问答题Directions:In this section, there is a passage followed by 5 statements. Go over the passage quickly and mark the answers on the Answer Sheet. For questions 1 - 5, mark　　Y (for Yes) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;　　N

Which of the following questions is answered according to the information given in the passage?

Directions:In this section, there is one passage followed by 5 statements. Go over the passage quickly and mark the answers on the Answer Sheet. For questions 1-6, mark　　T (for True) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;　　F (for False) if the statement contradicts with information given in the passage;　　NG (for Not Given) if the information is not given in the passage.　　During World War II at the height of the blitz on East London, a boy of 12 was found wandering the rubble streets near Tower Bridge. His dirty face and torn clothing suggested that something awful had happened.　　It was 7 a.m., and dawn was breaking into a sky of crimson red lit up by the many fires that burned across the City, London’s docks were ablaze as far as the eye could see, and the river had become a wall of crackling flame with dark plumes of smoke rising into the air as beleaguered firemen fought to put out fires with their spent hoses.　　Wherever he looked, the boy could see the flames, the buildings all around him were on fire, and his nostrils were filled with the smell charcoal and smoke, he could hear the sparks crackle as the flames licked at the burning beams of wood.　　It is a vision that the boy, now a man, remembers, as though it were yesterday, for that boy was me and this is my true stow:　　That morning my father had sent me out after the “all clear” had sounded, to get fresh milk at the local dairy, I had been scampering up the road when an unexploded bomb went off in a house nearby covering me in rubble.　　Somehow, dazed and bewildered, I had managed to brush myself down and run on, but I was badly cut by flying glass, and in no state to continue my journey.　　It was then that an Air-raid Precautions Warden appeared, his dog had found me with tail wagging, “Come along son” he said “you need a bandage on that wound”, he looked me over apprehensively, “Come up the road to our first-aid unit and we’ll patch you up.”　　By nine o’clock I was covered with sticky plasters and bandages, and looked like a wounded war veteran, “I’ve got to get the milk at Evans now” I said. The Warden looked at me sadly, “I’m afraid there’ll be no milk supplied today; the dairy was blitzed last night.”　　I wondered what my father would say, me coming home in such a state and without milk too.I hobbled back towards home through the back streets covered in rubble and bomb damage, but as I neared I had to rub my eyes, where my home had stood was a large smoldering crater. Everything and everyone had gone, blown away by a bomb.　　I remember searching with others for many hours, calling for my father and mother, I found his pocket watch and chain in the rubble just as another air-raid started and we had to rush once more for shelter, I opened up the watch when I felt safe, inside an inscription read “Happy Birthday, Dad”, and I cried.　　I can’t ever forget what the war did to me and my family, as a London cockney I have taught my children about their past so that they can guard against the future, this is one family that knows the anguish and loss that war brings, my children have never known their grandparents, but they do know right from wrong, for those who perish in war are often the innocent and we must remember that for all time.　　Statements:　　1．The author’s father asked him to buy some milk after the air-raid alarm was lifted.　　2．he author could not get any milk because the dairy was closed for the day.　　3．After the author had his wound bandaged, he walked home in high spirits.　　4．The author was sure that his father would scold him for returning home without the milk.　　5．When the boy reached home, he found that his home had been destroyed by a bomb.　　6．The author found the birthday present his father was going to give him and ran to an air-raid shelter to get a closer look at it.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between Passage 1 and Passage 2?

Directions:In this section, there is one passage followed by 5 questions. Read the passage carefully, then answer the questions in a maximum of 10 words. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.　　Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage.　　Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?　　The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.　　Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.　　Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.　　One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.　　Questions:　　1．What is the main reason for the latest rise of oil price?　　2．What are the results of the 1970s’ oil shock?　　3．It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if ________.　　4．According to the passage, reduction in oil consumption is due to ________, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries.　　5．According to the passage, compared with those in the 1970s, oil-price shocks are ________ now.

