问答题Some people believe that a college or university education should be available to all students. Others believe that higher education should be available only to good students. Which view do you agree with and why?
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问答题
Some people believe that a college or university education should be available to all students. Others believe that higher education should be available only to good students. Which view do you agree with and why?
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第1题：
Questions 61-65 are based on Passage Two:
Passage Two
New rules and behavior. standards(行为规范) for middle school students came out inMarch． The Middle School is going to use a new way to decide who the top students are． The best students won't only have high marks． They should not dye（染） their hair,smoke ordrink because they are students． The following are some of the new rules．
Have you ever copied someone else's work in an exam? Don't do that again! That's not something an honest student should do．
Do more at school． Good students love animals and care for other people． April is Birdloving Month in China． Is your school cloing anything to celebrate it? You should join!And you can learn more about animals and how to protect them． Be friendly to the people around you． Try to think of others,not only yourself．
Be open to new ideas． Do you think people can live on the moon? Maybe you'll find another earth someday． Don't look down on new ideas． Everyone's ideas are important． You should welcome them,because new ideas make life better for everyone．
Protect yourself． Has someone ever taken money from one of your classmates? Don't let it happen to you．lf you have to go home late,you should let your parents know．
Use the Internet carefully． The Internet can be very useful for students． But some things on the Internet aren't good for children,so try to look at web pages (网页) that are good foryou．
What's the meaning of "look down on" in the passage? ( )
A． 向下看
B．轻视
C．在……上面看
D．上下打量
正确答案：B
B[解析]ACD项和new ideas搭配意思都不合适，只有“轻视”符合逻辑。所以答 案选B。 -
第2题：
Directions: Some people think that alluniversity students should study whatever they like. Others believe that theyshould only be allowed to study subjects that will be useful in the future, suchas those related to science and technology. What′s your view about what subjectuniversity students should study? You are required to write a compositionwithin 180 words, but no less than 150 words.答案：解析：People have different views about what subject university students should study, whether the one they like or only the one that will be useful in the future. People who believe students should only study subjects that will be useful in the future list several reasons. First, university courses like medicine, engineering and information technology can provide more job opportunities, career progression, better salaries, and therefore an improved quality of life for students who take them. Second, those subjects play the major role in new inventions, economic growth, and the society' s greater future prosperity. As far as I am concerned, university students should be free to choose their preferred subjects. In my opinion, students can study well if the learning content caters to their interest. Besides, the creative thinking patterns behind some theoretical subjects have potential value. In this sense, more students of art, history and philosophy are needed. In conclusion, although it might seem sensible for students to focus only on the most useful subjects, I personally assert that they have the right to study whatever they like. -
第3题：
问答题Read the passage carefully and answer Questions 1 to 5. Answer each question in a maximum of 10 words. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet. In the United States today, many people want a college education. However, almost half of the people who go to college now do not attend a four-year college. Instead, they go to a community college. The community college offers a two-year course of study in a wide range of subjects. It prepares some young people to go on to a four-year college. It trains others for jobs in business, government, or industry. Some people choose a community college because of cost. The tuition for a semester at a community college can be less than half the cost of a semester at a four-year college. Also, since these colleges are located in large communities, their students can save money by living at home. Community colleges are also useful for people who have jobs and who do not have time for a traditional four-year college. Some of these people take night courses at community colleges. Others complete long-distance courses, in which they stay at home and use video-tapes, audiotapes, and the Internet. Community colleges also serve high school graduates who only achieved low grades. Many of these students would not be admitted to a four-year college. If they do well, they may go on to a four-year college. Today, the country’s 1,500 community colleges have more than 10 million students. These colleges are making it possible for more and more people to continue their education. Questions: 1．What is the passage mainly about? 2．What does theyin paragraph 1 refer to? 3．In which fields does a community college provide job training? 4．Why do people often prefer to go to a community college? 5．What does the word tuitionin paragraph 3 mean?正确答案：
1.(the advantages of)community college 本文主要介绍了与普通高校相比,社区学院的各项优点,如:开设课程广泛、学费低以及适合各类学生进修等。
2.half of the people who go to college now ”instead”表意思转折,前后共享一个主语。
3.business, government, or industry 第二段最后一句提到社区学院在商务,政府和工业领域为学生提供职能培训。
4.low cost 第三段提到许多人出于费用考虑选择社区学院,因为它的学费低于四年制高校的一半,并且因为离家近很多学生可以直接住在家里从而节省住宿费。这是community college区别于其他院校最大的地方。
5.cost 本段提到许多人出于cost考虑选择社区学院,并且由第二句话可推断tuition与cost是近义词。tuition学费。解析： 暂无解析 -
第4题：
问答题◆Topic 9: Primary Functions of University Education Questions for Reference: 1. Most people think that teachers should teach students how to judge right and wrong and how to behave well. Please discuss this view. 2. Why do you think lots of teachers pay much more attention to teaching students academic subjects than other aspects? 3. What’s your opinion of the primary functions of university education? Why do you think so?正确答案： 【参考答案】
There is no doubt that helping students find a job is one of the primary functions of university education, but universities do exist for other purposes such as improving students’ analytical skills and raising students’ moral standards.
