单选题According to the passage, which of the following statement is TRUE?A Dickens loved to travel.B Dickens'stories were mostly about his own childhood.C Dickens made a lot of money on his reading tours.D Dickens left school to write The Pickwick Papers.

题目
单选题
According to the passage, which of the following statement is TRUE?
A

Dickens loved to travel.

B

Dickens'stories were mostly about his own childhood.

C

Dickens made a lot of money on his reading tours.

D

Dickens left school to write The Pickwick Papers.


相似考题

3.Directions: There are five reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by four questions. For each question there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose one best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage One Win a week in England!You still don’t know what to do this summer? Well, here’s your chance to win a one-week language course in Kent, England! Free4Fun and ETC (English Travel Connections) are giving away two trips to Rochester. This history city is less than an hour’s drive from London and close to the sea resort of Herne Bay. It is also the home of one of England’s most famous writers, Charles Dickens. The town of Rochester is in Southeast England. Charles Dickens often wrote about it in his books. His home, Gad’s Hill, is there, too. A popular attraction is Rochester Castle, a large Norman fortress. It was built in the 11th century and rebuilt during the 14th century. Other attractions are Rochester Cathedral, which was built during the 13th century, and Dickens Centre. It has got its name in honor of Dickens himself.The trip to England includes:travel by train (via the Euro tunnel) to and from any railway station in Germanyroom and full board with a guest family for one weeklanguage course in small groupstwo trips to Londonlarge choice of sports and entertainmentGerman-speaking advisors available 24 hours a dayInterested? All you have to do is to answer the following question:When was Charles Dickens born?So, take the chance and send your answer by 1 May to:Free4Fun”Rochester”Free4Fun,24 Elphinstone Road, Hastings,2FQ6VJfax: 089/85 763-103e-mail:free4fun@netlight.comThe two winners will be contacted directly before 5 May. They will also be announced in the June issue of Free4Fun Good luck!For further information contact:phone: (03212)144 43fax: (03212)144 42e-mail:info@etc.com36. Rochester Catherdral was built in the _____.A 1100s B 1200s C 1300s D 1400s

更多“单选题According to the passage, which of the following statement is TRUE?A Dickens loved to travel.B Dickens'stories were mostly about his own childhood.C Dickens made a lot of money on his reading tours.D Dickens left school to write The Pickwick Papers.”相关问题
  • 第1题:

    Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was

    __ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.

    A. what

    B. that

    C. why

    D. whether


    正确答案:B

  • 第2题:

    She claims ()a descendant of Charles Dickens.

    A、to be

    B、to being

    C、being

    D、as


    参考答案:A

  • 第3题:

    Directions:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered box.Paragraphs B and D have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
    【A】The first published sketch,"A Dinner at Poplar Walk"brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine.From then on his sketches,which appeared under the pen name"Boz"in The Evening Chronicle,earned him a modest reputation.
    【B】The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers,as it is generally known today,secured Dickens's fame.There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars,and the plump,spectacled hero,Samuel Pickwick,became a national figure.
    【C】Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared,a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments,as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the ten-famous artist Robert Seymour,who had originated the idea for the story.With characteristic confidence,Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead.After the first installment,Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose.Seymour made the change,went into his backyard,and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide.Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist.The comic novel,The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club,appeared serially in 1836 and 1837,and was first published in book form in 1837.
    【D】Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and,to many people,the greatest English novelist of the 19th century.A moralist,satirist,and social reformer.Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.
    【E】Soon after his father's release from prison,Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices.He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament.At the same time,Dickens,who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything comic or odd,submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.
    【F】Dickens was born in Portsmouth,on England's southern coast.His father was a clerk in the British navy pay office-a respectable position,but wish little social status.His paternal grandparents,a steward and a housekeeper possessed even less status,having been servants,and Dickens later concealed their background.Dicken's mother supposedly came from a more respectable family.Yet two years before Dicken's birth,his mother's father was caught stealing and fled to Europe,never to return.The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse,a shoe-polish factory,where the other working boys mocked him as"the young gentleman."His father was then imprisoned for debt.The humiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dicken's greatest wound and became his deepest secret.He could not confide them even to his wife,although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.
    【G】After Pickwick,Dickens plunged into a bleaker world.In Oliver Twist,e traces an orphan's progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London.Nicholas Nickleby,his next novel,combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick.The popularity of these novels consolidated Dichens'as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.
    D→1.→2.→3.→4.→B→5.(4应选?)

