填空题By increasing the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, human activities are strengthening Earth’s natural greenhouse effect.____

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第二篇
Around 45%of the UK's carbon dioxide emissions come from the energy people use every day-at home and when they travel.In order to generate that energy,fossil fuels(coal oil,and gas)are burnt,and these produce greenhouse gases-in particular carbon dioxide(CO₂).Car emissions are a major problem, but the truth is that more CO₂ comes from the energy used at home.The average household creates around
five and a half tonnes of CO₂ a year,and it is the same CO₂ that is changing the climate and damaging the environment.
CO₂ and various other gases wrap the earth in an invisible blanket helping to prevent heat from escaping.Without this greenhouse effect,the average temperature on Earth would be around-18℃， compared with the current average of around+15℃．The composition of this blanket of gases has remained relatively constant for many thousands of years.However,since the industrial revolution began around 200 years ago,people have been burning increasing amounts of fossil fuels,thus releasing more CO₂ and other greenhouse gases in the process.This has increased the heating effect of the blanket,trapping more of the sun's energy inside the Earth's atmosphere in turn the Earth's temperature has increased more rapidly in a shorter period of time than it has for thousands of years.
In 2008,the total UK CO₂ emissions were 533 million tonnes.27%(144 million tonnes)of those emissions came from the energy used to heat,light,and power homes.Transport emissions caused by passenger cars,buses and motorcycles accounted for a further 16%(87 million tonnes)of the UK's CO₂ emissions.These figures show that a significant amount of CO₂ results from ordinary citizens carbon footprint in their daily activities and lifestyle.
The effects of climate change can be seen all around us.Weather patterns are becoming more and more fractured and uncertain,and over the last century trends in warm weather have become increasingly common.In the UK in the last 40 years,winters have grown warmer,with much heavier rainfall.One of the clearest shifts over the last 200 years is towards summers that are hotter and drier,causing pervasive（普遍的）water shortages.Recent years have been the hottest since records began and during August 2003,the hottest ever outdoor temperature in the UK was recorded-38.5℃．

What is the author's opinion about the level of CO₂ emissions in the UK?
A:The majority of CO₂ emissions come from motorized transport.
B:CO₂ emissions may cause climate change in the future.
C:More CO₂ emissions come from homes than from cars.
D:The average citizen does not create much CO₂.

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第二篇
Around 45%of the UK's carbon dioxide emissions come from the energy people use every day-at home and when they travel.In order to generate that energy,fossil fuels(coal oil,and gas)are burnt,and these produce greenhouse gases-in particular carbon dioxide(CO₂).Car emissions are a major problem, but the truth is that more CO₂ comes from the energy used at home.The average household creates around
five and a half tonnes of CO₂ a year,and it is the same CO₂ that is changing the climate and damaging the environment.
CO₂ and various other gases wrap the earth in an invisible blanket helping to prevent heat from escaping.Without this greenhouse effect,the average temperature on Earth would be around-18℃， compared with the current average of around+15℃．The composition of this blanket of gases has remained relatively constant for many thousands of years.However,since the industrial revolution began around 200 years ago,people have been burning increasing amounts of fossil fuels,thus releasing more CO₂ and other greenhouse gases in the process.This has increased the heating effect of the blanket,trapping more of the sun's energy inside the Earth's atmosphere in turn the Earth's temperature has increased more rapidly in a shorter period of time than it has for thousands of years.
In 2008,the total UK CO₂ emissions were 533 million tonnes.27%(144 million tonnes)of those emissions came from the energy used to heat,light,and power homes.Transport emissions caused by passenger cars,buses and motorcycles accounted for a further 16%(87 million tonnes)of the UK's CO₂ emissions.These figures show that a significant amount of CO₂ results from ordinary citizens carbon footprint in their daily activities and lifestyle.
The effects of climate change can be seen all around us.Weather patterns are becoming more and more fractured and uncertain,and over the last century trends in warm weather have become increasingly common.In the UK in the last 40 years,winters have grown warmer,with much heavier rainfall.One of the clearest shifts over the last 200 years is towards summers that are hotter and drier,causing pervasive（普遍的）water shortages.Recent years have been the hottest since records began and during August 2003,the hottest ever outdoor temperature in the UK was recorded-38.5℃．

What is the author's main aim?
A:To explain the greenhouse effect.
B:To describe the effects of climate change in the UK.
C:To show how much CO₂ is produced by ordinary people's activities.
D:To illustrate how industrial activity creates the greenhouse effect.