There is one passage in this section with 5 statements. Read the passage quickly and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet.　　[1] The rich keep getting richer. According to the latest Forbes ranking of the world’s richest people, there are now a record 946 billionaires around the world. They have made their money from everything from telecoms to steel to Chinese food.　　[2] For the 13th year in a row, Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates is the richest person in the world. His personal fortune rose $6bn last year to $56bn (￡29bn). His friend, the investment expert Warren Buffett, was the second richest. His fortune increased by $10bn during the year to reach $52bn. Both Mr. Gates and Mr. Buffett give a percentage of their fortunes to charity. Third richest is the Mexican telecoms entrepreneur Carlos Slim Helu, who added $19bn to his wealth, and now has $49bn.　　[3] The total wealth of all the people on the list grew by 35% during the year to $3.5 trillion as a result of rising property prices, commodities and stock markets. Luisa Kroll, who helped to compile the list at Forbes, said it was ‘an extraordinary year’. On the previous list, there were just 793 billionaires.　　[4] The richest Briton on the list is the Duke of Westminster, Gerald Cavendish Grosvenor, at number 5.Grosvenor inherited much of his wealth and is one of the UK’s Wealthiest landowners. He is said to be worth $11bn. Sir Philip Green, the retail entrepreneur who controls British Home Stores and Topshop owner Arcadia is the second richest Briton at number 104 on the list. Sir Philip, 55, has $7bn. Next are the property tycoons David and Simon Rueben, who are worth $4.5bn between them and are number 177 on the list.　　[5] There are 29 British citizens on the list. Virgin founder Sir Richard Branson is number 230 with $3.8bn; David Sainsbury of the grocery family is 432nd with $2.2bn; newspaper owner Viscount Rothermere, Jonathan Harmsworth, is number 618 with $1.6bn and James Dyson also has $1.6bn. Harry Potter author JK Rowling is right at the bottom of the list with a fortune valued at $1bn. There are two others who have made their money from a very different type of publishing; Richard Desmond the former soft porn publisher, who now owns the Daily Express, is 754th on the list with $1.3bn in the bank and Paul Raymond, who owns Escort, Mayfair and Razzle magazines, is also worth $1bn.　　[6] The list shows growing wealth in both China and India, the two dynamic economies driving global economic growth. Another 14 people from India joined the list. With a total of 36 billionaires, India has now overtaken Japan, which has 24, as home to the most billionaires in Asia. There are three Indians in the top 20, led by Lakshmi Mittal, an Indian citizen who lives in London and who is number five on the list with $32bn.　　[7] There were 13 Chinese newcomers including Li Wei, the founder of Synear Food Holding. Her company is one of China’s largest producers of frozen food and is an official supplier to the Beijing Olympics in 2008.　　[8] The US still has 44% of the world billionaires but its share is getting smaller, Russia is also rising fast and has 53 billionaires according to Forbes. The Wal-Mart family dropped from the top 20, after a difficult year for the world’s largest retailer.　　[9] The average billionaire is 62 years old and 60% of the people on the list made their money from scratch. Around 100 unmarried men are included among the world’s wealthiest. At the top of the list of bachelors are Google founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin—unmarried at 33 and 34 respectively, they are both worth $16.6bn and are number 26 in the overall list. Other interesting bachelors are Russian metals tycoon Mikhail Prokhorov, in 38th place with an estimated fortune of $13.5bn; and divorced James Packer, who has a more modest $5.5bn media fortune.　　[10] One of the more interesting rich people on the list is the accordion-playing, fire-breathing founder of Cirque du Soleil, Guy Laliberte, at number 664 on the list. The 47-year-old Canadian founded his circus-based, animal-free acrobatic show in 1984 and still keeps 95% of the business. His fortune is estimated at $1.5bn. The richest woman, at number 12, is 84-year-old L’Oreal heiress Liliane Bettencourt, with a fortune of $20.7bn. Chat show queen Oprah Winfrey is believed to be worth $1.5bn.　　QUESTIONS 1 - 5:　　For answers 1 - 5, mark　　Y (for YES)　　if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;　　N (for NO)　　if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;　　NG (for NOT GIVEN)　　if the information is not given in the passage.　　1．Rising property prices were the only reason for the 35% increase in the total wealth of the people on the list.　　2．Sir Philip Green lived a hard life when he was young and later became a publisher through his own hard work.　　3．The percentage of US billionaires in the list is falling.　　4．The founders of Google are married.　　5．Guy Laliberte has sold most of his Cirque du Soleil business.