A university education can be seen as a process of improving students’ analytical thinking. The variety of courses offered at university inspires students in various ways, therefore improving their analytical ability. For example, science courses such as math and biology help students develop a rational way of thinking whereas arts courses such as literature let students ponder over issues from a logical, multi-dimensional perspective; and courses in social sciences force students to recognize the ideas that have been traditionally assumed to be acceptable and unproblematic. With the development of these types of analytical thinking, graduates can face future challenges with more confidence and enthusiasm.
Also, university education is expected to improve students’ moral standards. This is rooted in universities? Belief that students’ awareness of responsibility towards their community and their country is of high importance. In this ever-degrading society and civilization, students are encouraged actively participate in improving the local community. A university that provides care and facilities for physically disadvantaged students may inspire the graduates to better handle situations in the future where they may have to interact with the disabled community. A successful university education is supposed to produce morally sound graduates, therefore increasing their employability.
In conclusion, university education not only helps students locate a decent job but will also develop other qualities such as enhancing their analytical skills and cultivating their hunger and spirit for life.解析： 暂无解析 -
第5题：
问答题Practice 6 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Some people believe that these environmental problems are too big for individuals to deal with, while others think that individuals should take some action. Discuss both views and give your opinion. You should write at least 250 words.正确答案： 【参考范文】
Nowadays, environmental protection has become an urgent task, and who should take the responsibility or more responsibility? Some experts believe that as long as all the citizens take actions on to protect the environment, could the pollution problem be solved. On the contrary, others think that some problems are too big for citizens and the government should take the duty. Personally, the two sides can not be separated.
There are at least three things which are within individual’s reach: Firstly, developing green habits is contributing to the environment. It is a good one to conserve nonrenewable resources in daily routines. Not only should people make full use of the nonrenewable resources but also try to use some alternative ones. Secondly, it is fashionable for young people to follow the new trend called the low-carbon lifestyle. The idea of “low carbon” is to complete daily routines without discharging much waste. Lastly, people can also enhance the green awareness day by day as the society makes progress. If people have environmental-friendly values, they will protect the local surroundings without deliberate reminders.
Individuals, however, can not do everything as their capabilities are limited. Firstly, as for some huge constructions like dams or power stations, it is impossible for individuals to build or even think about them out of the restriction of funds and labors. Furthermore, individuals do not have force to stop illegal damages to the environment. Only if the legislative authorities draw up and put into practice relevant laws can citizens have rules to obey and can the destroyers be punished based on legal grounds. Lastly, citizens can only realize the importance on their own, but there is little chance to popularize these ideas to the public, so the media should make more effort by designing a theme TV program about eco-protection for the general public to have a full awareness of eco-protection.
As is mentioned above, protecting the local environment is the obligation for both individuals and the government. The government should make more efforts and build a platform on which citizens can have the chance to make some contributions.解析： 暂无解析 -
第6题：
问答题◆Topic 8: Is education Losing its Value? Questions for reference: 1. Some people think that this increased access to education is devaluing degrees. What’s your point of view? 2. What can the degrees bring to people? 3. Do you think it’s necessary to have increased emphasis on degrees in our society? Why?正确答案： 【参考答案】
People have several arguments against the need for degrees. They say that having so many graduates devalues a degree. People lose respect for the degree holder. It is also claimed that education has become a rat race. Graduates have to compete for jobs even after years of studying.
Another point is that studying for such a long time leads to. learners becoming inflexible. They know a lot about one narrow subject, but are unable to apply their skills. Employers prefer more flexible and adaptable workers.
However, I feel strongly that this move to having more qualifications is a positive development.
In the past education was only for the rich and powerful. Now it is available to everyone, and this will have many advantages for the country and the individual. First of all, it is impossible to be overeducated. The more people are educated, the better the world will be, because people will be able to discuss and exchange ideas. A further point is that people with degrees have many more opportunities. They can take a wider variety of jobs and do what they enjoy doing, instead of being forced to take a job they dislike. Finally, a highly educated workforce is good for the economy of the country. It attracts foreign investment.
In conclusion, although there are undoubtedly some problems with increased levels of education, I feel strongly that the country can only progress if all its people are educated to the maximum of their ability.解析： 暂无解析 -
第7题：
单选题It can be concluded that_____.Aevery young man and woman Should go to college if possible
Bcollege education has become increasingly worse in recent years
Cpeople with a college education should get a higher salary
Dfewer students should go to college but more be trained for skilled workers
正确答案： A解析：
文章第一段谈到大学毕业生因供大于求而找不到工作，第二段谈到市场上紧缺技术工人，第三、四段谈到很多人因为迷信大学文凭去上大学却完不成学业。由此可以看出，文章暗示更多的人应该接受职业技术教育而不是大学教育，因此选D。 -
第8题：
单选题It can be concluded that _____.Aevery young man and woman should go to college if possible
Bcollege education has become increasingly worse in recent years
Cpeople with a college education should get a higher salary
Dfewer students should go to college but more be trained for skilled workers
正确答案： C解析：
文章第一段谈到大学毕业生因供大于求而找不到工作，第二段谈到市场上紧缺技术工人，第三、四段谈到很多人因为迷信大学文凭去上大学却完不成学业。由此可知，文章暗示更多的人应该接受职业技术教育而不是大学教育，因此选D。 -
第9题：
问答题Practice 4 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Money for postgraduate research is limited. Therefore some people think that financial support from governments should only be provided for scientific research rather than research for less useful subjects. Do you agree or disagree? You should write at least 250 words.正确答案： 【参考范文】
It is known to all that postgraduate research plays a vital role in advance of various subjects. However, the investment is so limited that many people maintain that the government should only support the scientific ones which are useful so that greater profits can be generated. Personally, I can not agree with this view.