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第二篇

High Stress May Damage Memory

According to a report issued in May 1998,elderly people who have consistently high
blood levels of cortisol (皮质醇）don't score as well on memory tests as their peers with
lower levels of the stress hormone. What's more,high levels of cortisol are also associated
with shrinking of the hippocampus（海马区）,a region of the brain that plays a key role in
learning and memory.
The findings suggest that even cortisol levels in the normal,"healthy"range can
actually accelerate brain aging.
The study results"now provide substantial evidence that long-term exposure to adrenal
(肾上腺的）stress hormones may promote hippocampal aging in normal elderly humans",
write Nada Porter and Philip Landfield.Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress
by the adrenal glands（腺）,which sit on top of the kidneys(肾）.
Over a 5-to 6-year period,Dr. Sonia Lupien and his colleagues measured 24-hour
cortisol levels in 51 healthy volunteers,most of whom were in their 70s.
The researchers tested the volunteers' memory on six people in the increasing/high
category and five people in the decreasing/moderate group.The groups did not differ in
tests of immediate memory,but the increasing/high cortisol group had other memory
problems compared with those in the decreasing/moderate group.
The researchers also found that the total volume of the hippocampus in those in the
increasing/high group was 14% lower than those in the decreasing/moderate group,
although there were no differences in other brain regions.
The results suggest that“…brain aging can be accelerated by levels of adrenal
hormones that are not generally regarded as pathological（病态的）and that variation within
this normal range is related to variation in the rate of brain aging",write Porter and
Landfield."This further suggests that chronic stress may accelerate the worsening of the
hippocampus."

When the levels of cortisol go high,the hippocampus
A:may expand.
B:may shrink.
C:may disappear.
D:may function better.

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第二篇

High Stress May Damage Memory

According to a report issued in May 1998,elderly people who have consistently high
blood levels of cortisol (皮质醇）don't score as well on memory tests as their peers with
lower levels of the stress hormone. What's more,high levels of cortisol are also associated
with shrinking of the hippocampus（海马区）,a region of the brain that plays a key role in
learning and memory.
The findings suggest that even cortisol levels in the normal,"healthy"range can
actually accelerate brain aging.
The study results"now provide substantial evidence that long-term exposure to adrenal
(肾上腺的）stress hormones may promote hippocampal aging in normal elderly humans",
write Nada Porter and Philip Landfield.Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress
by the adrenal glands（腺）,which sit on top of the kidneys(肾）.
Over a 5-to 6-year period,Dr. Sonia Lupien and his colleagues measured 24-hour
cortisol levels in 51 healthy volunteers,most of whom were in their 70s.
The researchers tested the volunteers' memory on six people in the increasing/high
category and five people in the decreasing/moderate group.The groups did not differ in
tests of immediate memory,but the increasing/high cortisol group had other memory
problems compared with those in the decreasing/moderate group.
The researchers also found that the total volume of the hippocampus in those in the
increasing/high group was 14% lower than those in the decreasing/moderate group,
although there were no differences in other brain regions.
The results suggest that“…brain aging can be accelerated by levels of adrenal
hormones that are not generally regarded as pathological（病态的）and that variation within
this normal range is related to variation in the rate of brain aging",write Porter and
Landfield."This further suggests that chronic stress may accelerate the worsening of the
hippocampus."

Which of the following plays a key role in one's learning and memory?
A:The kidneys.
B:The adrenal glands.
C:The stress hormone.
D:The hippocampus.

共用题干
第二篇

High Stress May Damage Memory

According to a report issued in May 1998,elderly people who have consistently high
blood levels of cortisol (皮质醇）don't score as well on memory tests as their peers with
lower levels of the stress hormone. What's more,high levels of cortisol are also associated
with shrinking of the hippocampus（海马区）,a region of the brain that plays a key role in
learning and memory.
The findings suggest that even cortisol levels in the normal,"healthy"range can
actually accelerate brain aging.
The study results"now provide substantial evidence that long-term exposure to adrenal
(肾上腺的）stress hormones may promote hippocampal aging in normal elderly humans",
write Nada Porter and Philip Landfield.Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress
by the adrenal glands（腺）,which sit on top of the kidneys(肾）.
Over a 5-to 6-year period,Dr. Sonia Lupien and his colleagues measured 24-hour
cortisol levels in 51 healthy volunteers,most of whom were in their 70s.
The researchers tested the volunteers' memory on six people in the increasing/high
category and five people in the decreasing/moderate group.The groups did not differ in
tests of immediate memory,but the increasing/high cortisol group had other memory
problems compared with those in the decreasing/moderate group.
The researchers also found that the total volume of the hippocampus in those in the
increasing/high group was 14% lower than those in the decreasing/moderate group,
although there were no differences in other brain regions.
The results suggest that“…brain aging can be accelerated by levels of adrenal
hormones that are not generally regarded as pathological（病态的）and that variation within
this normal range is related to variation in the rate of brain aging",write Porter and
Landfield."This further suggests that chronic stress may accelerate the worsening of the
hippocampus."

