问答题According to SustainAbility, what is the reason for the appearance of so many different definitions for globalization?
题目
问答题
According to SustainAbility, what is the reason for the appearance of so many different definitions for globalization?
相似考题
参考答案和解析
正确答案：
There’s no authoritative definition for globalization.
解析：
细节题。由题干关键词SustainAbility可定位到文章第三段。本段中冒号后的内容意为：正是由于Levitt没能在其文章中对全球化给出令人信服的定义，因而造成了后来大量定义的出现，即原因是对于全球化没有权威的定义。
细节题。由题干关键词SustainAbility可定位到文章第三段。本段中冒号后的内容意为：正是由于Levitt没能在其文章中对全球化给出令人信服的定义，因而造成了后来大量定义的出现，即原因是对于全球化没有权威的定义。
更多“问答题According to SustainAbility, what is the reason for the appearance of so many different definitions for globalization?”相关问题
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第1题：
That is the reason()we’ve lost so many customers.
A、 why
B、 that
C、 which
参考答案：A
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第2题：
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to protnote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.
In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.
Within a society, social changes is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.
Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.
?The expression "greater tolerance" (Para. 1) refers to__________.A.greater willingness to accept social change
B.quicker adaptation to changing circumstances
C.more respect for different beliefs and behavior
D.greater readiness to agree to different opinions and ideas答案：C解析：由第一段以及常识可知，社会容忍度指的是对不同观点、信仰、行为等的尊重。 -
第3题：
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to protnote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.
In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.
Within a society, social changes is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.
Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A.Social change tends to meet with more difficulty in basic and emotional aspects of society.
B.Disagreement with and argument about conditions tend to slow down social change.
C.Social change is more likely to occur in the material aspect of society.
D.Social change is less likely to occur in what people learned when they were young.答案：B解析：根据第二段“social changes is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects…in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early…in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites”可知A、C、D项都正确，而由第一段最后一句可知，不同的观点以及对现状不满可以加速社会变革，因此B项错误。 -
第4题：
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways． The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society． There are more ideas,more disagreements in interest,and more groups and organizations with different beliefs． In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies． All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision． In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seetns to be the same． And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed．
Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic mad less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites ; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements．
Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual． For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference． This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities, because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts．
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A. Social change tends to meet with more difficulty in basic and emotional aspects of society．A. Social change tends to meet with more difficulty in basic and emotional aspects of society．
B. Disagreement with and argument about conditions tend to slow down social change．
C. Social change is more likely to occur in the material aspect of society．
D. Social change is less likely to occur in what people learned when they were young．答案：B解析：根据第二段“social changes is also likely to occur more frequentry and more readily in the material aspects…in what has been leamed later in life rather than what was learned early．in the less basic and less emotional aspectsof societythanintheir opposites”可知A、C、D项都正确．而由第一段最后一句可知，不同的观点以及对现状不满可以加速社会变革．因此B项错误。 -
第5题：
资料：之后，经济学家Mr.V发表了关于一些新名词的感悟，请根据下列资料回答问题。
The word “globalization” is in daily use throughout the world.Variously referred to as mondialisation in French, globalisierung in German, or Quan qui hua in China （Scholte, 1996）, news articles, television, and even textbooks often use the word “globalization” to mean many different things. Author Jan Pieterse （1995） asserts there are almost as many conceptualizations of globalization as there are disciplines in the social sciences.Teachers and scholars in disciplinessuch as management,marketing,finance,accounting,and economics also use the word “globalization” to mean different things.For example,some believe globalization is the absence of borders and barriers to trade between nations （Ohmae,1995）,but also it has been described as a shift in traditional patterns of international production,investment,and trade（Dicken,1992）.
Another popular conception of globalization is that it is a business strategy that means doing everything the same everywhere（Kanter and Dretler,1998）.Others believe globalization is interconnections between overlapping interests of business and society （Brown 1992;renesch 1992）.As you can see,these definitions differ in significant ways.Because definitions,descriptions,and visions of globalization vary widely,it is difficult to know what it means for businesses to go “global”.
Which of the following statement about globalization has no reference?（ ）A.Globalization is a business strategy that means doing everything the same everywhere.
B.Globalization is a shift in traditional patterns of international production, investment, and trade.
C.Globalization is interconnections between different interests of business and society.
