问答题Directions:In this part, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary with the appropriate words from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.　　Questions 1-5 are based on the fol

Practice 3　 Listen to the following passage. Write in English a short summary of around l50-200 words of what you have heard. You will hear the passage only once and then you will have 25 minutes to finish your summary. This part of the test carries 20 points. You may need to scribble a few notes to write your summary. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Directions:In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of three words from the passage to fill in the spaces 76 - 80. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.　　Questions 1- 5 are based on the following passage.　　Lack of culture, or rather an excess of the wrong sort of culture, is often considered to be synonymous with disadvantage. Most commonly associated with low cultural standards are low levels of reading, and some thirteen per cent of all twenty-three-year-olds feel they have trouble with reading and writing. One way of compensating such disadvantaged young people is thought to be to provide them with the culture they lack: in particular, high quality reading material.　　Whereas forty to fifty per cent of young people aged sixteen to twenty rarely read a book, the majority appear to read comics. In 1991 sales of Viz, a UK comic exceeded one million copies per issue, making it the fourth best-selling periodical in Britain. The reading of comics, however, is not restricted to young people: by 1992 it was estimated that two out of three men aged eighteen to fifty-three read Viz. The number of imitators of this comic has spawned, including Zit, Gas, BrainDamageand Swiz,indicates the extent of the influence it wields.　　The reading of comics was traditionally regarded by the educational establishment with considerable suspicion. Whereas the received arts were always assumed to exert an improving or civilizing influence, comics were thought to “rot children’s brains”, to lower educational standards and to threaten morality. They were, and are, assumed to be an inferior cultural form; their readers assumed to come from the lower social classes, to be low educational attainers and to be easily led astray.　　Over the past decade, perceptions of comics have shifted. Since the 1970s, the comic format has been commonly used to represent the interests of various disenfranchises groups—community groups, the unemployed, welfare recipients of—who became more conscious of a climate conditioned by other contemporary movements such as civil rights, consumerism, self-help and de-institutionalization. As cultural signifiers, comics have become the subject matter of academic courses in cultural and media studies. Indeed, young people’s cultural activities, grounded in the commercial rather than the subsidized sector, are beginning to merit the attention of the arts establishment.　　Summary:　　Low cultural standards，such as 　1　of reading，a difficulty experienced by many young adults, are often associated with disadvantage. While around half of sixteen to twenty-year-olds rarely read books，most will read comics. Although many comics in Britain are 　2　and have lots of readers，the educational establishment sill considers them to be an 　3　appealing only to the lower levels of society. However, attitudes are beginning to change as the format has been adopted to 　4　of disenfranchised groups. Certain comics have been included in the courses of 　5　studies. Young people’s cultural activities are beginning to attract the attention of the arts establishment.

Directions: You should write a composition on the topic Positive and Negative Effects of Computer. You should write about 160 words. Now write the composition on the Answer Sheet.

Writing Task II  (20 points)　　Directions: Write a composition of no less than about 160 words, saying whether you agree or disagree with the following statement and giving examples: The biggest dangers to our health and environment come from cars. Remember to write your composition on the Answer Sheet.

Directions:You are required to write a Notice in about 100 words to inform the students and English teachers of a lecture on American Liberal Education by Prof. Gilbert in the English Department Hall. Please write it on the Answer Sheet.

Directions:In this section, there is one passage followed by 5 questions. Read the passage carefully, then answer the questions in a maximum of 10 words. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.　　Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage.　　Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?　　The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.　　Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.　　Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.　　One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.　　Questions:　　1．What is the main reason for the latest rise of oil price?　　2．What are the results of the 1970s’ oil shock?　　3．It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if ________.　　4．According to the passage, reduction in oil consumption is due to ________, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries.　　5．According to the passage, compared with those in the 1970s, oil-price shocks are ________ now.

You recently entered a competition for learners of English. You have just received this letter from the organizers of the competition, on which you have written some notes.　　Read the letter carefully. Then write a reply giving the information requested and also covering the notes you have written in the letter.　　Write a letter of no fewer than 80 words in an appropriate style on the answer sheet. Do not write any addresses.