It appears that when the hippocampus shrinks due to high levels of cortisol,other brain regions
A:may change dramatically.
B:may stop functioning.
C:may remain unaffected.
D:may be seriously damaged,

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Global Warming

1.Smoke is clouding our view of global warming,protecting the planet from perhaps threequarters of the greenhouse（温室）effect. That might sound like good news,but experts say that as the cover diminishes in coming decades,we are facing a dramatic increase of warming that could be two or even three times as great as official best guesses.
2.This was the dramatic conclusion reached last week at a workshop in Dahlem,Berlin,where top atmospheric scientists got together,including Nobel prize winner Paul Crutzen and Swedish scientist Bert Bolin,former chairman of the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC).
3. IPCC scientists have suspected for a decade that aerosols（浮质）of smoke and other partidles from burning rainforest,crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and counteracting the warming effect of carbon dioxide（二氧化物）emissions. Until now,they reckoned that aerosols reduced greenhouse warming by perhaps a quarter,cutting increases by 0.2℃．So the 0.6℃of warming over the past century would have been 0.8℃without aerosols.
4.But the Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure is even higher—aerosols may have reduced global warming by as much as three-quarters,cutting increases by 1.8℃．If so,the good news is that aerosols have prevented the world getting almost two degrees warmer than it is now. But the bad news is that the climate system is much more sensitive to greenhouse gases than previously guessed.
5.As those gases are expected to continue accumulating in the atmosphere while aerosols stabilize or fall,that means"dramatic consequences for estimates of future climate change",the scientists agreed in a draft report from the workshop.

The increase of greenhouse gases_______.
A: will influence future climate change
B:was somewhat surprising
C:will rise rapidly
D:was known to US all
E:was much higher than had been expected
F:will drop dramatically

共用题干
第二篇
Around 45%of the UK's carbon dioxide emissions come from the energy people use every day-at home and when they travel.In order to generate that energy,fossil fuels(coal oil,and gas)are burnt,and these produce greenhouse gases-in particular carbon dioxide(CO₂).Car emissions are a major problem, but the truth is that more CO₂ comes from the energy used at home.The average household creates around
five and a half tonnes of CO₂ a year,and it is the same CO₂ that is changing the climate and damaging the environment.
CO₂ and various other gases wrap the earth in an invisible blanket helping to prevent heat from escaping.Without this greenhouse effect,the average temperature on Earth would be around-18℃， compared with the current average of around+15℃．The composition of this blanket of gases has remained relatively constant for many thousands of years.However,since the industrial revolution began around 200 years ago,people have been burning increasing amounts of fossil fuels,thus releasing more CO₂ and other greenhouse gases in the process.This has increased the heating effect of the blanket,trapping more of the sun's energy inside the Earth's atmosphere in turn the Earth's temperature has increased more rapidly in a shorter period of time than it has for thousands of years.
In 2008,the total UK CO₂ emissions were 533 million tonnes.27%(144 million tonnes)of those emissions came from the energy used to heat,light,and power homes.Transport emissions caused by passenger cars,buses and motorcycles accounted for a further 16%(87 million tonnes)of the UK's CO₂ emissions.These figures show that a significant amount of CO₂ results from ordinary citizens carbon footprint in their daily activities and lifestyle.
The effects of climate change can be seen all around us.Weather patterns are becoming more and more fractured and uncertain,and over the last century trends in warm weather have become increasingly common.In the UK in the last 40 years,winters have grown warmer,with much heavier rainfall.One of the clearest shifts over the last 200 years is towards summers that are hotter and drier,causing pervasive（普遍的）water shortages.Recent years have been the hottest since records began and during August 2003,the hottest ever outdoor temperature in the UK was recorded-38.5℃．

The results of climate change in the UK can be seen in______.
A:cooler summers
B:water supply
C:warmer winters
D:stronger winds

The primary purpose of the concerned group and individuals is to ________the greenhouse gases and pollutants.