D.Globalization is the absence of borders and barriers to trade between nations.答案：C解析：本题考查的是细节理解。
【关键词】globalization; no reference
【主题句】1.For example ,some believe globalization is the absence of borders and barriers to trade between nations （Ohmae,1995）例如，有人认为全球化消除国家之间的边界和贸易壁垒。（Ohame,1995）2.it has been described as a shift in traditional patterns of international production ,investment ,and trade（Dicken,1992）它被描述为改变国际生产、投资和贸易的传统模式。（Dicken,1992）Another popular conception of globalization is that it is a business strategy that means doing everything the same everywhere （Kanter and Dretler, 1998） 关于全球化另一个流行的概念是它是一个商业策略，意味着在全球任何位置全部统一化。（Kanter and Dreler,1998）
【解析】本题问的是“以下关于全球化的说法哪一项没有参考？”选项A意为“全球化是一个竞技策略，意味着在全球任何位置全部统一化。”；选项B意为“全球化是改变国际生产、投资和贸易的传统模式。”；选项D意为“有人认为全球化消除国家之间的边界和贸易壁垒”。A、B、D原文中均有提及。选项C意为“全球化是商业和社会的不同利益之间的相互联系。”与文中Others believe globalization is interconnections between overlapping interests of business and society （Brown 1992;renesch 1992） “另一些人认为全球化是商业和社会的重叠利益之间的相互联系（Brown 1992;renesch 1992）”意思不符。结合主题句，故选C。 -
第6题：
What is referred to as the“general appearance”in this passage is________.A.how many broad windows a room has,through which sunlight might come in
B.the size of a room
C.whether there are beautiful walls in a room
D.what the room looks like答案：D解析： -
第7题：
In which way is Lenovo different from other Chinese companies？( )A.It is a veteran of globalization
B.It has many nationalities on its senior management
C.It has succeeded in buying some foreign companies
D.It is now the world’s biggest white-goods maker答案：B解析：
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第8题：
问答题◆Topic 8：Living Alone Questions for Reference: 1) More and more people are living by themselves today. Explain the reason. 2) What’s the advantages and disadvantages of living alone? 3) Which is the best way to have a happy life according to your understanding?正确答案： 【参考答案】
You come home alone after a long day at work. You open the door to your home. No one is there. Is it blessed silence you hear or echoing emptiness?
Millions of people who live alone today may have either experience. Some love living alone, yet others wish they didn’t have to.
When they open that door at night, people who live alone do not have to put up with demands or listen to someone’ s noise or meet anyone’ s dinner deadlines. They do not have to debate about which TV program to watch or stay off the phone because someone else is expecting an important call. No one else messes up their kitchen.
But when they are sick, no one else will bring them an aspirin or call the doctor. Preparing dinner for one can be difficult, and eating dinner for one night after night can be very lonely. Perhaps no one really cares what they did all day. If they are feeling sad, there may be no one to cheer them up. Some people who live alone say the worst times come when something very good happens because there is no one to share the joy.
During the course of a lifetime, one may sometimes live with others and sometimes live alone.
Each way of life has its advantages. Learning to take advantage of them is one key to contentment. 解析： 暂无解析 -
第9题：
问答题Practice 2 What exactly does globalization mean? Concepts related to globalization include “internationalization”, “multidomestic marketing”, and “multinational or transnational marketing”, suggesting that the basic criterion is transactions across national boundaries. In the marketing and strategic management literature, globalization is conceptualized as a means to gain competitive advantage by locating different stages of production in different geographic regions according to the particular region's comparative advantage. This conceptualization focuses only on the economic aspects of globalization; social, cultural and political factors are only considered in the context of achieving economic advantage. Thus, being “culturally sensitive” in global markets is being able to sell one's product with enough ingenuity to avoid possible pitfalls arising from the seller's ignorance of local customs. International marketing textbooks discuss such cultural pitfalls in great detail; however, the cultural contest of globalization is always framed by the economy. Broader conceptualization of globalization can be found in other disciplines such as sociology and anthropology. Waters defined globalization as “a social process in which the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding.” This conceptualization with its much broader scope, allows for the examination of a number of consequences of globalization, not jut economic but social, cultural and political ones.正确答案： 【参考译文】
全球化到底意味着什么?与全球化有关的概念包括“国际化”、“国内多国市场”以及“多国或跨国市场”意味着全球化的基本标准是跨国际的交易。在市场和策略管理文化中,全球化被定义为根据某个特定地区的具有竞争力的优势,确定不同地区的不同的生产阶段,从而获得竞争优势的一种手段。这一定义只是强调了全球化的经济性的一面;社会、文化以及政治因素只在获得经济优势的背景下才加与考虑。因此,在全球化经济中的“文化敏感”就是能够把该国的产品以一种独具匠心的方式销售出去,同时避免因不了解当地的风俗习惯而可能遭遇的风险。有关国际市场的教科书对这类文化风险进行了详细的阐述,但是全球化的文化竞争总是受到经济的限制。