No one can question the importance of scientific research as it is closely related with our living standard and earns great advantage for a nation. However, if only science was emphasized, the society would lose balance. More essentially, it is hard to distinguish “useful” from “useless.”
In order to solve this problem, the government can take action from at least three aspects: First, the government should collect more funds via legislative rules or it can employ some companies to do so. Taxation and investment can be strong supports to school research. Second, the research laboratories should and have to use fund distributed efficiently and effectively. Although the government has the obligation to support their researches, they can never waste the money on private expenditures. Last but not the least, the government as the macro leader, it should not judge the value of something in a short-sighted view. Subjects which are seemingly useless at the present stage probably have great potential in the future.
To sum up, it is an inevitable obligation to invest money in doing research for college students and staff. And the government should treat all subjects equally without narrow minds.解析： 暂无解析 -
第10题：
填空题30 percent of the students who (interview) ____ yesterday believe they should continue with their education until they have a university degree.正确答案： were interviewed解析：
本题考查一般过去时及被动语态。句意：昨天受访的学生中，有百分之三十认为他们应该继续接受教育，直到取得大学学位。空格应构成定语从句的谓语部分，根据句意可知，先行词students与interview之间是被动关系，这里使用interview的被动式interviewed，因有时间状语yesterday，故用are的过去式were。 -
第11题：
问答题Practice 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: In countries where there is a high rate of unemployment, most pupils should be offered only primary education. However, others believe that higher education helps people find jobs. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion. You should write at least 250 words.正确答案： 【参考范文】
Being faced with a high rate of unemployment, many people begin to doubt the role or the purpose of receiving education, as high degree is not a stepping-stone to a successful career. Some people believe that a basic education can be enough to meet demands of job market and fulfill the requirements of a person's lifetime. However, others hold an opposite perspective on this issue. As far as I am concerned, unemployment has nothing to do with education itself, which is just not consistent with demands.
First of all, when it comes to basic education, it has at least obvious advantages: On the on hand, it is primary education that establishes the foundation of all subjects one should master, which can be frequently used in daily life. Moreover, only learning from the very basic level, one may have the chance to get to know something deeper in the future. On the other hand, and more importantly, through primary education, one can cultivate his desire and interest of learning. Without the interests in study, it is impossible for anyone to promote himself to higher levels. Like the foundation of a building, primary education is the foundation to build one's life education upon.
Furthermore, further education has its unique benefits: firstly, one can get the whole picture of a particular subject from higher education in college, which can benefit one's life constantly. Secondly, Uplifting one's life quality asks for two important elements: wealth and taste, which can be both gained from further education.. In other words, one can be a comprehensive person, not only learning his major, but also enjoying literature, art and music.
Lastly, it is a fantastic chance to meet and talk with people who share something in common in higher levels of education. Universities are like a stage or platform, on which people can consolidate the friendship they have for one another.解析： 暂无解析 -
第12题：
问答题Some people think that parents should plan their children's leisure time carefully. Others believe that children should decide for themselves how to spend their free time. Which opinion do you agree? Write a composition of about 400 words to state your view.正确答案：
Childhood is a decisive period in the process of one's growth. Therefore, many people think that parents should carefully plan not only their children's school education but also their spare time. Other people, however, argue that children should have the freedom to plan their own extracurricular life. On balance, I would side with those parents who respect children's freedom and independence.
If children have the freedom to make decisions on how to spend their spare time and develop their interests, they will gradually form a sense of responsibility and become more capable in the world. Take myself as a good example. My parents are like good teachers and helpful friends in my life. As I remember, they never excessively interfered with my life and always left enough freedom to me so that I could embark upon what I liked to do in my spare time. They quite understood that my weekdays were occupied with a heavy workload, and that only in my spare time I could have a change of pace. Meanwhile, although mutual understanding and tolerance were an important part of my childhood life, in no way does it mean that they spoiled me. They were austere teachers when I made mistakes, and helpful friends when I came across difficulties. Owing to their understanding, tolerance, guidance, and above all, love, I have grown up to be a person of self-confidence, optimism, and independence, ready to meet any challenges in my life. Without the free family environment that my parents carefully designed for me, I wouldn't have lived such a happy life.
On the contrary, some parents expect too much of their children, depriving them of all their independence and freedom. These parents would rather sacrifice their children's interests and happiness for nothing but good scores, thus resulting in serious misunderstanding between parents and children. Some parents even went so far as to plan their children's schedule, filling every minute with study task. In this ease, children are deprived of happiness because they are bound hand and foot by endless homework, numerous exams and boring evening or weekend classes. Furthermore, having no freedom to plan their own life, these children are more likely to become introvert, heavily dependent on their parents when they grow up. This will definitely affect their growth. For one thing, since they have no opportunity to develop their independent thinking and explore their potential, they will find it very difficult to adjust themselves to the competitive society. For another, confining them in an ivory tower will make it hard for them to communicate with others. This will affect their career development in the future because the communication between people plays a major role in the workplace, and is one of the most important elements in achieving career success. Obviously, parents' excessive interference with children's after-school life, if carried to the extreme, can cause serious damage to both their happy childhood and their career in the future.