A.deposit
B.decrease
C.deviation
D.deprival

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第二篇

High Stress May Damage Memory

According to a report issued in May 1998,elderly people who have consistently high
blood levels of cortisol (皮质醇）don't score as well on memory tests as their peers with
lower levels of the stress hormone. What's more,high levels of cortisol are also associated
with shrinking of the hippocampus（海马区）,a region of the brain that plays a key role in
learning and memory.
The findings suggest that even cortisol levels in the normal,"healthy"range can
actually accelerate brain aging.
The study results"now provide substantial evidence that long-term exposure to adrenal
(肾上腺的）stress hormones may promote hippocampal aging in normal elderly humans",
write Nada Porter and Philip Landfield.Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress
by the adrenal glands（腺）,which sit on top of the kidneys(肾）.
Over a 5-to 6-year period,Dr. Sonia Lupien and his colleagues measured 24-hour
cortisol levels in 51 healthy volunteers,most of whom were in their 70s.
The researchers tested the volunteers' memory on six people in the increasing/high
category and five people in the decreasing/moderate group.The groups did not differ in
tests of immediate memory,but the increasing/high cortisol group had other memory
problems compared with those in the decreasing/moderate group.
The researchers also found that the total volume of the hippocampus in those in the
increasing/high group was 14% lower than those in the decreasing/moderate group,
although there were no differences in other brain regions.
The results suggest that“…brain aging can be accelerated by levels of adrenal
hormones that are not generally regarded as pathological（病态的）and that variation within
this normal range is related to variation in the rate of brain aging",write Porter and
Landfield."This further suggests that chronic stress may accelerate the worsening of the
hippocampus."

According to the passage,when people are under stress,
A:the adrenal glands will produce cortisol.
B:the kidneys will shrink rapidly.
C:the hippocampus will produce cortisol.
D:the brain will work more efficiently.

共用题干
第二篇

High Stress May Damage Memory

According to a report issued in May 1998,elderly people who have consistently high
blood levels of cortisol (皮质醇）don't score as well on memory tests as their peers with
lower levels of the stress hormone. What's more,high levels of cortisol are also associated
with shrinking of the hippocampus（海马区）,a region of the brain that plays a key role in
learning and memory.
The findings suggest that even cortisol levels in the normal,"healthy"range can
actually accelerate brain aging.
The study results"now provide substantial evidence that long-term exposure to adrenal
(肾上腺的）stress hormones may promote hippocampal aging in normal elderly humans",
write Nada Porter and Philip Landfield.Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress
by the adrenal glands（腺）,which sit on top of the kidneys(肾）.
Over a 5-to 6-year period,Dr. Sonia Lupien and his colleagues measured 24-hour
cortisol levels in 51 healthy volunteers,most of whom were in their 70s.
The researchers tested the volunteers' memory on six people in the increasing/high
category and five people in the decreasing/moderate group.The groups did not differ in
tests of immediate memory,but the increasing/high cortisol group had other memory
problems compared with those in the decreasing/moderate group.
The researchers also found that the total volume of the hippocampus in those in the
increasing/high group was 14% lower than those in the decreasing/moderate group,
although there were no differences in other brain regions.
The results suggest that“…brain aging can be accelerated by levels of adrenal
hormones that are not generally regarded as pathological（病态的）and that variation within
this normal range is related to variation in the rate of brain aging",write Porter and
Landfield."This further suggests that chronic stress may accelerate the worsening of the
hippocampus."

The research conducted by Porter and Landfield shows that
A:the levels of adrenal hormones have nothing to do with brain aging.
B:changes in the levels of adrenal hormones can affect brain aging.
C:chronic stress may strengthen one's memory.
D:the rate of brain aging always remains stable.

共用题干
Global Warming

1 Smoke is clouding our view of global warming,protecting the planet from perhaps
three-quarters of the greenhouse（温室）effect.That might sound like good news, but
experts say that as the cover diminishes in coming decades,we are facing a dramatic
increase of warming that could be two or even three times as great as official best
guesses.
2 This was the dramatic conclusion reached last week at a workshop in Dahlem,Berlin,
where top atmospheric scientists got together,including Nobel prize winner Paul Crutzen
and Swedish scientist Bert Bolin,former chairman of the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change(IPCC).
3 IPCC scientists have suspected for a decade that aerosols（浮质）of smoke and other
particles from burning rainforest,crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and
counteracting the warming effect of carbon dioxide（二氧化物）emissions.Until now,they
reckoned that aerosols reduced greenhouse warming by perhaps a quarter,cutting
increases by 0.2℃．So the 0.6℃of warming over the past century would have been 0.8℃
without aerosols.
4 But the Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure is even higher一aerosols may have
reduced global warming by as much as three-quarters,cutting increases by 1.8℃.If so,
the good news is that aerosols have prevented the world getting almost two degrees warmer
than it is now.But the bad news is that the climate system is much more sensitive to
greenhouse gases than previously guessed.
5 As those gases are expected to continue accumulating in the atmosphere while aerosols
stabilize or fall,that means"dramatic consequences for estimates of future climate
change",the scientists agreed in a draft report from the workshop.

Paragraph 5________
A:Atmospheric Scientists
B:The Calculations Made at the Berlin Workshop
C:The Previous Calculations of the Effect of Aerosols
D:The Scientists' Agreement
E:The Authoritative Conclusion
F:Greenhouse Gases