    A.A
    B.C
    C.E
    D.F
    E.G

    答案:B
    解析:
    A的末尾提到from then on his sketches,which appeared under the pen name Boz,本句中的关键词汇sketches与Boz与C选项首句中Sketches,Boz形成了原词复现,而且C首句出现的after一词,确定通过C与A也符合时间顺序。因此确定正确答案为C。

  • 第4题:

    Popular British author,Charles Dickens′(1812--1870)family could hardly make ends meet.They could only afford to send one of their six children to school.Dickens was not that child.His parents chose to send a daughter,who had a talent for music,to an academy.Then at the age of 12,Dickens′life took another turn for the worse.
    His father,a clerk,was placed in prison for unpaid debts.And,being the oldest male left at home,Dickens took up work at a factory.His horrible experience there became the fuel for his future writing.His father was freed three months later and inherited a small amount of money.Dickens was then sent to school.
    From 1836 to 1837,he wrote a monthly series of stories.Thus The Pickwick,Papers,came into being,which brought fame to him.
    Throughout his career,Dickens covers various situations in his novels.He wrote about the miserable lives of the poor in Oliver Twist,the French Revolution in Tale of Two Cities,and social reform in Hard Times.He also wrote David Copperfield,a book thought to be modeled on his own life.
    "I do not write bitterly or angrily,for I know all these things have worked together to make me what I am,"he once said.His difficult childhood did indeed shape the person he became,as well as his writing career.There are shades of young Dickens in many of his most beloved characters,including David Copperfield and Oliver Twist.
    Like the author,all these characters come from poor beginnings and are able to rise above their setbacks and achieve success."Minds,like bodies,will often fall into an ill-conditioned state from too much comfort,"he once wrote.On June 9th,1870,aged 58,Dickens died,leaving one unfinished work.The words on his tombstone read:"He was a sympathizer to the poor,the suffering and the oppressed,and by his death,one of England′s greatest writers is lost to the world."

    The underlined word"shades"in the passage means

    A.symbols
    B.examples
    C.signs
    D.reminders

    答案:D
    解析:
    考情点拨:词义猜测题。应试指导:shade的意思为“(人物、事情、时间的)痕迹,影子”,与reminder“使人回忆起某事的事物”意思相近。

  • 第5题:


    The main idea of the last paragraph is that( )

    A.London still keeps buildings familiar to Dickens so as to commemorate him
    B.many places in London offered inspirations to Dickens
    C.a museum has been set up in honor of Dickens
    D.for all the drastic changes,some places are still reminiscent of London in Dickens’s time