In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing no more than four words from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.　　As a result of all these factors, when the recession eases and people find more confidence, there will be an explosion of employees seeking new opportunities to escape their current jobs. This will be led by younger, less-experienced employees and the hard - headed young graduates. ‘Headhunters’ confirm that older staff are still cautious, having seen so many good companies ‘go to the wall’, and are reluctant to jeopardize their redundancy entitlements. Past experience, however, suggests that, once triggered, the expansion in recruitment will be very rapid.　　The problem which faces many organizations is one of strategic planning; of not knowing who will leave and who will stay. Often it is the best personnel who move on whilst the worst cling to the little security they have. This is clearly a problem for companies, who need a stable core on which to build strategies for future growth.　　Whilst this expansion in the recruitment market is likely to happen soon in Britain, most employers are simply not prepared. With the loss of middle management, in a static marketplace, personnel management and recruitment are often conducted by junior personnel. They have only known recession and lack the experience to plan ahead and to implement strategies for growth. This is true of many other functions, leaving companies without the skills, ability or vision to structure themselves for long-term growth. Without this ability to recruit competitively for strategic planning, and given the speed at which these changes are likely to occur, a real crisis seems imminent.　　SUMMARY:　　Taking all of these various factors into consideration, when the economy picks up and people 　1　there will be a very rapid expansion in recruitment. Younger employees and graduates will lead the search for new jobs, older staff being more　2　Not knowing who will leave creates a problem for companies; they need a　3　of personnel to plan and build future strategies. This is a serious matter, as　4　are often conducted by inexperienced staff, owing to the loss of many middle management positions. This inability to recruit strategically will leave many companies without the skills and vision to plan ahead and　5　to achieve long-term growth.

In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of three words from the passage to fill in the spaces 76 - 80. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.　　Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage.　　The British political scene is dominated by two major parties that have quite different political agendas. However, the ideological distance between the Labour Party and the Conservative Party has become less marked, and their policies more difficult to tell apart in recent years. In fact, it would be true to say that both parties consist of conservative, moderate and radical elements, and therefore the general public is often perplexed about which party to vote for. Nonetheless, it is usual to find that a British voter will lean towards supporting one of these two parties and remain faithful to that party for life.　　The Labour Party’s manifest objective is to safeguard the interests of the common working man and woman, and, in effect, give them political representation in Parliament. The Party has always had strong connections with the trade unions, and, before coming to power, was passionately committed to the concept of a welfare society in which people who are less fortunate than others are politically and financially assisted in their quest for a more equitable slice of the economic pie. The main problem is that such socialist agendas are extremely expensive to implement and maintain, even in a comparatively wealthy country with a large working and, hence, taxpaying population base. Welfare societies tend towards bankruptcy unless government spending is kept in check. Fortunately, the present government recognizes this, and has resisted reckless spending.　　The Conservative Party, on the other hand, argues that the best way to ensure a fair division of wealth in the country is to allow more freedom to create it. This, in turn, means more job opportunities created, and therefore more wealth available to all. Just how the poor are to share in the distribution of this wealth (beyond being given, at least in theory, the opportunity to create it)is, however, less well understood. Practice, of course, may make nonsense of even the best theoretical intensions, and often the less practically powerful are badly catered for under governments implementing “free-for-all” policies.　　It is surprising, given the current homogeneity of the two major parties, that less attention than elsewhere in Europe is paid to the smaller political parties such as the Greens and the Liberal Democrats. This may be because British voters distrust parties with platforms based around one or two major current issues alone; the Green Party, for example, is almost solely concerned with the environment. Moreover, when it comes to casting a vote, history shows that the British public tends to resist change and, thus, the status quo is maintained.　　Summary:　　Two parties control the British political scene: the Labour Party and the Conservative Party. Although recently there are many similarities to be seen in their 　1　British voters tend to stay loyal for life to the party of their choice. The Labour Party, encouraged by the 　2　,supports a welfare-based society, whereas the Conservative Party believes that 　3　to pursue the creation of wealth ensures that all will eventually benefit from the 　4　created. Oddly, Britons do not follow Europeans by paying much attention to smaller political parties, perhaps because their policies are based on just a few 　5　political issues.