Read the passage carefully and answer questions 1 to 5. Answer each of the questions in a maximum of 10 words. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.　　Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.BOOK REVIEW                                          Mark Wertman’s                                           True Confessions of a Red Mr. Mom　　Most Americans agree that the workplace and the home are very different from the way they were thirty years ago. The world of work is no longer a man’s world. Between 1970 and 1995, the percentage of women who worked outside the home went from 50 percent to 76 percent. In the year 2000, of the more than 55 million married couples in the United States, 10.5 million women were making more money than their husbands, and 2 million men were stay-at-home dads.　　Author, husband, and father Mark Wertman writes about being a stay-at-home dad in his book True Confessions of a Real Mr. Mom. His story will help other people who are learning how to live with the changing gender roles in our society.　　Mark and his wife, Georgine, were a two-income couple, but things changed when their first baby was born. Georgine wanted to continue her work as a lawyer, but someone had to stay at home to take care of the baby. Georgine had the higher paying job, so she became the provider. They had more children. Mark stayed at home to raise the children. In his book he tells many stories about his role in the family.　　At first, it was difficult to change roles. The Wertman kids often went to Mark first to talk about their problems. Georgine was jealous of the time the children spent with their father. Mark had some hard times, too. People often asked him, When are you going to get a real job? Even in the 21st century, society respects the role of provider more than the role of child raiser. Mark found out all about this.　　Mark and Georgine learned that it is very important to talk about their problems. In the beginning, Mark thought Georgine had the easy job, and Georgine thought that Mark had it easy. Later they talked it over and discovered that both jobs were difficult and rewarding. Georgine and Mark agree that talking things over and making decisions together helps their relationship.　　The Wertmans are happy with the results of their decision. Their children are ready for a world where men and women can choose their roles. Wertman’s book is enjoyable and educational, especially for couples who want to switch roles. As Mark Wertman says, We are society. We make the changes one by one. People have to decide on what’s best for them and their families.　　Questions:　　1．Why is the workplace no longer a man’s world?　　2．What is Mark Wertman’s book about?　　3．Why is Georgine the provider in the family?　　4．How do the Wertmans work out their problems?　　5．What does Mark Wertman think about family roles?

Directions:In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary by choosing no more than three words from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.　　Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage.Developing Environmental Management Strategies　　Strong and sustainable economic activity depends on healthy environmental management. It is being increasingly recognized by the public, government and industry that there is no need to shift smoothly from a “react and cure” approach to an “anticipate and prevent” approach. The mechanism governing this change started to appear three to four years ago and the momentum for change has been gathering steadily ever since.　　Whilst the need to embrace these changes is almost universally accepted, the mechanisms for change and the priorities for action have been far from clear. The public and the media point to anecdotal evidence of lack of progress, or setbacks, over a bewildering range of topics. These incidents are catalogued by local and national pressure groups to enhance their own campaigns for change. The Government, under pressure from the European Community, has introduced legislation which, although progressive, often appears to industry to be fragmented and difficult to digest.　　There is, therefore, a clear and often expressed need on the part of British and European management for techniques to identify and prioritize the key environmental issues for allocation of resources and action. The technique emerging as the most effective is a strategy which involves the formulation of a policy statement setting out the organization’s philosophy on the environment and the aims to be achieved. A detailed assessment of the environmental status and performance of the operation is then undertaken, key issues identified and targets set. The performance of the operation or unit is regularly audited to measure progress towards the targets set. This environmental strategy is often called an Environmental Management System or simply referred to as an Environmental Audit.　　Summary:　　There has been a steady movement towards more efficient, proactive environmental management. Whilst the 　1　s generally accepted, the means have yet to be agreed upon. Attempts at introducing 　2　have, so far, been unsatisfactory. Techniques are currently being defined for allocating 　3　or action on key environmental issues. The most useful approach is to draw up a 　4　which clarifies the environmental attitudes and aims of the organization. Performance and progress towards these targets can then be measured. A detailed evaluation or 　5　s regularly carried out.

