinical trial participants,some risks may be unavoidable because of the uncertainty inherent（内在的）in medical research studies involving new medical treatments.
4. People should learn as much as possible about the clinical trials that interest them.They should also feel comfortable discussing their questions and concerns with members of the health care team. Prospective（预期的）participants should understand what happens during the trial ,the type of health care they will receive,and any costs to them.Anyone considering a clinical trial should also know that there are benefits and risks associated with participating.

New drugs or devices must be tested before being used______.
A: candidates for clinical trials
B: during the trial
C: medical knowledge
D: in humans
E: before participation
F: for some patients

共用题干
Promising Resnlts from Cancer Study
A new experimental vaccine（疫苗）has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer.In a small Texas-based study,a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.
Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study.Forty一three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in tho advanced stages of the disease.They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months,and were carefully monitored for three years.In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.
This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.It stimulates（刺激）the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful,and attacks and destroys them.
The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general,although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.

Every patient was injected with the same vaccine.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

共用题干
Promising Resnlts from Cancer Study
A new experimental vaccine（疫苗）has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer.In a small Texas-based study,a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.
Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study.Forty一three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in tho advanced stages of the disease.They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months,and were carefully monitored for three years.In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.
This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.It stimulates（刺激）the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful,and attacks and destroys them.
The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general,although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.

The vaccine may be useful for treating other cancers.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

共用题干
第三篇

Fight against the Side Effects of Cancer Treatment

Once the hard decisions have been made about how to treat a patient's cancer,doctors face an even more difficult question:how do you help patients deal with the side effects of treatment?
The issue is a challenge for physicians because,unlike with cancer therapies,there are few scientific studies on the most effective ways to handle the side effects一including common symptoms such as poor sleep or fatigue. But addressing these seemingly common complications（并发症）is crucial for helping patients maintain their regular lifestyle,which in turn may even encourage the success of their cancer treatment.
That's why Dr. Karen Mustian of the University of Rochester Medical Center decided to put a favorite practice of cancer survivors一yoga一to the test.In a paper she will present at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (肿瘤学）(ASCO) annual meeting in June, Mustian designed a standardized program based on hatha yoga一a slow-moving form of the discipline一and tested its effect on improving the quality of life for cancer survivors.
Called YOCAS,the four-week program involved sessions of hatha yoga twice a week for 75 minutes each,in combination with breathing exercises and meditation（冥想）.Among the 410 participants,who were divided into yoga and traditional follow一up care groups,those practicing yoga recorded nearly double the improvement in sleep quality and reduction of fatigue compared to those not practicing yoga. They also reported better quality of life overall,Mustian says.
For cancer physicians,the findings will be a welcome addition to their discussions with patients."Many patients ask about complementary (互补的)therapies, whether they are exercise or meditation or yoga," says Dr. Douglas Blayney,medical director of the comprehensive cancer center at University of Michigan and president of ASCO."I often don't know what to tell them because there isn't lot of science on these complementary therapies. Here is a scientific study showing benefit,so at least we can have some assurance in telling women that there is a yoga program,here are its characteristics and it has been shown to have beneficial effects on sleep and quality of life."

According to Dr. Douglas Blayney,the YOCAS program is________.
A:useless
B:unscientific
C:beneficial
D:popular

共用题干
第三篇

Fight against the Side Effects of Cancer Treatment

Once the hard decisions have been made about how to treat a patient's cancer,doctors face an even more difficult question:how do you help patients deal with the side effects of treatment?
The issue is a challenge for physicians because,unlike with cancer therapies,there are few scientific studies on the most effective ways to handle the side effects一including common symptoms such as poor sleep or fatigue. But addressing these seemingly common complications（并发症）is crucial for helping patients maintain their regular lifestyle,which in turn may even encourage the success of their cancer treatment.
That's why Dr. Karen Mustian of the University of Rochester Medical Center decided to put a favorite practice of cancer survivors一yoga一to the test.In a paper she will present at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (肿瘤学）(ASCO) annual meeting in June, Mustian designed a standardized program based on hatha yoga一a slow-moving form of the discipline一and tested its effect on improving the quality of life for cancer survivors.
Called YOCAS,the four-week program involved sessions of hatha yoga twice a week for 75 minutes each,in combination with breathing exercises and meditation（冥想）.Among the 410 participants,who were divided into yoga and traditional follow一up care groups,those practicing yoga recorded nearly double the improvement in sleep quality and reduction of fatigue compared to those not practicing yoga. They also reported better quality of life overall,Mustian says.
For cancer physicians,the findings will be a welcome addition to their discussions with patients."Many patients ask about complementary (互补的)therapies, whether they are exercise or meditation or yoga," says Dr. Douglas Blayney,medical director of the comprehensive cancer center at University of Michigan and president of ASCO."I often don't know what to tell them because there isn't lot of science on these complementary therapies. Here is a scientific study showing benefit,so at least we can have some assurance in telling women that there is a yoga program,here are its characteristics and it has been shown to have beneficial effects on sleep and quality of life."