Directions: In this part of the test, you will write ONE sentence that is based on a picture. With each picture, you will be given TWO words or phrases that you must use in your sentence. You can change the forms of the words and you can use the words in any order. Your sentences will be scored on:•the appropriate use of grammar and•the relevance of the sentence to the pictureYou will have 8 minutes to complete this part of the test.Practice 1Directions: Write ONE sentence based on the picture, using the TWO words or phrases beneath it. You may change the forms of the words and you may use them, in any order.

Directions: You have read an ad on the board in which an American student is looking for a Chinese student as a language partner. Write an email to him to apply for the post. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Now write the letter on the Answer Sheet.

Directions:In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing no more than three words from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.　　Questions 1 - 5 are based on the following passage.The United Kingdom　　Britain (or Great Britain) is an island that lies off the north-west coast of Europe. The nearest country is France, which is 20 miles away and from which Britain is separated by the English Channel. The island is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the North Sea to the east. It comprises the mainlands of England, Wales and Scotland, that is, three countries. Scotland is in the north, while Wales is in the west. Ireland, which is also an island, lies off the west coast of Britain. It consists of Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic. Britain together with Northern Ireland constitute the United Kingdom (UK). Thus, the United Kingdom is composed of four countries, the largest of which is England. The capital city is London, which is situated in south-east England.　　The UK has a total area of about 244,100 square kilometres (94,248 square miles). About 70% of the land area is devoted to agriculture, about 7% is wasteland, moorland and mountains, about 13% is devoted to urban development, and 10% is forest and woodland. The northern and western regions of Britain, that is Scotland and Wales, are mainly mountainous and hilly. Parts of the north-west and centre of England also consist of mountains and hills.　　Britain has a generally mild and temperate climate. It is, however, subject to frequent changes. It has an average annual rainfall of about 120 centimetres (47 inches).　　In 1998 the population of the United Kingdom was nearly 59 million. The density of population was approximately 240 people per square kilometre. However, in England, where 83% of the population live, the density was much higher, about 363 per square kilometre.　　In the UK, English is the first language of the vast majority of people. However, in western Wales, Welsh is the first language for many of the people. In Scotland only a small number of people speak Gaelic.　　In Britain about 66% of the population say that they are Christian, while fewer than 5% say that they belong to other religions.　　Summary:　　Britain is an island that 　1　the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. It comprises the mainlands of England, Wales and Scotland. Ireland 　2　the west coast of Britain. I 　3　Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic. The United Kingdom consists of Britain together with Northern Ireland. The capital city is London which 　4　outh-east England.In 1998 the population of the UK was nearly 59 million. The density of population was 240 people per square kilometre. In the UK English is the first language of most people. In western Wales, Welsh 　5　many of the people, but few people in Scotland speak Gaelic.

Task II(20 marks)　　Directions:For this part, you are required to write a composition on The Anti-Addiction System. You should write at least 160 words and please write it on the Answer Sheet.　　Now in China the anti-addiction system and a “real name checking” system have been adopted in Cyber cafes to prevent players under 18 from becoming addicted to online games. What do students think about this system? What is your opinion about this?

Directions:In this part, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary with the appropriate words from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.　　Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage.　　Cosmetics have been used throughout history. The ancient Greeks, the Egyptians, and the Romans all used various kinds of makeup. Some of these cosmetics were used to improve their appearance. Others were used to protect their skin. But in some cases, things used for makeup were dangerous, or even deadly!　　Some of the first skin care treatments started in Egypt. In fact, Cleopatra was known to use them. She thought a bath in milk and honey left her skin silky smooth. Egyptians also developed some of the earliest sunscreens. They used oils and creams for protection against the sun and dry winds. Egyptian and other ancient cultures also used various powders on their skin for beauty. Egyptians used black kohl around their eyes. Romans put white chalk on their faces. And Indians painted red henna on their bodies.　　Most of the ancient cosmetic powders, oils, and creams were harmless. But in the name of beauty, some people applied dangerous chemicals and poisons to their skin. During the Italian Renaissance, women wore white powder made of lead on their faces. Of course, doctors now know lead is like a poison for our bodies.　　Also around the time of the Renaissance, women in Italy put drops of belladonna in their eyes. Belladonna is a very poisonous plant. The poison in the plant affects the nerves in the body. By putting belladonna drops in her eyes, a woman’s pupils would become very large. People thought this made her more beautiful. Actually, this is why the plant is called belladonna. In Italian, belladonna means “beautiful woman.”　　When Elizabeth I was queen of England in the late 1500s, some rather dangerous cosmetics were also used by women there. Women were using rouge made with mercury. They were also using special hair dye made with lead and sulphur. The dye was designed to give people red hair, the same color as the queen’s hair. Over time, the dye made people’s hair fall out. Finally, women using this dye ended up bald, like the queen, and had to wear wigs.　　Summary:　　Although people have used cosmetics throughout history, not all of them have been safe. In fact, some of them have been quite 　1　to people. For example, long ago in Italian 　2　, people thought women with big pupils were beautiful. Therefore, in the 　3　of beauty, women began to put 　4　of belladonna in their eyes to make their pupils larger. Today we know belladonna is poisonous, and it can affect the 　5　in the body.