Unlike the author of Passage 1, the author of Passage 2 answers which of the following questions?

INTERVIEW2　　In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO. 　　Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. 　　Now listen to the interview. Which of the following is NOT Vera’s tip for finding a new job?

Section B Yes / No / Not given(5 points)　　Directions: In this part, you will have 5 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet. For questions 1 - 5, mark　　Y (for Yes) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;　　N (for No) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;　　NG (for Not Given) if the information is not given in the passage.　　Questions 56-60 are based on the following passage.The Outdoor Centre　　Opening times　　Water sports: 10 am - 6 pm　　Play Park: 10 am - 5.30 pm　　Entrance / Car park fees　　Low season: Weekdays ￡2.00 per car　　　　　Weekends　　　　　　　　 ￡3.00 per car　　High season: 23 July - 11 September　　　　　Weekdays and weekends　　￡3.00 per car　　Fees are for cars with four people. Each extra person is 50p. Fees to be paid at the main office.　　The center is not a private club; it is an organization whose aim is to provide outdoor sports and recreation facilities for the public.　　Group visitors are requested to inform the center in advance of their intended visit.　　Windsurfing—One-day course　　Beginner windsurfing course is offered on Saturdays and Sundays when the weather is good enough. Learning to windsurf is a lot of fun. The excitement when you sail across the water for the first time is not easily forgotten. Boards with small sails are available for beginners.　　Course fee: ￡32.50 (this includes all equipment)　　One-day adventure course　　This is an opportunity you have been waiting for. Come and try sailing, climbing, surfing and archery. This course is intended to introduce outdoor activities to adults in a fun, leisurely manner. You do not need to be extremely fit or to have had previous experience of the activities. All you need is to be interested.Course fee: ￡22.50 　　Play Park 　　The Play Park is suitable for children from two to ten years of age. It is one of the best of its type in the country. It has sand and water play, slides, large ball pool, play castle and much, much more. Next year the center will open a new Play Palace and Play Ship.　　Summer adventure holidays (for 14 - 18 years of age)　　Sailing　　　　　Climbing　　　　　　Windsurfing　　　　　Fun Games　　Statement:　　Safety is of primary importance at the Outdoor Center. All staff members are fully trained in First Aid, and qualified to teach the activities on offer. We also make certain that all children only take part in activities that are suitable for their age and physical abilities. For this programme children must be able to swim 25 metres and be in good physical health.　　Statements:　　1．In August, four people visiting the centre together by car have to pay more than two people.　　2．The centre has special equipment for people who learn to sail.　　3．The adventure course is suitable for beginners.　　4．The centre is planning to add extra facilities to the Play Park.　　5．Summer adventure holidays are open to any child between eight and fourteen years who can swim.

Read the passage carefully and answer Questions 1 to 5. Answer each question in a maximum of 10 words. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.　　In the United States today, many people want a college education. However, almost half of the people who go to college now do not attend a four-year college. Instead, they go to a community college.　　The community college offers a two-year course of study in a wide range of subjects. It prepares some young people to go on to a four-year college. It trains others for jobs in business, government, or industry.　　Some people choose a community college because of cost. The tuition for a semester at a community college can be less than half the cost of a semester at a four-year college. Also, since these colleges are located in large communities, their students can save money by living at home.　　Community colleges are also useful for people who have jobs and who do not have time for a traditional four-year college. Some of these people take night courses at community colleges. Others complete long-distance courses, in which they stay at home and use video-tapes, audiotapes, and the Internet.　　Community colleges also serve high school graduates who only achieved low grades. Many of these students would not be admitted to a four-year college. If they do well, they may go on to a four-year college.　　Today, the country’s 1,500 community colleges have more than 10 million students. These colleges are making it possible for more and more people to continue their education.　　Questions:　　1．What is the passage mainly about?　　2．What does theyin paragraph 1 refer to?　　3．In which fields does a community college provide job training?　　4．Why do people often prefer to go to a community college?　　5．What does the word tuitionin paragraph 3 mean?