To sum up, I believe that parents should leave enough freedom and privacy to their children with a view to cultivating their character. As long as parents allow their children the necessary freedom accompanied by careful guidance, their children will grow up to be independent, responsible and successful.解析：
题目要求对“家长是否应该决定孩子课余时间干什么”的问题发表看法。范文作者在引言段表明家长应该尊重孩子的自由。第二段作者以自己的经历为例说明孩子自己做决定的好处。第三段阐述家长做决定的坏处，其中使用On the contrary、Furthermore、For one thing…For another等表达使行文更加流畅。最后一段总结全文。 -
第13题：
Passage Four
Students all over the world have to work for their education. A college education in the United States is
expensive. The costs are so high that most families begin to save for their children's education when their children are babies. Even so, many young people cannot afford to pay the expenses of full-time college work. They do not have enough money to pay for school costs. Tuition for attending the university, books for classes, and living expenses are high. There are other expenses such as chemistry and biology lab fees and special student activity fees for such things as parking permits and football tic, kets. The cost of college education increases every year. However, classrooms are still crowded with students. Some American students have scholarships or other support, but many do not.
Students from other countries have money problems to overcome, too. Because students in most international programs need to have a sponsor, they work hard to earn scholarships or special loans. International students understand the value of going to school in another country. They also know that it is difficult. Yet just as Americans choose to attend American universities in spite of the difficulty, however, it is usually possible for students from abroad to work on university campuses to pay for some of the costs of their education. Some people believe that students value their education more if they work for it.
48. Tuition for attending the university in the United States is ______.
A. inexpensive
B. high
C. free from charge
D. costless
正确答案：B
本题属细节题。文章第五句已明确点明。 -
第14题：
Directions: Some people think that all university students should study whatever they like. Others believe that they should only be allowed to study subjects that will be useful in the future, such as those related to science and technology. What′s your view about what subject university students should study? You are required to write a composition within 180 words, but no less than 150 words.答案：解析：People have different views about what subject university students should study, whether the one they like or only the one that will be useful in the future. People who believe students should only study subjects that will be useful in the future list several reasons. First, university courses like medicine, engineering and information technology can provide more job opportunities, career progression, better salaries, and therefore an improved quality of life for students who take them. Second, those subjects play the major role in new inventions, economic growth, and the society' s greater future prosperity. As far as I am concerned, university students should be free to choose their preferred subjects. In my opinion, students can study well if the learning content caters to their interest. Besides, the creative thinking patterns behind some theoretical subjects have potential value. In this sense, more students of art, history and philosophy are needed. In conclusion, although it might seem sensible for students to focus only on the most useful subjects, I personally assert that they have the right to study whatever they like. -
第15题：
问答题Practice 8 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Some people think people have benefited from modern communications technology, but other people think some people have not benefited at all. To what extent do you agree or disagree? You should write at least 250 words.正确答案： 【参考范文】
Daily communication tools make the distance between people shrink. There are various ways such as mobile phones, Facebook, Twitter and E-mail which changes our life from daily life to work style. As for the dramatic and rapid changes, people in all walks of life hold different opinions. Personally, it is a must to be tolerant of the new technological innovations.
It is undeniable that all these high-tech tools can alienate the virtual interpersonal relationship that exists between people. If we want to tell somebody something, we do not have to really see him, and we can send a short message, a E-mail, or leave one on Facebook. Regardless of the convenience, face-to-face conversations are still one of the best ways to understand each other.
High technologies provide us with more choices which can yield higher efficiency, which can be illustrated from three perspectives. Firstly, it is a useful time-saver for people greatly enjoy social life. Social network enable them to spare the trouble of heavy traffic in rush hours when they need to have contact with friends. Secondly, it is also a money-saver. Compared with the high cost of an official visit to someone or some place, chatting on-site or through telephone is much cheaper. If each company has an E-conference system, information sharing should never be a daydream in the era of information. Lastly, and most importantly, with the great help of new inventions, people may communicate with others without being limited to geographical difference. Namely, no matter where one stays, he or she can get in touch with people on the Internet at any time.
In summary, modem technologies are excellent assistants of our life and work, so it is wise to accept them and make full use of them properly.解析： 暂无解析 -
第16题：
问答题Nowadays more young people can enjoy university education than in the past, but they are faced with another problem: job hunting. Most graduates find it hard to find a satisfactory job, and some have to stay jobless for several years. What do you think may have caused this problem? Write a composition of about 400 words to explain your point of view. The title has been provided for you.Problems in university students' job hunting In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a toss of marks.正确答案：
Problems in university students' job hunting Many years ago, most young people could not go to university because university only accepted a small amount of students. To their delight, young people now find it easier to go to university, but to their dismay, they also find it harder to find jobs. How come university students, who are intelligent, ambitious and knowledgeable, have difficulty in finding jobs? There are several reasons to account for this problem.
One important reason is that nowadays university students pursue too high a goal. Most of them dream to work in office buildings, and hold contempt for jobs in places where things are made or sold. Some care too much about some minor factors, such as salary, location or comfortableness of the working place. Because of these, students usually narrow down their selections, thus making it harder to find a proper job. For example, most students want to work in cities or in coastal areas, such as Shanghai, Beijing or Guangzhou. Although talents are badly needed in some western provinces, the graduates are unwilling to go there. This naturally makes it hard to find a job in some areas and hard to find a talent in some other areas.
