单选题That our environment has little to do with our abilities, characters and behavior _____ central to his theory.A isB areC has beenD have been

题目
单选题
That our environment has little to do with our abilities, characters and behavior _____ central to his theory.
A

is

B

are

C

has been

D

have been


相似考题
参考答案和解析
正确答案: B
解析:
句意:我们所处的环境与我们的能力、性格和行为几乎没有什么关联是他理论的中心思想。空格前面整个是that引导的一个主语从句,视作一个整体,谓语要用单数形式,另外,本句只是对事实的一般陈述,故用一般现在时即可。
更多“单选题That our environment has little to do with our abilities, characters and behavior _____ central to his theory.A isB areC has beenD have been”相关问题
  • 第1题:

    Why()the old block of flats()demolished next month?

    A、are…being

    B、is…being

    C、has…been

    D、have…been


    参考答案:B

  • 第2题:

    If he ______ forced to make a living from the outset, he would not have been able to follow his passion.

    A、has been

    B、would have been

    C、had been

    D、was


    参考答案:C

  • 第3题:

    The rising cost of raw materials()us to increase our selling prices.

    A、has compelled

    B、have compelled

    C、has been compelled

    D、are compelling


    参考答案:A

  • 第4题:

    If he had worked harder at his lessons, he___________able to pass the college entrance examination now.

    A.will be
    B.would be
    C.has been
    D.would have been

    答案:B
    解析:
    考查错综时间的虚拟语气。句意为“如果他以前努力学习功课,他现在就会通过大学入学考试了”。由从旬中had worked harder可知从句与过去事实相反,由主句中的now可知主句与现在事实相反,故用would+动词原形。故选B。

  • 第5题:

    Many a young scientist__engaged in the research work.

    A.have
    B.has
    C.have been
    D.has been

    答案:D
    解析:
    【考情点拨】考查主谓一致。【应试指导】句意:很多年轻的科学家都投入到这一项研究工作中来。“many a+名词单数’’作主语时,谓语动词应用单数形式。另外,be engaged in是固定搭配,表示“忙于,从事于”。

  • 第6题:

    共用题干
    How Human's Personalities and Behaviors Are Formed
    1 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed.It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not,or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.
    2 Social scientists are,of course,extremely interested in these types of questions.They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors.There are no clear answers yet,but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed.As one might expect,the two approaches are very different from each other.The controversy is often conveniently referred to as "nature vs.nurture".
    3 Those who support the"nature"side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.That our environment has littie,if anything ,to do with our abilities,characteristics and behaviors is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme,this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
    4 Those who support the"nurture"theory,that is,they advocate education,are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act.A behaviorist, B.F.Skinner,sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.The behaviorists maintain that,like machines ,humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.
    5 Let us examine the different expianations about one human chiaracteristic,intelligence ,offered by the tow theories.Supporters of the"nature"theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined.Needless to say ,they don’t believe that factors in the enviroment have much inluence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic.On the other hand,behaviorists argue that our inelligence levels are the product of our experiences.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an invironment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

    Those who support the"nature"theory don’t believe environment_______.
    A:human is i)Orfl with a certain personality
    B:how the personality and behavior are formed
    C:will experience intellectual development
    D:tWo differenlt schools on the matter have developed
    E:will influ ence on characters
    F:human is horn with no personality

    答案:E
    解析:
    文章第一段讲述的是人们一直想知道他们的性格特征和行为方式是如何形成的。故选C。
    义章第二段讲述的是社会科学家想去解释为什么我们拥有某些性格特征并表现出某些行为,虽然没有明确的答案,但由此产生了两种截然不同的学派。故选B。
    文章第三段讲述的是支持“天性论”的社会科学家认为,我们的性格特征和行为方式在很大程度上是由生物因索决定的。故选D。
    文章第四段讲述的是支持“环境因素论”的社会科学家认为,在决定我们的行为方式方面,环境因素比以生物为基础的本能因素更为重要。故选A。
    由文章第二段第三句话“There are no clear answers yet , but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed.”可知,虽然日前关于这一问题还没有准确的答案,但是已经产生了两种截然不同的学派。故选D。
    由文章第三段第二句话“ That our environment has little , if anything , to do with our abilities , characteristics and behaviors is central to this theory.”可知,支持“天性论”的社会科学家认为环境几乎对我们的能力、性格特征和行为方式没有影响,这才是这一理论的关键。故选E。
    通篇文章讲述的都是社会科学家想弄清人们的性格特征和行为方式是如何形成的。故选B。
    由文章第三段第一句话“Those who support the ‘nature ’ side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.”可知,支持“天性论”的科学家认为,人出生时就具有某种性格特征。故选A。