Directions:There is one passage in this section with 5 statements. Go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet.　　For questions 1 - 5, mark　　Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;　　N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;　　NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.　　You hear the same complaint all the time as people get older: “My memory is terrible.” Is it all in the mind, or do real changes take place in the brain with age to justify such grumbling (抱怨)? The depressing answer is that the brain’s cells, the neurons, die and decline in efficiency with age.　　Professor Arthur Shimamura, of the University of California at Berkeley, says there are three main ways in which mental function changes. The first is mental speed, for example how quickly you can react to fast-moving incidents on the road. Drivers in their late teens react quickly but tend to drive too fast, while the over sixties are more cautious but react more slowly. The near-inevitable slowing with age also partly explains why soccer players are seen as old in their thirties, while golf professionals are still in their prime at that age. This type of mental slowing results from a reduction in the efficiency with which the brain’s neurons work.　　The fact that adults find it harder to learn musical instruments than children points to a second type of mental loss with age—a reduction in learning capacity. The parts of the brain known as the temporal lobes control new learning, and are particularly vulnerable to the effects of aging. This means that, as we get older, we take longer to learn a new language, and slower to master new routines and technologies at work, and we have to rely more on diaries and other mental aids.　　“Working memory” is the third brain system which is vulnerable to the effects of aging. Working memory is the brain’s “blackboard”, where we juggle from moment to moment the things we have to keep in mind when solving problems, planning tasks and generally organizing our day-to-day life. Absent-mindedness occurs at all ages because of imperfections in the working memory system—so, for instance, you may continually lose your glasses, or find yourself walking into a room of your house only to find that you cannot remember what you came for.　　Such absent-mindedness tends to creep up on us as we age and occurs because our plans and intentions, which are chalked up on the mental blackboard, are easily wiped out by stray thoughts and other distractions. Stress and preoccupation can also cause such absent-mindedness, in addition to age-related changes in the brain. The frontal lobes of the brain—located behind the forehead and above the eyes—are where the working memory system is located. Like the temporal lobes, which handle new learning, the frontal lobes are more vulnerable to the aging process than other parts of the brain.　　The news, however, is not all bleak. Although neurons reduce in number with age, the remaining neurons send out new and longer connection fibers (dendrites) to maintain connections and allow us to function reasonably well with only relatively small drops in ability.　　This and other evidence suggests that the principle “use it or lost it” might apply to the aging brain. Professor Shimamura studied a group of university professors who were still intellectually active, and compared their performance on neuropsychological tests with that of others of their age group, as well as with younger people. He found that on several tests of memory, the mentally active professors in their sixties and early seventies were superior to their contemporaries, and as good as the younger people.　　Research on animals provide even stronger evidence of the effects of stimulation on the brain structure. Professor Bryan Kolb, of the University of Lethbridge in Canada, has shown that animals kept in stimulating environments show sprouting (生长) and lengthening of the connecting nerve fibers in comparison with animals kept in unstimulating environments.　　The beneficial effects of continued mental activity are shown by the fact that older contestants in quiz shows are just as fast and accurate in responding to general knowledge questions as younger competitors, suggesting that at least part of their intellectual apparatus is spared the effects of aging because of practice and skill.　　Such findings lead to the intriguing possibility of “mental fitness training” to accompany jogging and workouts for the health conscious. Research in Stockholm by Professor Lars Backman and his colleague has shown that older people can be trained to use their memory better, with the effects of this training lasting several years.　　Just as people go bald or grey at different rates, so the same is true for their mental faculties. Why this should be the case for memory and other mental functions is not yet clear. If Professor Shimamura is right, then the degree to which people use and stretch their mental faculties may also have a role to play.　　Statements:　　1．The passage gives a description of several methods of testing mental ability.　　2．Professor Shimamura identified a number of areas in which mental function may change.　　3．As the temporal lobes of the brain are affected by aging, it becomes harder to pick up new skills.　　4．Research indicates that physical training can help to improve memory.　　5．Taking part in quizzes is the best way to stimulate the brain.