Another reason is that the majors some students study in universities do not fit in with the demands of the vacant jobs. As the society is developing so quickly, university cannot catch up with it and offer courses to satisfy all requirements. Besides, there are some majors where not many graduates are needed but are admitting many students each year. When these students graduate, they may find that there are almost no vacancies that really need their knowledge. Majors like history or philosophy are examples of this type.
The last reason is that some employers raise too strict requirements on graduates. Because students stay on campus, most of them do not have time to work. But most companies just want to employ people with at least two-year working experience. This can keep many students from applying for the jobs. Some employers also just want boys, and then the girls will lose the chance of applying for the jobs.
From the above discussion, we can see that students, universities, and employers should all be responsible for the problems in the job market. To solve the problem, graduates should hold reasonable expectations, university should offer courses to meet the latest requirements of the society and flexibly adjust admission policy, and employers should raise sensible requirements on candidates. If all these three parties make joint efforts, university students will soon find that finding a job is not as hard as they expected.解析：
这道题要求谈论原因，即why it is hard for university students to find a job。作者从学生个人的期望值过高、学校课程陈旧和雇主要求太高三个方面进行了阐述，要点合理恰当。引言段采用对照法开头，用一个问题引出讨论主题，保证了文章中心思想的清晰明了。正文段中，作者按照个人、学校、社会三个方面的顺序安排要点，符合由小到大的顺序，保证了文章的通顺。论据方面，除了推理以外，我们还可以发现很多例子，这就增强了文章的说服力。 -
第17题：
问答题Practice 4Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark “Since we’re now living in a society where a good education is becoming less important for a high income, the government should not encourage people to go to college any more.” You can cite examples to illustrate your point. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.正确答案：
【范文】
The Importance of Higher Education The contemporary society has seen a trend of discordance in education. Many college students graduate only to find that they earn much less than their bosses who even have never entered colleges. However, higher education is still valuable for students.
Most importantly, higher education is the source of expertise. Every industry in the society is built on the professional knowledge. If all the staff is poor-educated, who can we depend on to make profits? Colleges can equip students with the most useful and systematical theories. Further, the academic environment in college will provide students with a better opportunity to develop healthy bodies and hearts. What they need to do is to read more and think more for their own pursuits. Thus, they can be stronger to confront the extreme thoughts that may destroy their righteous beliefs in the future. Lastly, good friends and teachers from colleges will help students form right outlook on life and values, which will also benefit their future career.
In summary, higher education will set students a higher start in the future career. If you can not see it now, wait and see that how the better are separated from the good.解析： 暂无解析 -
第18题：
问答题Globalization for Change in Higher Education What is globalization and how does it affect higher education policy and academic institutions? The answer is deceivingly simple and the implications are surprisingly complex. For higher education, globalization implies the social, economic, and technological forces that shape the realities of the 21st century. These elements include advanced information technology, new ways of thinking about financing higher education and a concomitant acceptance of market forces and commercialization, unprecedented mobility for students and professors, and other developments. Significantly, the idea of mass access to higher education has meant unprecedented expansion of higher education everywhere—there are about 134 million students in postsecondary education worldwide, and many countries have seen unprecedented and sustained expansion in the past several decades. These global trends are for the most part inevitable. Nations, and academic institutions, must constructively cope with the implications. MassificationMassification is without question the most ubiquitous global influence of the past half century or more. The United States had the first mass higher education system, beginning as early as the1920s. Europe followed in the 1960s, and parts of Asia a decade or so later. The developing countries were the last to expand. Most of the growth of the 21st century is taking place in developing and middle-income countries. North America, Europe, and a number of Pacific Rim nations now enroll 60 percent or more of the relevant age group6 in higher education. What has massification brought? Public good vs. private good.Stimulated in part by the financial pressures of massification and also by broader changes