Read the passage carefully to find the answers for Questions 1 to 5. Answer each question in a maximum of 10 words. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.　　Questions 1to 5are based on the following passage.　　In many businesses, computers have largely replaced paperwork, because they are fast, flexible, and do not make mistakes. As one banker said, “Unlike humans, computers never have a bad day.” And they are honest. Many banks advertise that their transactions are “untouched by human hands” and therefore safe from human temptation (诱惑). Obviously, computers have no reason to steal money. But they also have no conscience (良知), and the growing number of computer crimes shows they can be used to steal.　　Computer criminals don’t use guns. And even if they are caught, it is hard to punish them because there are no witness and often no evidence. A computer cannot remember who used it: it simply does what it is told. The head teller at a New York bank used a computer to steal more than one and a half billion dollars in just four years. No one noticed this theft because he moved the money from one account to another. Each time a customer he had robbed questioned the balance in his account, the teller claimed a computer error, then replaced the missing money from someone else’s account. This man was caught only because he was a gambler. When the police broke up an illegal gambling operation, his name was in the records.　　Some employees use the computer’s power to get revenge (报复) on their employers they consider unfair. Recently, a large insurance company fired its computer-tape librarian for reasons that involved her personal rather than her professional life. She was given thirty days notice. In those thirty days, she erased all the firm’s computerized records.　　Most computer criminals have been minor employees. Now police wonder if this is “the tip of the iceberg”. As one official says, “I have the feeling that there is more crime out there than we are catching. What we are seeing now is all so poorly done. I wonder what the real experts are doing—the ones who know how a computer works.”　　Questions:1．What is the passage mainly about?　　2．Why did many banks claim the transactions to be safe?　　3．How did the bank teller cover up his crime?　　4．What must the librarian do thirty days after she received the notice?　　5．What is the difference between computer criminals and ordinary criminals?

Cars have become household in China. It brings convenience and pollution at the same time. Write a composition of no fewer than 120 words entitled “Cars—a Must in China?”based on the previous opinions and your own one. Now write the composition on the Answer Sheet.

Directions:In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing no more than three words from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.　　Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage.The City of the Future　　What will city life be like in the future? Some people think that life in the cities is going to be horrible. They predict that cities will become more and more crowded. As the number of people increases, there will be less space for each person. This overcrowding will cause other problems—more crime, dirtier streets, and worse problems with traffic than we have now. How will people find enough drinking water, energy (such as gas and electricity), and housing? Because life will be hard, people who live in cities will worry more, and they may become sick. For these reasons, some say that nobody will want to live in urban areas.　　How can we solve such problems as overcrowding, crime, and traffic? In some cities, thousands of people are already sleeping in the streets because there is so little suitable housing—and because rents are so high. The crime rate isn’t going down. Instead, it is increasing so fast that many people are afraid to go out at night. Traffic is also getting worse. More and more often, traffic jams are so bad that cars don’t move at all for several blocks. These urban problems have been getting worse, not better, so many people see no hope for the future of the city.　　Los Angeles, California, for instance, has no subway system and the buses are slow. Instead, most commuters drive many miles from their homes to work. Many of these drivers spend several hours each day on busy freeways. New York, by contrast, has a mass transit system—buses, commuter trains, and subways. Because the public transportation is crowded and dirty, however, many people drive private cars, and the traffic jams are worse than in Los Angeles.　　On the other hand, some cities have clean, fast, and pleasant public transportation systems. In Paris, France, and Toronto, Canada, for example, anyone can use mass transit to move quickly from one part of the city to another.　　The disadvantages of any modern city are not unique to that city—that is, cities all over the world have to solve the problems of traffic jams, crime, housing, energy, drinking water, and overcrowding. Yet many cities have found answers to one or more of these difficulties. Some European cities, such as Stockholm, Sweden, or London, England, have planned communities that provide people with apartments, jobs, shopping centers, green space, entertainment, and transportation. Many U.S. cities are rebuilding their downtown areas. Urban planners can learn from one another. They can try solutions that have been successful in other parts of the world.　　Summary:　　Some people think that life in the cities is going to be horrible. They say that cities will become more and more crowded and many other problems will be caused by this 　1　Due to the hard life, people do not want to live in 　2　These urban problems such as overcrowding, crime and traffic have been getting worse, so many people 　3　for the future of the city. However, these disadvantages of any modern city are not unique to that city. All the cities all over the world must solve the problems and fortunately, many of them have found answers to one or more of these difficulties. For example, 　4　or London has planned communities providing people with apartments, jobs and so on. Besides, many U. S. cities 　5　In a word, solutions that have been successful in a place should be adopted and tried in another place.