全球化的更广泛的定义可以在社会学以及人类学等其他学科中找到。沃特斯把全球化定义为“一种社会的进程,在此期间,社会和文化在地域方面的限制减少了,同时人们也越来越意识到这种限制的减少。”这种更为广泛的定义可以使我们考察全球化的若干后果,不仅仅是经济方面的,也包括社会、文化和政治方面。解析： 暂无解析 -
第10题：
单选题Sarah: So, what did you think? Nick: Really, not at all bad. She’s different from how she appears on TV, that actress, isn’t she? Sarah: Yes, she’s not so believable. Nick: Yes, _______, but this new writer certainly knows how to increase the tension.Ashe has many loyal fans
Bshe is an experienced actress
Cshe looks very pale
Dher lack of stage experience was a bit obvious
正确答案： B解析：
对话中Sarah提到那位女演员not so believable“表演得不是很逼真”，Nick表示赞同，D项符合语境。 -
第11题：
判断题People from different religious and racial background would find it more difficult to be accepted by the host countries, according to what is proposed.A对
B错
正确答案： 对解析：
该段录音的主要内容是“种族和宗教必须成为关于移民的公众讨论的一部分。假装种族和宗教不会影响态度使得移民政策更加严格”。因此题干内容与录音相符。
【录音原文】
Race and religion must be a part of the public discussion of migration. To pretend that they do not affect attitudes makes policy more restrictive than it should be. -
第12题：
单选题According to the passage, many of the “new”, “improved” products are______Aquite different from the old products
Balmost the same with the former products
Cinsignificant products
Dnot important goods
正确答案： C解析：
从文章第二段最后一句“A product may claim to be’new’ or’improved’ when only an insignificant change has been made. ”，可知广告中声称的改良过的产品几乎与原产品相同。 -
第13题：
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to protnote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.
In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.
Within a society, social changes is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.
Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.
One of the factors that tend to promote social change is__________.A.joint interest
B.different points of view
C.less emotional people
D.advanced technology答案：B解析：根据第一段“The simple reasonforthisisthatthere aremore differentways oflooking atthings．．．There are more ideas．．．In addition，there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies…A儿these factors tend to promote social change”可知，有很多因素能推动社会变革．B项是其中一个因素。 -
第14题：
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to protnote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.
In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.
Within a society, social changes is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.
Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.
?Social change is less likely to occur in a society where people are quite similar in many ways because__________.A.people there have got so accustomed to their conditions that they seldom think it necessary to change
B.people there have identical needs that can be satisfied without much difficulty
C.people there are easy to please
D.people there are less disputed答案：A解析：由第一段最后一句“although conditions may not be satisfactory，they are at least customary and undisputed”可知答案为A，此选项是对原文的同义转述。 -
第15题：
It is difficult to list all of John's attributes because he has so many different talents and abilities.A:qualities
B:interests
C:preferences
D:virtues答案：A解析：本题可以从句子的后半部分“because he has so many different talents and abilities”判断attributes的意思是“特性”，故选项A的意思是“品质、特质”，故选项A为正确答案。 -
第16题：
资料：之后，经济学家Mr.V发表了关于一些新名词的感悟，请根据下列资料回答问题。
The word “globalization” is in daily use throughout the world.Variously referred to as mondialisation in French, globalisierung in German, or Quan qui hua in China （Scholte, 1996）, news articles, television, and even textbooks often use the word “globalization” to mean many different things. Author Jan Pieterse （1995） asserts there are almost as many conceptualizations of globalization as there are disciplines in the social sciences.Teachers and scholars in disciplinessuch as management,marketing,finance,accounting,and economics also use the word “globalization” to mean different things.For example,some believe globalization is the absence of borders and barriers to trade between nations （Ohmae,1995）,but also it has been described as a shift in traditional patterns of international production,investment,and trade（Dicken,1992）.
Another popular conception of globalization is that it is a business strategy that means doing everything the same everywhere（Kanter and Dretler,1998）.Others believe globalization is interconnections between overlapping interests of business and society （Brown 1992;renesch 1992）.As you can see,these definitions differ in significant ways.Because definitions,descriptions,and visions of globalization vary widely,it is difficult to know what it means for businesses to go “global”.
What probably will be further discussed in the following paragraph?（ ）A.what globalization means for businesses.
B.how definitions differ from each other.
C.how businesses go “global”.