in economic thinking, including the neoliberal agenda, higher education is increasingly considered in economic terms a private good—a benefit accruing mainly to individuals who should pay for it rather than a public good that contributes benefits to society and thus should be financially supported by the state.Varied funding patterns.For most countries, the state has traditionally been the main funder of higher education. Massification has placed great strains on state funding, and in all cases governments no longer believe they can adequately fund mass higher education. Other sources of funding need to be found—including student tuition and fees (typically the largest source), a variety of government-sponsored and private loan programs, university income generating programs (such as industry collaboration or consulting), and philanthropic support.Decline in quality vs. conditions of study. On average in most countries, the quality of higher education has declined. In a mass system, top quality cannot be provided to all students. 11 It is not affordable, and the ability levels of both students and professors necessarily become more diverse. University study and teaching are no longer a preserve for the elite—both in terms of ability and wealth. While the top of a diversified academic system may maintain its quality12 (although in some countries the top sector has also suffered), the system as a whole declines. Globalization of the Academic MarketplaceMore than 2 million students are studying abroad, and it is estimated that this number will increase to 8 million in a few years. Many others are enrolled in branch campuses and twinning programs, There are many thousands of visiting scholars and postdocs studying internationally. Most significantly, there is a global circulation of academics. Ease of transportation, IT, the use of English, and the globalization of the curriculum have tremendously increased the international circulation of academic talent. Flows of students and scholars move largely from South to North—from the developing countries to North America and Europe. And while the “brain drain” of the past has become more of a “brain exchange”, with flows of both people and knowledge back and forth across borders and among societies, the great advantage still accrues to the traditional academic centers at the expense of the peripheries. Even China, and to some extent India, with both large and increasingly sophisticated academic systems, find themselves at a significant disadvantage in the global academic marketplace. For much of Africa, the traditional brain drain remains largely a reality.正确答案： 【参考译文】
改变高等教育的全球化 什么是全球化? 它又是如何影响高等教育政策和学术机构的?这个问题的答案看似简单,但实际上却极为复杂,超乎想象。对于高等教育而言,全球化意味着决定21世纪现状的社会力量、经济力量和科技力量,其中包括先进的信息技术、为高等教育筹措资金的新思路以及随之而来的对市场力量和商业化的接受、教师和学生史无前例的高流动性及其他发展和变化。特别值得关注的是,高等教育大众化的理念带来了高等教育史无前例的扩张——现今全世界大约有1.34亿学生在接受高等教育,而且在过去的几十年里,很多国家的高等教育都经历了前所未有的持续扩张。这些全球性的趋势多半是不可避免的,各国和教育机构都必须建设性地处理全球化所带来的各种新局势。
大众化
毫无疑问,在过去的半个多世纪,高等教育大众化是全世界最具影响力的事物,其影响力无所不在。美国早在20世纪20年代就首先实行了高等教育普及制度。之后是欧洲,始于20世纪60年代。亚洲部分国家和地区则在十年以后甚至更晚才开始普及高等教育。发展中国家在这方面则是最晚起步的。因此,21世纪高等教育的增长大多集中在发展中国家和中等收入国家。如今,在北美、欧洲和许多环太平洋国家,接受高等教育的适龄人群已达百分之六十以上。高等教育大众化究竟给我们带来了什么呢?
公共利益与个人利益。一方面,由于高等教育大众化所带来的金融压力,另一方面,由于经济思考,包括新自由主义的进程所带来的广泛变化,高等教育从经济学角度来说正越来越多的被视为应由个人来购买的私人利益,而不是由国家来提供经济支持的公共利益,因为它主要是为个体,而不是为社会带来好处。
多元的资金募集模式。对大多数国家而言,政府历来是高等教育的主要出资人。然而,高等教育的大众化给政府拨款这种方式带来了很大压力,政府认为他们实在无力为大众化的高等教育提供足够的资金。因此,必须找到其他资金来源——包括向学生收取的学费和其他费用(这通常是最大的经费来源),各类政府资助及个人贷款项目,高校创收项目(如产研合作或为企业提供咨询)以及慈善捐助。
教学质量的下降与教学环境的退化。大多数国家的高等教育普遍存在质量下降的情况。在大众化的体系下,并非所有学生都能接受到最高质量的教育。一方面,高质量的教育不是人人都能负担得起的;另一方面,学生和教师的能力水平也必然会变得更为参差不齐。从能力和财力上来说,大学的教与学已不再是社会精英们的专利。在多样化的高等教育体系下,尽管最高端的大学仍然可以维持很高的教学质量(尽管在一些国家,最高端的大学也有同样的困境),但其总体质量是在下降的。
学术市场的全球化
目前,有200多万名学生出国留学,而且这一数字几年后就将增至800万。另外,还有很多学生被外国大学设在本国的分校或是与外国大学联办的双联课程项目录取。成千上万名访问学者和博士后研究人员也在国外深造。而其中学术人才在全球范围内的流动影响更为深远。便捷的交通、信息技术的发展、英语的广泛使用以及课程的全球化使得学术人才在国际间的流动大大增多。学生和学者流动的方向大多为从南向北——即从发展中国家流向北美和欧洲等发达国家。尽管以往的“人才外流”越来越多地转变为“人才交流”,人才和知识在各国和社会之间游走,然而,传统的学术中心依然以损害周边地区的利益为代价获得了更多的好处。虽然中国,在一定程度上还有印度,拥有规模庞大、日益先进的高等教育体系,但在国际学术市场上明显处于弱势。而对于非洲大多数国家来说,传统意义上的人才外流依然是其主要现实。解析： 暂无解析 -
第19题：
问答题Practice 5 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: If a product is of good quality and meets people's needs, people will buy it, Therefore, advertising is unnecessary and is no more than a type of entertainment, To what extent do you agree or disagree? You should write at least 250 words.正确答案： 【参考范文】
With the popularization of media, many manufacturers take advantage of advertisement to publicize their products. Whether you like it or not, advertisements have become an indispensable part of modern entertainment. Therefore, some believe that they have more entertaining functions instead of genuine promoting objectives. As far as I am concerned, I cannot totally agree with this argument.
Admittedly, as more advertisements tend to invite celebrities like movie stars and pop singers to be their image spokespersons. But the questions are: who pays the bill in advertising areas and what is the intention?