Mustian designed a standardized program________.
A:to see whether yoga can reduce side effects of cancer treatment
B:to improve the quality of life for cancer patients
C:to popularize yoga among cancer survivors
D:to present it at the ASCO annual meeting

Text 2 No wonder they are called"patients".When people enter the health-care systems of rich countries today,they know what they will get:prodding doctors,endless tests,rising costs and,above all,long waits.Some stoicism will always be needed,because health care is complex and diligence matters.But frustration is boiling over.This week three of the biggest names in American business-Amazon,Berkshire Hathaway and JPMorgan Chase-announced a new venture to provide better,cheaper health care for their employees.A fundamental problem with today's system is that patients lack knowledge and control.Access to data can bestow both.The intemet already enables patients to seek online consultations when and where it suits them.Yet radical change demands a shift in emphasis,from providers to patients and from doctors to data.That shift is happening.Technologies such as the smartphone allow people to monitor their own health.The possibilities multiply when you add the crucial missing ingredients-access to your own medical records and the ability easily to share information with those you trust.That allows you to reduce inefficiencies in your own treatment and also to provide data to help train medical algorithms.As with all new technologies,pitfalls accompany the promise.Hucksters will launch apps that do not work.But with regulators demanding oversight of apps that present risks to patients,users will harm only their wallets.Not everyone will want to take active control of their own health care;plenty will want the professionals to manage everything.The benefits of new technologies often flow disproportionately to the rich.Those fears are mitigated by the incentives that employers,govemments and insurers have to invest in cost-efficient preventive care for all.Other risks are harder to deal with.Greater transparency may encourage the hale and hearty not to take out health insurance.They may even make it harder for the unwell to find cover.Will the benefits ofmaking data more widely available outweigh such risks?The signs are that they will.Plenty of countries are now opening up their medical records,but few have gone as far as Sweden.It aims to give all its citizens electronic access to their medical records by 2020;over a third of Swedes have already set up accounts.Studies show that patients with such access have a better understanding of their illnesses,and that their treatment is more successful.Trials in America and Canada have produced not just happier patients but lower costs,as clinicians fielded fewer inquiries.That should be no surprise.No one has a greater interest in your health than you do.Trust in Doctor You.
What's the author's attitude toward the easier access to medical records?

A.Promising.
B.Objective.
C.Indifferent.
D.Satisfied.

共用题干
Medical Journals Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals. In the past,these journals were available only in print.With the development of electronic publishing, many medical journals now have web sites on the Internet,and some journals are published only online.A few medical journals,like the Journal of the American Medical Association,are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine.
Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine. Medical journals publish many types of articles.Research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments.
Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature.Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors,combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing,diagnosing or treating a particular disease.
Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat them.Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors,often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue.Editorials provide a perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic.
Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments,questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.

Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on______.
A:any medical event
B:articles published in the same issue
C:articles published in that journal
D:medical development

共用题干
Medical Journals
Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals. in the past,these journals were available only in print.With the development of electronic publishing, many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet,and some journals are published only online.A few medical journals,like the Journal of the American Medical Association,are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine.Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine.
Medical journals publish many types of articles.Research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments.Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature.
Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors,combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing,diagnosing or treating a particular disease.Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat them.Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors,often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue.Editorials provide a perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic.Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments,questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.

The main readers of medical journals are______.
A:the general public
B:health professionals
C:medical critics
D:news reporters