There is one passage in this section with 5 statements. Go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet.　　For questions 1-5, mark　　Y (for YES)　　　　　　if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;　　N (for NO)　　　　　　if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;　　NG (for NOT GIVEN)　　if the information is not given in the passage.　　When was the last time you saw a frog? Chances are, if you live in a city, you have not seen one for some time. Even in wet areas once teeming with frogs and toads, it is becoming less and less easy to find those slimy, hopping and sometimes poisonous members of the animal kingdom. All over the world, even in remote jungles on the far side of the globe, frogs are losing the ecological battle for survival, and biologists are at a loss to explain their demise. Are amphibians simply over-sensitive to changes in the ecosystem? Could their rapid decline in numbers be signalling some coming environmental disaster for us all?　　This frightening scenario is in part the consequence of a dramatic increase over the last quarter of a century in the development of once natural areas of wet marshland: home not only to frogs but to all manner of wildlife. Yet, there are no obvious reasons why certain frog species are disappearing from rainforests in the Southern Hemisphere which are barely touched by human hands. The mystery is unsettling to say the least, for it is known that amphibian species are extremely sensitive to environmental variations in temperature and moisture levels. The danger is that planet Earth might not only lose a vital link in the ecological food chain (frogs keep populations of otherwise pestilent insects at manageable levels), but we might be increasing our output of air pollutants to levels that may have already become irreversible. Frogs could be inadvertently warning us of a catastrophe.　　An example of a bizarre occurrence regarding a species of frog dates from the summer of 1995, when “an explosion” of multi-coloured frogs of the species Rana klepton esculenta occurred in the Netherlands. Normally these frogs are brown and greenish-brown, but some unknown contributory factor is turning these frogs yellow and / or orange. Nonetheless, so far, the unusual bi- and even tri-coloured frogs are functioning similarly to their normal-skinned contemporaries. It is thought that frogs with lighter coloured skins might be more likely to survive in an increasingly warm climate due to global warming.　　One theory put forward to explain extinct amphibian species that seems to fit the facts concerns the depletion of the ozone layer, a well-documented phenomenon which has led to a sharp increase in ultraviolet radiation levels. The ozone layer is meant to shield the Earth from UV rays, but increased radiation may be having a greater effect upon frog populations than previously believed. Another theory is that worldwide temperature increases are upsetting the breeding cycles of frogs.　　Statements:　　1．Biologists are unable to explain why frogs are dying out.　　2．Attempts are being made to halt the development of wet marshland.　　3．Frogs are important in the ecosystem because they control pests.　　4．It is not known why Dutch frogs are changing colour.　　5．It is a fact that frogs’ breeding cycle has been upset by worldwide increases in temperature.

All of Mark's former students go to college. If the statement above is true, which of the following must also be true?