  • 第7题:

    共用题干
    How Human's Personalities and Behaviors are Formed

    1 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed.It is not easy
    to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not,or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.
    2 Social scientists are,of course,extremely interested in these types of questions.They want to explain
    why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors.There are no clear answers yet,but two
    distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed.As one might expect,the two approaches are very
    different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as"nature vs.nurture".
    3 Those who support the"nature"side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior pat-
    terns are largely determined by biological factors.That our environment has little,if anything,to do with our
    abilities,characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme,this theory maintains tha
    our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
    4 Those who support the"nurture"theory,that is,they advocate education, are often called behaviorists.
    They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how
    we will act.A behaviorist,B.F.Skinner,sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped
    by their surroundings.The behaviorists maintain that,like machines,humans respond to environmental stimuli
    as the basis of their behavior.
    5 Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic,intelligence,offered by the
    two theories.Supporters of the"nature"theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that
    is biologically determined.Needless to say:They don't believe that factors in the environment have much in-
    fluence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic.On the other hand,behaviorists argue that our in-
    telligence levels are the product of our experiences.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an
    environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will ex-
    perience greater intellectual development.

    Although no clear answers,_________.
    A:human is born with a certain personality
    B:how the personality and behavior are formed
    C:will experience intellectual development
    D:two different schools on the matter have developed
    E:will influence on characters
    F:human is born with no personality

    答案:D
    解析:
    文章第一段讲述的是人们一直想知道他们的性格特征和行为方式是如何形成的。故选C。
    文章第二段讲述的是社会科学家想去解释为什么我们拥有某种性格特征并表现出某些行为,由此而产生了两种截然不同的学派。故选B。
    文章第三段讲述的是支持“天性论”的社会科学家认为,我们的性格特征和行为方式是由生物因素决定的。
    文章第四段讲述的是支持“环境因素论”的社会科学家认为,在决定我们的行为方面,环境比以生理为基础的本能更为重要。
    根据文章第二段第三句话“There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools ofthought on the matter have developed.”可知,答案为D。
    根据文章第三段第二句话“That our environment has little, if anything, to do with ourabilities ,characteristics and behaviors is central to this theory.”可知,答案为E。
    通篇文章讲述的都是社会科学家想弄清人们的性格特征和行为方式是如何形成的。故选B。
    由文章第三段第一句话“Those who support the 'nature' side of the conflict believe thatour personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.”可知,支持“天 性”理论的科学家认为,人出生时就具有某种性格特征。

  • 第8题:

    共用题干
    How Human's Personalities and Behaviors are Formed

    1 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed.It is not easy
    to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not,or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.
    2 Social scientists are,of course,extremely interested in these types of questions.They want to explain
    why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors.There are no clear answers yet,but two
    distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed.As one might expect,the two approaches are very
    different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as"nature vs.nurture".
    3 Those who support the"nature"side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior pat-
    terns are largely determined by biological factors.That our environment has little,if anything,to do with our
    abilities,characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme,this theory maintains tha
    our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
    4 Those who support the"nurture"theory,that is,they advocate education, are often called behaviorists.
    They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how
    we will act.A behaviorist,B.F.Skinner,sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped
    by their surroundings.The behaviorists maintain that,like machines,humans respond to environmental stimuli
    as the basis of their behavior.
    5 Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic,intelligence,offered by the
    two theories.Supporters of the"nature"theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that
    is biologically determined.Needless to say:They don't believe that factors in the environment have much in-
    fluence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic.On the other hand,behaviorists argue that our in-
    telligence levels are the product of our experiences.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an
    environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will ex-
    perience greater intellectual development.