D.the definition of the term “globalization”.答案：C解析：本题考查的是推理判断
【关键词】further discussed
Because definitions,descriptions,
and visions of globalization vary widely,it is difficult to know what it means for businesses to go “global”.由于globalization（全球化）的定义、描述和视角多种多样，商业走向“全球”的意思到底是什么就很难说清了。
【解析】题目意为“接下来文章最有可能谈论什么？”选项A意为“全球化对于商业来说意味着什么”；选项B意为“定义如何相互区别”；选项C意为“商业如何走向全球化”；选项D意为“全球化的定义”。根据主题句，接下来应该讲商业走向“全球”的意思，故C选项正确。 -
第17题：
资料：之后，经济学家Mr.V发表了关于一些新名词的感悟，请根据下列资料回答问题。
The word “globalization” is in daily use throughout the world.Variously referred to as mondialisation in French, globalisierung in German, or Quan qui hua in China （Scholte, 1996）, news articles, television, and even textbooks often use the word “globalization” to mean many different things. Author Jan Pieterse （1995） asserts there are almost as many conceptualizations of globalization as there are disciplines in the social sciences.Teachers and scholars in disciplinessuch as management,marketing,finance,accounting,and economics also use the word “globalization” to mean different things.For example,some believe globalization is the absence of borders and barriers to trade between nations （Ohmae,1995）,but also it has been described as a shift in traditional patterns of international production,investment,and trade（Dicken,1992）.
Another popular conception of globalization is that it is a business strategy that means doing everything the same everywhere（Kanter and Dretler,1998）.Others believe globalization is interconnections between overlapping interests of business and society （Brown 1992;renesch 1992）.As you can see,these definitions differ in significant ways.Because definitions,descriptions,and visions of globalization vary widely,it is difficult to know what it means for businesses to go “global”.
Which of the following statement is NOT implied by the underlined sentence?（ ）A.The conceptions of globalization vary.
B.The disciplines in the social sciences vary.
C.There are less conceptions of globalization.
D.There are many disciplines in the social sciences.答案：C解析：本题考查的是句意理解，以及推理判断。
【关键词】not implied;the underlined sentence
【主题句】there are almost as many Conceptualizations of globalization as there are disciplines in the social sciences.全球化的概念同社会科学中的科目一样多。
【解析】本题问的是“从划线句中不能推断出以下哪点？”选项A意为“全球化概念多种多样”；选项B意为“社会科学中的科目多种多样”；选项C意为“全球化概念更少”；选项D意为“社会科学中有许多学科”。A、B、D三项在画线句中均有提及，故选C。 -
第18题：
In which way is Lenovo different from other Chinese companies？( )A.It is a veteran of globalization.
B.It has many nationalities on its senior management.
C.It has succeeded in buying some foreign companies.
D.It is now the world’s biggest white-goods maker.答案：B解析：
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第19题：
单选题That is the reason（） we’ve lost so many customers.Awhy
Bthat
Cwhich
正确答案： A解析： 暂无解析 -
第20题：
单选题According to the author, living in a city causes stress because there are so many people who are ______.Ain need of help
Bnaturally aggressive
Clikely to commit crime
Danxious to succeed
正确答案： B解析：
事实细节题。由关键词causes stress定位第一段首句“its motivating force is, money”可知多数城市人迫于成功而感到压力。其他三项都是城市人口增多带来的社会问题，故不符合题意。 -
第21题：
问答题Globalization What exactly does globalization mean? Concepts related to globalization include “internationalization”, “multidomestic marketing”, and “multinational or transnational marketing”, suggesting that the basic criterion is transactions across national boundaries. In the marketing and strategic management literature, globalization is conceptualized as a means to gain competitive advantage by locating different stages of production in different geographic regions according to the particular region’s comparative advantage. This conceptualization focuses only on the economic aspects of globalization; social, cultural and political factors are only considered in the context of achieving economic advantage. Thus, being “culturally sensitive” in global markets is being able to sell one’s product with enough ingenuity to avoid possible pitfalls arising from the seller’s ignorance of local customs. International marketing textbooks discuss such cultural pitfalls in great detail; however, the cultural contest of globalization is always framed by the economy. Broader conceptualization