The producers invest great sums of money in the advertisements with the only ultimate purpose of selling more products at a higher price. Although some advertisements have entertaining elements, the original intentions can never change. To begin with, by effective communicative means, the advertisements can attract more audience to enlarge the customer base. In other words, people get to know a product from advertisements on channels like TV or posters on buses. The second level is more important. Advertisement can leave audience with a deeper impression. With the great help of modem media, people can easily sink into a public effect. Consumers are apt to follow trends formed by ads. Last, there is possibility that some ads may contain some false information of the product in order to exaggerate the functions and cover some shortcomings. As a saying goes, “There is no reasonable consumer, but only crazy buyer tempted by advertising.” Ads easily lead to irrational shoppers.
In conclusion, advertisements are a vital element in the commerce for selling products or services. But the entertaining elements should be judged with sense and reason.解析： 暂无解析 -
第20题：
问答题Directions:Recently, the fact that more and more students have spent too much time playing computer games has aroused great concern. Though the computer and the Internet have brought us great convenience and pleasure in getting information, entertainment and contact with others, we should not ignore their negative impacts on people, especially young students. What bad influences do the computer games have on people and what should we do with them? Write a composition to give your views. You should write at least 160 words.正确答案：
Recently, the fact that more and more students have spent too much time playing computer games has aroused great concern. It's high time to prevent them from indulging in those games.
Though the computer and the Internet have brought us great convenience and pleasure in getting information, entertainment and contact with others, we should not ignore their negative impacts on people, especially young students. To begin with, to play computer games excessively can damage the players' physical health, especially their eyes. In addition, those students who are addicted to computer games tend to neglect their studies, idle away their time and even commit crimes.
From what has been discussed above, I think it is imperative that some effective measures be taken to solve the problem. To begin with, the computer access for students should be controlled and the time students spend on computer games should be limited. Then, the quality of computer software and games for young students should be examined in case they are adversely influenced by inappropriate programs that involve violence and sex content. Finally, the law and the regulation should be made to protect students from being corrupted and misled by computer games. Meanwhile, parents and teachers should take responsibility for educating the students to realize the harmful effects of computer games.解析： 暂无解析 -
第21题：
问答题Some believe that people should never be satisfied with what they have and should always strive for something new and different, but there are also people who believe that those who constantly feel satisfied tend to be happy. What is your opinion? Write a composition of about 400 words on the following topic:Does satisfaction bring happiness? In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.正确答案：
Does satisfaction bring happiness? Usually people are unhappy because they are not satisfied with what they have got. But do you think they will be happy if they are satisfied with what they have achieved? This seems a tricky question. Some believe that satisfaction brings happiness, but some believe that dissatisfaction can bring a happy life. If we mean by happiness is continuous improvement of human life, then it is dissatisfaction that brings happiness.
To begin with, dissatisfaction can motive personal development. As human society has been developing at an ever increasing speed since the industrial revolution, people find that there is more and more room to better their life. If they are unhappy with the education they have received, they will try to study on. If they are unhappy with their present jobs, they will try to find one that suits them better. And if they are unhappy with their relationship with others, they will try to improve it or find a better one. Therefore, dissatisfaction encourages people to seek life of a better quality rather than stay with the present one, and this process constitutes their development.
Besides helping individuals to develop, dissatisfaction can also promote the continuous development of the whole society. Common sense tells us that there cannot be a perfect society, therefore, if a society is satisfied with itself, it only means that it is willing to live with its problems. A society with dissatisfaction is in fact one that dislikes problems. It will find and solve the problems, and this will certainly help the society to keep moving forward. We can take China as an example. Chinese people used to believe that satisfaction brings happiness, but they had actually been living a very hard life before the 1980s. The reform and opening-up policy was adopted in the 1980s just because the Chinese were no longer satisfied with the society at that time. Facts show that the change of mentality has brought about thorough changes to the society.
Last but not least, dissatisfaction has also been a driving force of human civilization as a whole. It is reasonable to say that in the primitive society, science came into being because the ancestors were not satisfied with their understanding of the world, and technology came into being because they were not satisfied with working purely with their hands. The curiosity and desire has in fact led to the prosperity of science and technology in later times. Similarly, in the artistic world, new propositions and practices keep emerging because people are not pleased with the existing ways in expressing their feelings and emotions.
To sum up, dissatisfaction has played a vital role in the development of individuals, the whole society as well as human civilization. Although too much dissatisfaction may be harmful, a proper sense of dissatisfaction can be very beneficial. When everybody is pleased with what they have, the world will stop moving forward, which virtually means the end of humankind.解析：
题目中的happiness是一个很模糊的概念，每个人可能都有自己的理解。在引言段中，作者在通过问题引出话题后，先给出“幸福”的定义才明确自己的观点，这样全文的讨论就有了比较坚实的基础。引言段的问题提得自然到位，既抓住了读者的心理，又点出了文章的中心议题。文章的正文段从个人、社会、人类文明三个角度阐述了不满的重要性。这三个要点不仅范围从小到大展开，议题也是从具体到抽象逐步深入。从论据上看，除了逻辑推理外，作者还用了中国社会的发展作例子，具有较好的说服力。文章结论段简洁明了。作者用一个句子做总结，然后用本讨论话题的意义作最终评论。 -
第22题：
问答题Directions: In this part of the test, you will write an essay in response to a question that asks you to state, explain, and support your opinion on an issue. Typically, an effective essay will contain a minimum of 300 words. Your response will be scored on:·whether your opinion is supported with reasons and/or examples·grammar,·vocabulary, and·organization.Practice 1Directions: Read the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Some people believe that hard work is the only way to be successful. Other people believe that success comes from luck. Which do you agree with and why?正确答案： (1)
In my opinion, I believe hard work is the most important element to be successful. The meaning of success varies for different people. As for me, success is being financially well off and being emotionally happy as well. And hard work is the gateway to success.