    Paragraph 3_________
    A:Environment is Important
    B:Two Approaches Different From Each Other are Formed
    C:People Want to Know How Their Personalities and Behaviors are Formed
    D:Our Personalities and Behavior Patterns are Largely Determined by Biological Factors
    E:We Want to Explain the Behaviors
    F:Two Similar Approaches are Formed

    答案:D
    解析:
    文章第一段讲述的是人们一直想知道他们的性格特征和行为方式是如何形成的。故选C。
    文章第二段讲述的是社会科学家想去解释为什么我们拥有某种性格特征并表现出某些行为,由此而产生了两种截然不同的学派。故选B。
    文章第三段讲述的是支持“天性论”的社会科学家认为,我们的性格特征和行为方式是由生物因素决定的。
    文章第四段讲述的是支持“环境因素论”的社会科学家认为,在决定我们的行为方面,环境比以生理为基础的本能更为重要。
    根据文章第二段第三句话“There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools ofthought on the matter have developed.”可知,答案为D。
    根据文章第三段第二句话“That our environment has little, if anything, to do with ourabilities ,characteristics and behaviors is central to this theory.”可知,答案为E。
    通篇文章讲述的都是社会科学家想弄清人们的性格特征和行为方式是如何形成的。故选B。
    由文章第三段第一句话“Those who support the 'nature' side of the conflict believe thatour personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.”可知,支持“天 性”理论的科学家认为,人出生时就具有某种性格特征。

  • 第9题:

    We think of Mr.Li______our good friend.

    A.is
    B.to be
    C.as
    D.has been

    答案:C
    解析:

  • 第10题:

    He is over fifty, but he looks as if he()only in his thirties.

    • A、is
    • B、were
    • C、will be
    • D、has been

    正确答案:B

  • 第11题:

    我们的重吊杆已经长时间不用了。()

    • A、Our derrick has been out of use for a long time.
    • B、Our heavy derrick has been out of use for a long time.
    • C、Our crane has been out of use for a long time.
    • D、Our winch has been out of use for a long time.

    正确答案:B

  • 第12题:

    单选题
    That our environment has little to do with our abilities, characters and behavior _____ central to his theory.
    A

    is

    B

    are

    C

    has been

    D

    have been


    正确答案: B
    解析:
    句意:我们所处的环境与我们的能力、性格和行为几乎没有什么关联是他理论的中心思想。空格前面整个是that引导的一个主语从句,视作一个整体,谓语要用单数形式,另外,本句只是对事实的一般陈述,故用一般现在时即可。

  • 第13题:

    To most of the students, Economics ( )always an important subject, also a difficult one.

    A、is

    B、are

    C、have been

    D、was


    参考答案:A

  • 第14题:

    ________ more careful, the mistake would not have been made.

    A. if he is

    B. if he had been

    C. if he has been

    D. if he should be


    参考答案:B

  • 第15题:

    If it __________ for his bad cold, Rick would have enjoyed more on his birthday party.

    A.is not
    B.were not
    C.has not been
    D.had not been

    答案:D
    解析:
    考查虚拟语气。根据句子后半句中would have enjoyed结构可知是与过去事实相反,条件从句谓语结构为“had+过去分词”。句意为“如果Rick不是因为重感冒的话。他将会在他的生日聚会上玩得更好”。故选D。

  • 第16题:

    Five hundred yuan a week?enough to live on.

    A.is
    B.are
    C.is being
    D.has been

    答案:A
    解析:
    暂无解析

  • 第17题:

    The world population is expected to rise to more than nine billion by 2050,one-third of all people______expected to live in cities。

    A.has been
    B.are
    C.have been
    D.have succeeded in

    答案:B
    解析:
    本题考查动词的时态和语态。题目意为“预计到2050年,世界人口将增加到90多亿,其中三分之一的人口将预计生活在城市。”全句时间状语为2050年,需要使用表示一般或未来的时态,逗号后句子主语是one-third of all people,是复数,因此空格处谓语动词不能使用单数,应使用are,与前句对应。
      

  • 第18题:

    共用题干
    How Human's Personalities and Behaviors Are Formed
    1 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed.It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not,or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.
    2 Social scientists are,of course,extremely interested in these types of questions.They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors.There are no clear answers yet,but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed.As one might expect,the two approaches are very different from each other.The controversy is often conveniently referred to as "nature vs.nurture".
    3 Those who support the"nature"side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.That our environment has littie,if anything ,to do with our abilities,characteristics and behaviors is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme,this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
    4 Those who support the"nurture"theory,that is,they advocate education,are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act.A behaviorist, B.F.Skinner,sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.The behaviorists maintain that,like machines ,humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.
    5 Let us examine the different expianations about one human chiaracteristic,intelligence ,offered by the tow theories.Supporters of the"nature"theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined.Needless to say ,they don’t believe that factors in the enviroment have much inluence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic.On the other hand,behaviorists argue that our inelligence levels are the product of our experiences.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an invironment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

    Social scientists want to clear out______.
    A:human is i)Orfl with a certain personality
    B:how the personality and behavior are formed
    C:will experience intellectual development
    D:tWo differenlt schools on the matter have developed
    E:will influ ence on characters
    F:human is horn with no personality

    答案:B
    解析:
    文章第一段讲述的是人们一直想知道他们的性格特征和行为方式是如何形成的。故选C。
    义章第二段讲述的是社会科学家想去解释为什么我们拥有某些性格特征并表现出某些行为,虽然没有明确的答案,但由此产生了两种截然不同的学派。故选B。
    文章第三段讲述的是支持“天性论”的社会科学家认为,我们的性格特征和行为方式在很大程度上是由生物因索决定的。故选D。
    文章第四段讲述的是支持“环境因素论”的社会科学家认为,在决定我们的行为方式方面,环境因素比以生物为基础的本能因素更为重要。故选A。
    由文章第二段第三句话“There are no clear answers yet , but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed.”可知,虽然日前关于这一问题还没有准确的答案,但是已经产生了两种截然不同的学派。故选D。
    由文章第三段第二句话“ That our environment has little , if anything , to do with our abilities , characteristics and behaviors is central to this theory.”可知,支持“天性论”的社会科学家认为环境几乎对我们的能力、性格特征和行为方式没有影响,这才是这一理论的关键。故选E。
    通篇文章讲述的都是社会科学家想弄清人们的性格特征和行为方式是如何形成的。故选B。
    由文章第三段第一句话“Those who support the ‘nature ’ side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.”可知,支持“天性论”的科学家认为,人出生时就具有某种性格特征。故选A。

  • 第19题:

    共用题干
    How Human's Personalities and Behaviors Are Formed
    1 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed.It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not,or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.
    2 Social scientists are,of course,extremely interested in these types of questions.They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors.There are no clear answers yet,but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed.As one might expect,the two approaches are very different from each other.The controversy is often conveniently referred to as "nature vs.nurture".
    3 Those who support the"nature"side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.That our environment has littie,if anything ,to do with our abilities,characteristics and behaviors is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme,this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
    4 Those who support the"nurture"theory,that is,they advocate education,are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act.A behaviorist, B.F.Skinner,sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.The behaviorists maintain that,like machines ,humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.
    5 Let us examine the different expianations about one human chiaracteristic,intelligence ,offered by the tow theories.Supporters of the"nature"theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined.Needless to say ,they don’t believe that factors in the enviroment have much inluence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic.On the other hand,behaviorists argue that our inelligence levels are the product of our experiences.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an invironment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

    Paragraph 1______
    A:Environment is Important
    B:Two Approaches Different From Each Other Are Formed
    C:People Want to Know How Their Personalities and Behaviors Are Formed
    D:Our Personalities and Behavior Patterns Are Largely Determined by Biological Factors
    E:We Want to Explain the Behaviors
    F:Tow Similar Approaches Are Forme