of globalization can be found in other disciplines such as sociology and anthropology. Waters defined globalization as “a social process in which the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding.” This conceptualization with its much broader scope, allows for the examination of a number of consequences of globalization, not jut economic but social, cultural and political ones. While there are a few different conceptualizations of globalization, researchers seem to be in agreement that there are at least three dimensions of globalization: economic, political and cultural. The economic aspects of globalization stem from the spread of the capitalist world economy and the resulting expansion of goods and services. The need for cheap raw materials, cheap labor and new markets saw the expansion of the capitalist world economy from one that was primarily Eurocentric to one that encompassed the entire world. This process was achieved by various means and often involved overcoming political resistances in the new markets. The political aspects of globalization involved establishing control over markets and raw materials through either the use of direct military power or the establishment of international institutions that control such markets. The rise of the nation-state is an example of the political aspect of globalization, although it is argued that advances in telecommunications and information systems and the resulting constructions of institutions that transience territorial boundaries are making the nation-state obsolete. If the economic and political aspects of globalization involve material and power exchanges, the cultural of globalization involves the expression of symbols that represents facts, meanings, beliefs, preferences, tastes and values. In fact, these symbolic exchanges are increasingly displacing economic and political exchanges in the spread of global mass culture. Traditional barriers of language pose no problems to modem means of cultural production such as satellite television and film. However, the new “global culture”, despite its manifestations through consumption of global products and symbols in different part of the globe, is essentially the culture of dominant groups centered in the West.正确答案： 【参考译文】
全球化 全球化到底意味着什么?与全球化有关的概念包括“国际化”、“国内多国市场”以及“多国或跨国市场”,意味着全球化的基本标准是跨国际的交易。在市场和策略管理文化中,全球化被定义为根据某个特定地区的具有竞争力的优势,确定不同地区的不同的生产阶段,从而获得竞争优势的一种手段。这一定义只是强调了全球化的经济性的一面;社会、文化以及政治因素只在获得经济优势的背景下才加与考虑。因此,在全球化经济中的“文化敏感”就是能够把该国的产品以一种独具匠心的方式销售出去,同时避免因不了解当地的风俗习惯而可能遭遇的风险。有关国际市场的教科书对这类文化风险进行了详细的阐述,但是全球化的文化竞争总是受到经济的限制。
全球化的更广泛的定义可以在社会学以及人类学等其他学科中找到。沃特斯把全球化定义为“一种社会的进程,在此期间,社会和文化在地域方面的限制减少了,同时人们也越来越意识到这种限制的减少。”这种更为广泛的定义可以使我们考察全球化的若干后果,不仅仅是经济方面的,也包括社会、文化和政治方面。
尽管还有一些不同的全球化的观念,研究者似乎一致认为全球化至少有三个层面:经济的、政治的和文化的。全球化的经济层面源自资本主义世界经济的扩张以及产品和服务的扩展。对廉价原材料、劳动力和新市场的需求,使得资本主义世界从最初以欧洲为中心而扩展到了全世界。这一进程是通过多种方式完成的,并经常牵涉到克服新市场的政治障碍。全球化的政治方面主要是通过直接动用军事力量或者建立能控制新市场的国际机构,从而达到对新市场和原材料的控制。民族国家的兴起便是全球化政治层面的一个例证,尽管有人认为电信、信息系统的发展和跨越领土边界的机构的建立正在使民族国家过时。
如果全球化的经济和政治层面涉及物质和权力的交换,那么全球化的文化层面则是对那些代表着事实、意义、信仰、喜好、趣味和价值的象征性的表达。事实上,在全球大众文化的传播中,这些象征性意义的交换正日益取代着经济和政治层面的交换。传统的语言的障碍对诸如卫星电视、电影等现代手段的文化产品并没有制造任何麻烦。然而,新的“全球文化”,尽管标榜的是消费全球的产品以及代表不同地区的象征意义,其本质却是以西方为中心的大国文化。解析： 暂无解析 -
第22题：
单选题Which of the following is NOT the reason for working women to rent dresses?AThey like what is provided by the rental companies.
BThey need to change dress for every different occasion.
CThey cannot afford buying many new dresses.
DThey have no time for shopping in the department stores.
正确答案： D解析：
第四段最后一句说现在的白领女士品味高且多变，买一件晚礼服对她们来说是个“很贵的主意”，而多数人又不愿意两次宴会穿同一件衣服。并没提到有没有时间购物。 -
第23题：
单选题According to SustainAbility, what is the reason for the appearance of so many different definitions for globalization?AThere’s no authoritative definition for globalization.
BOthers’ definitions are more convincing than professor Levitt’s.
CDifferent people have different ideas on globalization.
DThings are different after two decades’ time.
正确答案： D解析：
细节题。由题干关键词SustainAbility可定位到文章第三段。本段中冒号后的内容意为：正是由于Levitt没能在其文章中对全球化给出令人信服的定义，因而造成了后来大量定义的出现，即选项A所表述的内容，而不是选项B（别人的定义更令人信服），或是选项C（不同的人对此持有的看法也不同）。从1983年Levitt发表文章预测到这一现象到2007年SustainAbility提到对市场全球化缺乏统一的定义，其间虽然经历了二十年之久，但这并不是出现大量不同定义的原因，故排除[D]。综上所述，本题答案为A项。