The main reason why people are successful is to work hard. A hard worker is able to follow directions from superior, act in obedience to the orders given to him. And in most cases, works set goals for themselves. But the difference that sets hard workers apart from regular workers is hard workers make any effort to accomplish their objectives. Hard workers are well aware of their goal and do not stop until they achieve it. Consequently, success is due to those who truly work hard.
A good example of this is Tiger Woods. He is a person who has been extremely successful. Maybe he possesses some natural talent, but in fact, he spent a tot of time and efforts on practicing, and finally became an excellent golfer. He did not just rely on luck one day and win a championship in a tournament. It is the years of dedication and hard work he put into golf that leads to his success. Natural talent can only get you to the entrance of the field.
Hard work provides consistent or sustained power to become success too, because people do not necessarily depend on chance factors, such as luck. Hard work is something people work at doing. They are in the process of pursuing success instead of relying on luck to give them a break. If success is the goal for a hard worker then they will achieve it, and they will be sure to. Their hard work will lead them there.
(2)
At one time I regarded hard work as more important than luck, but now I think chance is of the great importance for success. Luck, or chance, comes about not by design but accidentally. It is the reason why many unqualified people are successful. This success, from the financial perspective, is a matter of chance.
In the movie industry, a lot of actors and models were discovered by chance or owing to some type of luck in many countries around the world. Some of the situations might be that they were sitting next to an agent or a director at lunch, or when they were walking down the street. Someone spotted them. Under Such circumstances, these people were picked out because they happened to be next to the one who could help promote them into a better career and situation. They may then have successful careers and make a lot of money just because of one chance lucky meeting. They were lucky indeed.
Assuming a real world situation. A man owns a restaurant, and he works hard every day to run his business, but the result turns to be that he does not make much money. One day, he gets a call for a special food delivery order. His employee delivers the food to the customer, who is the owner of another large restaurant chain. The franchise owner especially enjoys the food, hence he offers the man a deal that the man is invited to join in the restaurant chain. Then, the man, who was struggling, becomes successful. It was very lucky for the man that the chain restaurant owner tries the food; as a result, he gets the opportunity to achieve success. I believe a lot of people work hard, but do not benefit from luck. Though they do a great job at work and try their very best. If they do not happen to have a certain lucky situations, they may never be successful.解析： 暂无解析 -
第23题：
问答题Part of the reform in university education is collecting tuition from students. University education used to be almost free, but since a few years ago, many universities have required their students to pay for their education, and mostly at very high price. What do you think is the result of this? Write a composition of about 400 words to explain some of the important consequences. You may discuss both positive and negative ones. The title has been provided for you.Results of Collecting Tuition In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring, what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.正确答案：
Results of Collecting Tuition As a proverb goes, there is no free lunch in this world. But this did not apply to China's higher education in the past, as students virtually paid nothing for their study. With the economic booming and growing demand for talents, universities are required to admit more students, and are allowed to collect tuition from students as well. Viewing this policy more than a decade later, we may find that it has brought about quite mixed consequences.
The first obvious consequence is that schools can offer better teaching resources. In the past, universities got their money from the government, but it was usually not much. Now with the large amount of money from students, most universities are spending generously on teaching facilities such as teaching and dormitory buildings, multimedia equipment, and on acquisition of more books and internet access for students and teachers. These have greatly improved the hardware and software of university education, and both schools and students may profit from it.
Another important consequence is that students' motivation in study is enhanced. This may be unexpected, but easy to understand. When students enjoyed free education, they did not view it as a hard-earned opportunity, and many who disliked their majors simply idled away their stay on campus. But when students have to pay a lot for having their classes, they will liken idling as wasting their money, consequently most of them are studying hard. It is just like you won't throw away your dishes if you eat in a luxurious restaurant. A questionnaire given to juniors and seniors in 100 universities across the nation has also supported this explanation.
However, this policy has also placed a heavy financial burden on students' parents. The average tuition for university students now is about 5000 yuan every year, which means that parents have to prepare about 20,000 yuan to cover the education of one child. This is too heavy a load for parents in rural areas as well underdeveloped cities. There have been reports that some parents committed suicide because they felt ashamed for not being able to provide their children's tuition.
In general, collection tuition has brought about a quite complex picture. While helping schools improve their teaching resources and encouraging students to study harder, it also creates heavy financial burden for parents. Method must to be found to tap the advantages and resolve threats from the disadvantages. Only when both aspects are taken into consideration can the new policy bring real profit to university students and the whole society.解析：
本题的话题是高校收学费带来的影响。文章引言段的开头使用了“天下没有免费的午餐”的谚语，很容易吸引读者注意。作者使用了过去与现在的对比，自然引出了话题。中心思想句写得简洁而又准确。正文段的衔接非常流畅，尤其是在第二段和第三段的衔接很成功，把读者的注意力从优点顺利地转移到了缺点上。结论段用了两句作总结，这样会比较全面。由于文章是谈正反两方面的结果，所以作者选用简单的建议作最终评论，同样非常流畅。