    答案:C
    解析:
    文章第一段讲述的是人们一直想知道他们的性格特征和行为方式是如何形成的。故选C。
    义章第二段讲述的是社会科学家想去解释为什么我们拥有某些性格特征并表现出某些行为,虽然没有明确的答案,但由此产生了两种截然不同的学派。故选B。
    文章第三段讲述的是支持“天性论”的社会科学家认为,我们的性格特征和行为方式在很大程度上是由生物因索决定的。故选D。
    文章第四段讲述的是支持“环境因素论”的社会科学家认为,在决定我们的行为方式方面,环境因素比以生物为基础的本能因素更为重要。故选A。
    由文章第二段第三句话“There are no clear answers yet , but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed.”可知,虽然日前关于这一问题还没有准确的答案,但是已经产生了两种截然不同的学派。故选D。
    由文章第三段第二句话“ That our environment has little , if anything , to do with our abilities , characteristics and behaviors is central to this theory.”可知,支持“天性论”的社会科学家认为环境几乎对我们的能力、性格特征和行为方式没有影响,这才是这一理论的关键。故选E。
    通篇文章讲述的都是社会科学家想弄清人们的性格特征和行为方式是如何形成的。故选B。
    由文章第三段第一句话“Those who support the ‘nature ’ side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.”可知,支持“天性论”的科学家认为,人出生时就具有某种性格特征。故选A。

  • 第20题:

    共用题干
    How Human's Personalities and Behaviors are Formed

    1 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed.It is not easy
    to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not,or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.
    2 Social scientists are,of course,extremely interested in these types of questions.They want to explain
    why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors.There are no clear answers yet,but two
    distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed.As one might expect,the two approaches are very
    different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as"nature vs.nurture".
    3 Those who support the"nature"side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior pat-
    terns are largely determined by biological factors.That our environment has little,if anything,to do with our
    abilities,characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme,this theory maintains tha
    our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
    4 Those who support the"nurture"theory,that is,they advocate education, are often called behaviorists.
    They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how
    we will act.A behaviorist,B.F.Skinner,sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped
    by their surroundings.The behaviorists maintain that,like machines,humans respond to environmental stimuli
    as the basis of their behavior.
    5 Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic,intelligence,offered by the
    two theories.Supporters of the"nature"theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that
    is biologically determined.Needless to say:They don't believe that factors in the environment have much in-
    fluence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic.On the other hand,behaviorists argue that our in-
    telligence levels are the product of our experiences.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an
    environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will ex-
    perience greater intellectual development.

    Those who support the"nature"theory don't believe environment_________.
    A:human is born with a certain personality
    B:how the personality and behavior are formed
    C:will experience intellectual development
    D:two different schools on the matter have developed
    E:will influence on characters
    F:human is born with no personality

    答案:E
    解析:
    文章第一段讲述的是人们一直想知道他们的性格特征和行为方式是如何形成的。故选C。
    文章第二段讲述的是社会科学家想去解释为什么我们拥有某种性格特征并表现出某些行为,由此而产生了两种截然不同的学派。故选B。
    文章第三段讲述的是支持“天性论”的社会科学家认为,我们的性格特征和行为方式是由生物因素决定的。
    文章第四段讲述的是支持“环境因素论”的社会科学家认为,在决定我们的行为方面,环境比以生理为基础的本能更为重要。
    根据文章第二段第三句话“There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools ofthought on the matter have developed.”可知,答案为D。
    根据文章第三段第二句话“That our environment has little, if anything, to do with ourabilities ,characteristics and behaviors is central to this theory.”可知,答案为E。
    通篇文章讲述的都是社会科学家想弄清人们的性格特征和行为方式是如何形成的。故选B。
    由文章第三段第一句话“Those who support the 'nature' side of the conflict believe thatour personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.”可知,支持“天 性”理论的科学家认为,人出生时就具有某种性格特征。

  • 第21题:

    At that time, she()on a journey with her friend

    • A、is 
    • B、was 
    • C、has been
    • D、is being

    正确答案:B

  • 第22题:

    The population of the earth()increasing fast.

    • A、is
    • B、are
    • C、were
    • D、have been

    正确答案:A

  • 第23题:

    The president and the secretary ()attending the meeting.

    • A、is
    • B、are
    • C、being
    • D、has

    正确答案:B

  • 第24题:

    单选题
    The author thinks that _____.
    A

    many people have labored to be leaders

    B

    leaders are beyond our understanding

    C

    the essence of leadership has not been grasped

    D

    the definitions of leadership should vary


    正确答案: D
    解析:
    第三段第二句起作者提到对领导艺术的解释是多种多样的,而每一种都是片面的、不完整的和不充分的。这些定义大部分相互矛盾,而且很多都没有研究领袖的领导技巧。这些定义反映了当时的政治潮流和学术趋向。它们不能反映实际情况,有时一点用都没有。