Directions: In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary with the appropriate words from the passage. Remember to write your answers on the Answer Sheet.　　Questions 1—5 are based on the following passage.　　The most crucial way, however, of improving the labour cost structure at SAH (Sydney Airport Hotel) was to find better, more productive ways of providing customer service. SAH management concluded this would first require a process of “benchmarking”. The prime objective of the benchmarking process was to compare a range of service delivery processes across a range of criteria using teams made up of employees from different departments within the hotel which interacted with each other. This process resulted in performance measures that greatly enhanced SAH’s ability to improve productivity and quality.　　The front office team discovered through this project that a high proportion of AHI (Australian Hotels Inc) Club member reservations were incomplete. As a result, the service provided to these guests was below the standard promised to them as part of their membership agreement. Reducing the number of incomplete reservations greatly improved guest perceptions of service.　　In addition, a program modelled on an earlier project called “Take Charge” was implemented. Essentially, Take Charge provides an effective feedback loop from both customers and employees. Customer comments, both positive and negative, are recorded by staff. These are collated regularly to identify opportunities for improvement. Just as importantly, employees are requested to note down their own suggestions for improvement. (AHI has set an expectation that employees will submit at least three suggestions for every one they receive from a customer.) Employee feedback is reviewed daily and suggestions are implemented within 48 hours, if possible, or a valid reason is given for non-implementation. If suggestions require analysis or data collection, the Take Charge team has 30 days in which to address the issue and come up with recommendations.　　Although quantitative evidence of AHI’s initiatives at SAH are limited at present, anecdotal evidence clearly suggests that these practices are working. Indeed AHI is progressively rolling out these initiatives in other hotels in Australia, whilst numerous overseas visitors have come to see how the program works.　　Summary:What They Did at SAH　　Teams of employees were selected from different hotel departments to participate in a benchmarking exercise. The information collected was used to compare a range of 　1　which, in turn, led to the development of 　2　that would be used to increase the hotel’s capacity to improve  　3　as well as quality. Also, an older program known as  　4　was introduced at SAH. In this program, feedback is sought from customers and staff. If possible, their suggestions are implemented within 48 hours. Some of these suggestions may be investigated for their feasibility for a period of up to 　5　.

In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. For Answers 1 to 5, please read the passage carefully and complete each space in the summary, using a maximum of three words from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.　　Answers 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.　　Around the world, music therapy is being used to treat different medical conditions and illnesses. Some of the ways people use music therapy are to reduce pain, such as childbirth or during cancer treatments, or to stimulate brain activity after an injury or memory loss. Music therapy has also been successful in aiding children to overcome disabilities.　　Classical music is most typically used for therapies due to its complex sounds and patterns. Although rap or pop might be fun to listen to, it’s unlikely that such styles of music would produce the same kind of therapeutic effect. Playing a musical instrument rather than simply listening to music can also be therapeutic for some people, helping relieve stress and anxiety.　　Have scientists been able to prove that music can heal diseases? Music has been shown to reduce pain in cancer patients by increasing the release of endorphins. Endor-plains are the body’s natural painkillers, and when we listen to music, our brains respond by releasing these natural painkillers. It has also been known to contribute to the brain development of new born babies and even babies still in the mother’s womb. Currently, music therapy is used in a variety of settings such as hospitals, rehabilitation centers, nursing homes, day care centers, and schools.Summary:　　There appears to be some evidence that music is helpful 　1　some medical conditions. Therefore, doctors and patients are turning to music to treat various 　2　and disabilities. Doctors believe that music with 　3　and patterns is more effective. This kind of music seems to 　4　more activity in the brain. Although it may be fun to listen to rap or pop or dance music, doctors prefer to use 　5　to treat patients.