    答案:D
    解析:
    主旨题。该题是对最后一段的主旨大意进行提问。该段一开始就提到sprawling,exciting ferment…still contains buildings familiar to Dickens,随后列举了三处具体的建筑作为例子,它们历经历史变化依然保存下来。根据这些内容可知,D项最能概括本段要表达的重点。故本题选D。参考译文:查尔斯·狄更斯是作家、编辑和社会改革家,由于刻画了19世纪初期英国真实的生活画卷而闻名于世。狄更斯的许多小说都试图刻画伦敦,这座城市曾激发他的各种情感——爱情、怜悯、沮丧与激动。在小说《远大前程》《老古玩店》《小杜丽》和《双城记》中,狄更斯的笔触从19世纪初生活在伦敦的人民问题转向了几乎所有城市人民的问题。然而,如果狄更斯回到20世纪80年代的伦敦,他还能认出它来吗?伦敦经历过什么变化呢?在狄更斯的小说中,19世纪初的伦敦生活存在一个显著的问题——空气中漂浮着一层朦胧的烟雾与灰尘,充满着各种难闻的气味和令人窒息的腐烂味道。不管人们对今天伦敦的空气以及空气中的汽车尾气与偶尔出现的大雾天气有何感想,19世纪的《消烟法案》和20世纪的《消尘法案》会使狄更斯发现伦敦的空气有了相当可观的改善。在《我们共同的朋友》中,狄更斯把泰晤士河描写成遭到污秽物、老鼠和死尸污染的危险场所。如果他知道今天鲑鱼可以经由泰晤士河逆流而上进入伦敦的河流,以及现在有成千上万的伦敦人在泰晤士河岸边休憩,他一定会大吃一惊。伦敦人还和旅游观光者一起,经过伦敦塔去参观货栈和船坞的码头地区。狄更斯在《雾都孤儿》和《小杜丽》中对他那个时代的这些地方的描写,使人们对这个充满了贫穷、贸易与罪恶的城市留下了深刻的印象。被狄更斯描写过的部分伦敦现已发生了深刻的变化,这是公众对其所描绘的生动历史画面做出的反馈,狄更斯生活的那个时代的一些条件极恶劣的贫民窟已经消失。现在,人们已不再会因为负债而坐牢。狄更斯在伦敦从贫困到富有的经历,使他对这个城市产生了一种现代作家称为既爱又恨的感情,狄更斯本人则称它是一种“令人厌恶但又会被吸引的诱惑”。当他还是一个在黑涂料工厂每天长时间工作的孩子的时候,就对伦敦产生了这种情感。无论是对伦敦的街道,还是对伦敦的社会生活,具有记者眼光与改革者心胸的狄更斯,都能准确地发现作为一位小说家兼知名人士所需要进一步发展的方面。有一种变化可能不会使狄更斯惊异,那就是伦敦的发展趋势。它成了一个不断扩张的大都会,现在市区已扩张到了菲希利、汉普斯特德、彭顿维尔和坎登镇。这些地方在狄更斯时代只不过是小村庄或郊区而已。可能狄更斯已预料到来往于伦敦的流动人口的增加。早在19世纪60年代火车未通之前,每天就有多达20万人步行或乘坐公共汽车从泰晤士河沿岸的豪宅来到切尔西。随着城市的逐渐扩张,中产阶级也看到了居住在郊区的优势。在《远大前程》中,温密克赞美了他在沃尔沃斯的小“城堡”和花园享受到的乐趣。他在伦敦金融城的工作,以及他在那里不牢靠的人脉关系,决定了他能否生存下去。现在,伦敦表现出一副“臃肿”的样子,充满着大城市有规律的令人激动的嘈杂与喧闹,但还保留了一些狄更斯所熟悉的建筑物。就在英国广播电台对外播放服务社所在的“丛林之家”的外边,就是圣玛丽丝特朗教堂,狄更斯的父母是1809年在那里结婚的。马路对面是罗马浴池,据说狄更斯童年时代在那里洗过澡,后来又在《大卫·科波菲尔》中提到过。不远处就是布鲁姆斯伯里的达提街四十八号,狄更斯在那儿写出了《匹克威克外传》和《雾都孤儿》的大部分章节,接着是狄更斯故居纪念馆。按照他本人的要求,没有建立查尔斯·狄更斯公立纪念馆。但是,狄更斯故居纪念馆是所有人的中心,对这些人来说,狄更斯笔下的人物艺术比历史上的许多人物更为“真实”。

  • 第6题:

    单选题
    Which of the following statements about the Grimm's fairy tales is TRUE according to the passage?
    A

    They were originally intended to be children's stories.

    B

    Generally speaking, the tales that have endured can help children deal with the challenges life bring to them.

    C

    A large number of the tales made it to the modem age.

    D

    They are less violent than the children's stories being written today.