Directions: In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary with the appropriate words from the passage. Remember to write your answers on the Answer Sheet.　　Questions 1—5 are based on the following passage.　　The most crucial way, however, of improving the labour cost structure at SAH (Sydney Airport Hotel) was to find better, more productive ways of providing customer service. SAH management concluded this would first require a process of “benchmarking”. The prime objective of the benchmarking process was to compare a range of service delivery processes across a range of criteria using teams made up of employees from different departments within the hotel which interacted with each other. This process resulted in performance measures that greatly enhanced SAH’s ability to improve productivity and quality.　　The front office team discovered through this project that a high proportion of AHI (Australian Hotels Inc) Club member reservations were incomplete. As a result, the service provided to these guests was below the standard promised to them as part of their membership agreement. Reducing the number of incomplete reservations greatly improved guest perceptions of service.　　In addition, a program modelled on an earlier project called “Take Charge” was implemented. Essentially, Take Charge provides an effective feedback loop from both customers and employees. Customer comments, both positive and negative, are recorded by staff. These are collated regularly to identify opportunities for improvement. Just as importantly, employees are requested to note down their own suggestions for improvement. (AHI has set an expectation that employees will submit at least three suggestions for every one they receive from a customer.) Employee feedback is reviewed daily and suggestions are implemented within 48 hours, if possible, or a valid reason is given for non-implementation. If suggestions require analysis or data collection, the Take Charge team has 30 days in which to address the issue and come up with recommendations.　　Although quantitative evidence of AHI’s initiatives at SAH are limited at present, anecdotal evidence clearly suggests that these practices are working. Indeed AHI is progressively rolling out these initiatives in other hotels in Australia, whilst numerous overseas visitors have come to see how the program works.　　Summary:What They Did at SAH　　Teams of employees were selected from different hotel departments to participate in a benchmarking exercise. The information collected was used to compare a range of 　1　which, in turn, led to the development of 　2　that would be used to increase the hotel’s capacity to improve  　3　as well as quality. Also, an older program known as  　4　was introduced at SAH. In this program, feedback is sought from customers and staff. If possible, their suggestions are implemented within 48 hours. Some of these suggestions may be investigated for their feasibility for a period of up to 　5　.

Directions:In this section, there is one passage followed by 5 statements. Go over the passage quickly and mark the answers on the Answer Sheet. For questions 1-5, mark　　Y (for Yes)　　if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;　　N (for No)　　if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;　　NG (for Not Given)　　if the information is not given in the passage.　　Questions 1-50 are based on the following passage.　　Which Airport?　　The choice of where to fly from has never been greater, particularly for those flying on a package holiday. For each port, we looked at the facilities (e. g. restaurants, waiting areas, etc.) offered before going through passport control (land-side) and after going through passport control (air-side).　　Heathrow 4　　The cheek-in hall is spacious and modern. There are few land-side shops but the essentials are available. A café with pine seating and a medium range of hot dishes and salads is situated upstairs. There are more facilities air-side. The shops are clustered into the central part of the 500-metre long hall, and expensive ranges are well represented. There’s plenty of natural light from the windows that overlook the runway and lots of seating away from the shopping area.　　Manchester 2　　The check-in hall has a high glass roof which lets in natural light. The café is at one end and slightly separated from the rest of the facilities, which makes it much more pleasant. There’s also an up-market coffee shop. Hundreds of seats—little used when we visited despite the passengers crowded below—are available upstairs. The departure lounge is bright and has plenty of space, and the cafeteria is pleasant.　　Stansted　　Passengers can walk in a straight line form the entrance, through the check-in to the monorail that takes them to their plane. Land-side, there’s cluster of fast food outlets that sell baked potatoes, American burgers and filled rolls. All seating is in the same area away from the check-in and shops. There’re a surprisingly small number of shops considering Stansted’s claims to be a major London Airport, although basic stores like a chemist and bookshop are here. The large departure lounge has blue seats and grey carpet. There’s a large tax-free and luxury goods shopping area and a café.　　Heathrow 2　　Avoid traveling from here if you can. The check-in area is unpleasant with a claustrophobic low roof and scores of pillars. The upstairs cafe is noisy because it is next to the music shop. The departure lounge is also too small with illuminated advertisements hanging from its low ceiling.　　Manchester 1　　The large, low check-in range from a coffee shop to a self-service restaurant and a reasonable variety of shops are scattered around the land-side area rather than being collected in one area. The air-side food arrangements are mainly limited to rolls and buns.　　Edinburgh　　The eating options range from a coffee shop to a self-service restaurant and a reasonable variety of shops are scattered around the land-side area rather than being collected in one area. The air-side food arrangements are mainly limited to rolls and buns.　　East Midlands　　The check-in area is in a long, low building where the roof is supported by a forest of pillars which interrupt the line of vision. There is a cafe and bar upstairs along with a pizza restaurant during the summer. The main eating area is downstairs and mainly serves sandwiches and cakes along with a hot dish of the day. The departure lounge is pleasant with natural light and plenty of dark blue seats. The Sherwood Lounge has easy chairs and sofas and is aimed at commercial travelers.　　Cardiff　　The facilities are simple and the decoration is showing its age. Shopping is extremely limited with only bare essentials available. There are no books or magazines for sale. The restaurant is unappealing. The tiny departure lounge is dark and uninviting.　　Statements:　　1．Both Heathrow 4 and Stansted airports have shops which sell highly-priced goods.　　2．Both Heathrow 2 and Cardiff airports have a departure lounge which is very impressive.　　3．Heathrow 4 airport is the largest airport in the UK.　　4．East Midlands airport changes its range of food according to the season.　　5．Cardiff airport does not sell anything to read and needs modernizing.