Directions:In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary by choosing no more than three words from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.　　Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage.Developing Environmental Management Strategies　　Strong and sustainable economic activity depends on healthy environmental management. It is being increasingly recognized by the public, government and industry that there is no need to shift smoothly from a “react and cure” approach to an “anticipate and prevent” approach. The mechanism governing this change started to appear three to four years ago and the momentum for change has been gathering steadily ever since.　　Whilst the need to embrace these changes is almost universally accepted, the mechanisms for change and the priorities for action have been far from clear. The public and the media point to anecdotal evidence of lack of progress, or setbacks, over a bewildering range of topics. These incidents are catalogued by local and national pressure groups to enhance their own campaigns for change. The Government, under pressure from the European Community, has introduced legislation which, although progressive, often appears to industry to be fragmented and difficult to digest.　　There is, therefore, a clear and often expressed need on the part of British and European management for techniques to identify and prioritize the key environmental issues for allocation of resources and action. The technique emerging as the most effective is a strategy which involves the formulation of a policy statement setting out the organization’s philosophy on the environment and the aims to be achieved. A detailed assessment of the environmental status and performance of the operation is then undertaken, key issues identified and targets set. The performance of the operation or unit is regularly audited to measure progress towards the targets set. This environmental strategy is often called an Environmental Management System or simply referred to as an Environmental Audit.　　Summary:　　There has been a steady movement towards more efficient, proactive environmental management. Whilst the 　1　s generally accepted, the means have yet to be agreed upon. Attempts at introducing 　2　have, so far, been unsatisfactory. Techniques are currently being defined for allocating 　3　or action on key environmental issues. The most useful approach is to draw up a 　4　which clarifies the environmental attitudes and aims of the organization. Performance and progress towards these targets can then be measured. A detailed evaluation or 　5　s regularly carried out.

In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. For Questions 1 to 5, please read the passage carefully and complete each space in the summary using a maximum of three words from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.　　Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Acupuncture—it worked for me　　Pam, 25, woke up one Monday morning with an incredibly painful arm and shoulder. “I hadn’t done anything to it, I just must have slept awkwardly,” she says. “I couldn’t move it more than four inches up or to the side.” Her doctor suggested it might be fluid on the bone and gave her anti-inflammatory tablets and pain-killers. He said if the pain did not go away she would probably need injections into the joint and physiotherapy. Pam says, “The pain-killers were so strong that they made me dozy and sick, so I stopped taking them. By Friday morning I had a severe headache, the shoulder pain and a feeling like a really bad hangover. A neighbour happened to be anacupuncturist and I went to ask advice. I wasn’t happy with the idea of injections when my doctor wasn’t even sure what the problem was.”　　The acupuncturist treated Pam immediately. “She put a needle in my shin. I didn’t look—I was afraid. I felt a small prick. She asked me to move my arm and I couldn’t. She twisted the needle and I felt a dull ache, and suddenly I could move my arm. The pain just completely went away,” says Pam.　　The acupuncturist then inserted needles between Pam’s thumb and forefinger and in the bend of her elbow, and connected them to an electrical box to provide pulsating stimulation. Pam has had no problems since “I would recommend it to anyone,” she says.Summary：　　One Monday morning, Pam 　1　in her arm and shoulder because she had slept awkwardly. Although her doctor 　2　what the problem was, he suggested that she would need 　3　if the pain didn’t go away. However, Pam was not happy because the pain-killers the doctor gave her made her 　4　. Then, she went to an acupuncturist 　5　. The acupuncturist treated her differently from the doctor. Pam hasn’t had any pain in her arm and shoulder since the treatment.