    正确答案: C
    解析:
    细节判断题。根据文章最后一句"But the deeper answer is that the tales that have lasted are magical adventures that help children deal with the struggles and fears of their everyday lives.''可知这些故事能够广为流传的深层次原因是它们能帮助孩子们应对生活中的困难和恐惧。这与选项B的说法一致。

  • 第7题:

    单选题
    Charles Dickens' father was put into prison because he______.
    A

    stole money from other people

    B

    refused to pay taxes

    C

    didn't pay for his children's education

    D

    owe money to other people


    正确答案: A
    解析:

  • 第8题:

    单选题
    According to the passage, which of the following about Dickens is TRUE?
    A

    He was a peaceful person.

    B

    He was a quiet writer.

    C

    He worked very hard at school.

    D

    He cared a lot about things around him.


    正确答案: C
    解析:
    推理判断题。由原文最后一段中的“Dickens was meticulous. Everything had to be just right. When he worked at home, everything had to be in its place. He worked at a desk by a window that always had a vase of flowers and the same ornament on it.(狄更斯很重视细节。每件事情都得恰到好处。他在家工作时,每样东西都得在它本来的位置上。他在窗边的一张桌子那儿工作,那里总是放着一个装着鲜花的花瓶,窗户上总是贴着一成不变的装饰物。)”可知,他很关注周围的事物。因此D项正确。

  • 第9题:

    单选题
    The Victorian Age was largely an age of _____, eminently represented by Dickens and Thackeray.
    A

    poetry

    B

    drama

    C

    prose

    D

    epic prose


    正确答案: B
    解析:
    维多利亚时代(1837—1901)即维多利亚女王统治时期,被认为是英国工业革命和大英帝国的峰端。维多利亚时代是一个史诗散文的时代,以狄更斯和萨克雷为代表。

  • 第10题:

    单选题
    In his novels, Charles Dickens depicted a lot of child characters except _____.
    A

    Oliver Twist

    B

    Little Nell

    C

    Little Dorrit

    D

    Charles Surface


    正确答案: B
    解析:
    奥利弗·特维斯特是《雾都孤儿》的主人公。小内尔是狄更斯小说《老古玩店》中的主人公,小说讲述了外祖父和他的外孙女内尔两人的遭遇。小杜丽是狄更斯小说《小杜丽》中的人物。查尔斯·萨尔菲斯是理查德·谢里丹的小说《造谣学校》中的主人公。

  • 第11题:

    单选题
    At weekends I enjoyed to stay alone, reading works by famous writers such as Mark Twain and Charles Dickens.
    A

    At

    B

    to stay

    C

    reading works

    D

    such as


    正确答案: B
    解析:

  • 第12题:

    单选题
    and Great Expectations was a wonderful ______ .Dickens’ early life was very hard. His family was poor, and his mother sent him out to work in a factory when he was 12.
    A

    book

    B

    story

    C

    play

    D

    film


    正确答案: D
    解析:
    根据Great Expectations我们可以判断是一部电影。故选D。

  • 第13题:

    Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?

    A. Louis was famous for his discovery.

    B. Though his left arm and leg were disabled(残疾的), he worked even harder than before.

    C. In his childhood he made up his mind to become a doctor.

    D. His disabled left arm and leg had nothing to do with the mad dogs.


    正确答案:C

    此题为三正一误的细节题。在短文中没有说明巴斯德是否决心成为一名医生,只是提到他得到了博士学位。因为英语中doctor一词有两个含义:医生和博士。

  • 第14题:

    In ancient Egypt (古埃及), people believed that the cat was a god. When a 51 died its owners showed their sadness by the strange habit of shaving their eyebrows off! In the 19th century, the famous English writer Charles Dickens had a cat who was very 52 of him. The cat didn′t like to 53 Dickens working too hard. At night, when the cat wanted to say" 54 writing!" to his master, he often 55 Dickens′ candle with his paw (脚爪)!
    When animals become pets, the result, after a number of generations, is a smaller animal with a smaller brain. Rabbits (兔子), 56 , which live as pets in a garden, are less intelligent than their 57 cousins. Of course, man doesn′t always keep 58 for pleasure. Many animals have to work for their masters.
    There was 59 a farm in Namibia, Africa, which had 80 goats. A mother monkey took the goats to the hills every day and brought them back at night. She 60 knew exactly which goats were hers--which is more than many humans could do.
    第(51)题选