In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. For Answers 1 to 5, please read the passage carefully and complete each space in the summary, using a maximum of three words from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.　　Answers 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.　　Around the world, music therapy is being used to treat different medical conditions and illnesses. Some of the ways people use music therapy are to reduce pain, such as childbirth or during cancer treatments, or to stimulate brain activity after an injury or memory loss. Music therapy has also been successful in aiding children to overcome disabilities.　　Classical music is most typically used for therapies due to its complex sounds and patterns. Although rap or pop might be fun to listen to, it’s unlikely that such styles of music would produce the same kind of therapeutic effect. Playing a musical instrument rather than simply listening to music can also be therapeutic for some people, helping relieve stress and anxiety.　　Have scientists been able to prove that music can heal diseases? Music has been shown to reduce pain in cancer patients by increasing the release of endorphins. Endor-plains are the body’s natural painkillers, and when we listen to music, our brains respond by releasing these natural painkillers. It has also been known to contribute to the brain development of new born babies and even babies still in the mother’s womb. Currently, music therapy is used in a variety of settings such as hospitals, rehabilitation centers, nursing homes, day care centers, and schools.Summary:　　There appears to be some evidence that music is helpful 　1　some medical conditions. Therefore, doctors and patients are turning to music to treat various 　2　and disabilities. Doctors believe that music with 　3　and patterns is more effective. This kind of music seems to 　4　more activity in the brain. Although it may be fun to listen to rap or pop or dance music, doctors prefer to use 　5　to treat patients.

The author most likely begins and concludes the passage with questions for what reason?

In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. For Questions 1 to 5, please read the passage carefully and complete each space in the summary using a maximum of three words from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.　　Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Acupuncture—it worked for me　　Pam, 25, woke up one Monday morning with an incredibly painful arm and shoulder. “I hadn’t done anything to it, I just must have slept awkwardly,” she says. “I couldn’t move it more than four inches up or to the side.” Her doctor suggested it might be fluid on the bone and gave her anti-inflammatory tablets and pain-killers. He said if the pain did not go away she would probably need injections into the joint and physiotherapy. Pam says, “The pain-killers were so strong that they made me dozy and sick, so I stopped taking them. By Friday morning I had a severe headache, the shoulder pain and a feeling like a really bad hangover. A neighbour happened to be anacupuncturist and I went to ask advice. I wasn’t happy with the idea of injections when my doctor wasn’t even sure what the problem was.”　　The acupuncturist treated Pam immediately. “She put a needle in my shin. I didn’t look—I was afraid. I felt a small prick. She asked me to move my arm and I couldn’t. She twisted the needle and I felt a dull ache, and suddenly I could move my arm. The pain just completely went away,” says Pam.　　The acupuncturist then inserted needles between Pam’s thumb and forefinger and in the bend of her elbow, and connected them to an electrical box to provide pulsating stimulation. Pam has had no problems since “I would recommend it to anyone,” she says.Summary：　　One Monday morning, Pam 　1　in her arm and shoulder because she had slept awkwardly. Although her doctor 　2　what the problem was, he suggested that she would need 　3　if the pain didn’t go away. However, Pam was not happy because the pain-killers the doctor gave her made her 　4　. Then, she went to an acupuncturist 　5　. The acupuncturist treated her differently from the doctor. Pam hasn’t had any pain in her arm and shoulder since the treatment.

In the months and years that followed as I transit the Northwest Passage, I came to accept such surprises as commonplace.