    A.cat
    B.monkey
    C.rabbit
    D.goat

    答案:A
    解析:
    考查词语复现。根据前一句话可知,此处应选cat。

  • 第15题:

    Popular British author,Charles Dickens′(1812--1870)family could hardly make ends meet.They could only afford to send one of their six children to school.Dickens was not that child.His parents chose to send a daughter,who had a talent for music,to an academy.Then at the age of 12,Dickens′life took another turn for the worse.
    His father,a clerk,was placed in prison for unpaid debts.And,being the oldest male left at home,Dickens took up work at a factory.His horrible experience there became the fuel for his future writing.His father was freed three months later and inherited a small amount of money.Dickens was then sent to school.
    From 1836 to 1837,he wrote a monthly series of stories.Thus The Pickwick,Papers,came into being,which brought fame to him.
    Throughout his career,Dickens covers various situations in his novels.He wrote about the miserable lives of the poor in Oliver Twist,the French Revolution in Tale of Two Cities,and social reform in Hard Times.He also wrote David Copperfield,a book thought to be modeled on his own life.
    "I do not write bitterly or angrily,for I know all these things have worked together to make me what I am,"he once said.His difficult childhood did indeed shape the person he became,as well as his writing career.There are shades of young Dickens in many of his most beloved characters,including David Copperfield and Oliver Twist.
    Like the author,all these characters come from poor beginnings and are able to rise above their setbacks and achieve success."Minds,like bodies,will often fall into an ill-conditioned state from too much comfort,"he once wrote.On June 9th,1870,aged 58,Dickens died,leaving one unfinished work.The words on his tombstone read:"He was a sympathizer to the poor,the suffering and the oppressed,and by his death,one of England′s greatest writers is lost to the world."

    How did Dickens see his childhood?

    A.He felt grateful for it.
    B.He felt it a pity that things weren't in his favor.
    C.He loved writing about it.
    D.He chose to forget the bitterness about it.

    答案:A
    解析:
    考情点拨:推理判断题。应试指导:从第五段第一句话可知,狄更斯写作没有带着愤恨和生气的感情,他认为正是童年那些磨难把他塑造成现在的他。因此狄更斯应该是感激他的童年经历的。

  • 第16题:

    Popular British author,Charles Dickens′(1812--1870)family could hardly make ends meet.They could only afford to send one of their six children to school.Dickens was not that child.His parents chose to send a daughter,who had a talent for music,to an academy.Then at the age of 12,Dickens′life took another turn for the worse.
    His father,a clerk,was placed in prison for unpaid debts.And,being the oldest male left at home,Dickens took up work at a factory.His horrible experience there became the fuel for his future writing.His father was freed three months later and inherited a small amount of money.Dickens was then sent to school.
    From 1836 to 1837,he wrote a monthly series of stories.Thus The Pickwick,Papers,came into being,which brought fame to him.
    Throughout his career,Dickens covers various situations in his novels.He wrote about the miserable lives of the poor in Oliver Twist,the French Revolution in Tale of Two Cities,and social reform in Hard Times.He also wrote David Copperfield,a book thought to be modeled on his own life.
    "I do not write bitterly or angrily,for I know all these things have worked together to make me what I am,"he once said.His difficult childhood did indeed shape the person he became,as well as his writing career.There are shades of young Dickens in many of his most beloved characters,including David Copperfield and Oliver Twist.
    Like the author,all these characters come from poor beginnings and are able to rise above their setbacks and achieve success."Minds,like bodies,will often fall into an ill-conditioned state from too much comfort,"he once wrote.On June 9th,1870,aged 58,Dickens died,leaving one unfinished work.The words on his tombstone read:"He was a sympathizer to the poor,the suffering and the oppressed,and by his death,one of England′s greatest writers is lost to the world."

    The book that first called public attention to Dickens was

    A.The Pickwick Papers
    B.Oliver Twist
    C.Tale of Two Cities
    D.David Copperfield

    答案:A
    解析:
    考情点拨:事实细节题。应试指导:从文章第三段第二句的内容可知The Pickwick Papers使他一举成名。

  • 第17题:



    It can be inferred from the passage that( )

    A.Dickens’s hatred toward London grew with his age
    B.Dickens ’s works contributed to some of the changes of London
    C.Dickens liked to portray only the dark sides of London
    D.Dickens,a social reformer,was devoted to the changes of London

    答案:B
    解析:
    推断题。A项“狄更斯对于伦敦的怨恨与日俱增”,文章第一段就提到伦敦给予了他许多情感,不只是负面的情感,后文又提到现代人们将其对于伦敦的情感称作是love/hate relationship,所以A项的表述错误。C项“狄更斯只喜欢刻画伦敦的阴暗面”,这一表述过于绝对化,所以很显然也是错误的,文章最后几段就有提到他对于伦敦积极一面的描绘。D项“作为社会改革家,狄更斯致力于伦敦的改变”,这一表述夸大了狄更斯的角色,狄更斯更多是通过自己的小说来关注社会现实,警醒人们积极改善不好的方面,所以D项也排除。B项提到“狄更斯的作品有助于伦敦的一些改善”,这是相对于D项更为客观的表述。

  • 第18题:

    单选题
    According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
    A

    The national monument in Hawaii was created by President Bush.

    B

    There is no objection to President Obama's decision.

    C

    President Obama made this decision on his own.

    D

    The establishment of the new monument will lead to new iobs.


    正确答案: B
    解析:

  • 第19题:

    单选题
    According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about the woman?
    A

    She is married to a school teacher.

    B

    Her eyes move around a lot at times.

    C

    She is ten years older than Jerome.

    D

    She has found what she is looking for.


    正确答案: D
    解析:
    文章第一段指出女主人公摸了他丈夫所有衣服的口袋但都是“Empty”,可见她并未找到正在寻找的东西。因此D项表述有误。A、C项内容在最后一段提及;第二段最后一句描述到女主人公在梳头或和别人讲话时,她的眼睛会“darted about at nothing in particular”,因此B项也正确。

  • 第20题:

    单选题
    According to the passage, which of the following statement is TRUE?
    A

    Dickens loved to travel.

    B

    Dickens'stories were mostly about his own childhood.

    C

    Dickens made a lot of money on his reading tours.

    D

    Dickens left school to write The Pickwick Papers.


    正确答案: B
    解析:

  • 第21题:

    单选题
    Mr. Allworthy is a character in a novel by _____.
    A

    Jonathan Swift

    B

    Thomas Gray

    C

    Henry Fielding

    D

    Charles Dickens


    正确答案: C
    解析:
    Mr. Allworthy是英国风俗戏剧家亨利·菲尔丁作品《汤姆·琼斯》中的人物。故选C。

  • 第22题:

    单选题
    Charles Dickens’ father was put into prison because he _____.
    A

    stole money from other people

    B

    refused to pay taxes

    C

    didn’t pay for his children’s education

    D

    owed money to other people


    正确答案: A
    解析:
    由原文第一段中的“When Charles was 12 years old, his father went to prison because he was in debt.”可知,查尔斯12岁时,他的父亲因为欠债而入狱。因此D项正确。

  • 第23题:

    单选题
    According to the passage, which of the following about Dickens is TRUE?
    A

    He was a peaceful person.

    B

    He was a quiet writer.

    C

    He worked ver)r hard at school.

    D

    He cared a lot about things around him.


    正确答案: C
    解析:

  • 第24题:

    单选题
    After the last paragraph, the author will most probably discuss Dickens’ _____.
    A

    success

    B

    appearance

    C

    works

    D

    childhood


    正确答案: B
    解析:
    文章最后开头讲的是狄更斯很重视细节。最后一句讲到他也十分注重外表。由此可以推断,作者接下来要将狄更斯是如何注重自己的外表的。因此B项正确。