单选题The result of deserved-punishment justice is .A the criminal’s winning of a true lifeB the criminal’s taking death penalty for the crime committed by himC the criminal’s denial of his true selfD the restoration of the criminal’s guilty self to the self

Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through_______with others.

A.interaction
B.assimilation
C.cooperation
D.consultation

共用题干
第一篇

DNA Testing

DNA testing reveals the genes of each individual person.Since the early twentieth century scientists
have known that all human characteristics are contained in a person's genes and are passed from parents to
children.Genes work as a chemical instruction manual for each part and each function of the body.Their
basic chemical element is called DNA,a copy of which can be found in every cell. The existence of genes
and the chemical structure of DNA were understood by the mid-1900s,but scientists have only recently been
able to identify a person from just a drop of blood or a single hair.
One of the most important uses of DNA testing is in criminal investigation.The very first use of DNA
testing in a criminal case was in 1985 in Great Britain,when a man confessed to killing a young woman in
the English countryside.Because police had found samples of the killer's DNA at the scene of the crime,a
biologist suggested that it might be possible to compare that DNA to some from the confessor's blood.To
everyone's surprise,the tests showed that he was not the killer. Nor was he guilty of a similar murder that
had happened some time earlier. At that point he admitted that he had confessed to the crimes out of fear
and police pressure.The police then asked 5,000 local men for samples of their blood,and DNA testing
revealed that one of them was the real murderer,so the first man was set free.
In 1992,two law professors,Peter Neufeld and Bany Scheck,decided to use DNA evidence to help set free
such mistakenly convicted prisoners.With the help of their students.they created a not-for-profit organization
called the Innocence Project. Most of their clients are poor men,many from racial and ethnic minorities.In
fact,studies have shown that U. S. judges and juries are often influenced by racial and ethnic background,and
that people from minority groups are more likely to be convicted. Some of these men had been sentenced to
death,a form of punishment used in thirty eight states out of fifty(as of 2006).For most of these prisoners,their
only hope was another trial in which DNA testing could be used to prove their innocence.
Between 1992 and 2006,the Innocence Project helped free 100 men.Some of these prisoners had been
in jail for ten,twenty years or more for crimes they did not commit.However,the goal of the Innocence
Project is not simply to set free those who are wrongfully in jail.They also hope to bring about real changes
in the criminal justice system.
Illinois in the late 1990s,a group of journalism students at Northwestern University were able to bring
about such a change in that state.They began investigating some Illinois prisoners who claimed to be inno-
cent. Through DNA testing,the students were able to prove that in fact the prisoners were not guilty of the
crimes they had been accused of. Thirteen of these men were set free,and in 2000,Governor Ryan of
Illinois decided to stop carrying out death sentences until further study could be made of the prisoners'
cases。
The use of DNA in criminal cases is still being debated around the world.Some fear that governments
will one day keep records of everyone'sDNA,which could put limits on the privacy and freedom of citizens.
Other people mistrust the science of DNA testing and think that lawyers use it to get their clients free whether
or not they are guilty.But for those whose innocence has been proven and who are now free men,DNA
testing has meant nothing less than a return to life.And with the careful use of DNA testing,no innocent
person should ever be convicted again.

DNA testing was first used in a criminal case by___________.
A:a lawyer in New York
B:students in Illinois
C:doctors in the United States
D:police in Great Britain

Lawyers protesting about cuts don't attract the same level of public support as doctors and nurses.What goes on in the courts is not widely understood,and most people do not expect to neecl a publicly funded lawyer in the way that they rely on hospitals.Nevertheless,access to justice is a fundamental democratic right,and the chaos and failure unfolding across the legal system as the result of cuts should concern everyone who cares about justice.Research carried out by civil servants and published in May after it was leaked shows that the disruptive effect of legal aid cuts in England and Wales has spread from the civil courts to the criminal courts:where increasing numbers of clefendants are appearing without legal advice or representation,as a consequence of changes including new means tests.More than half of juclges questioned for the study voiced concerns about defendants not understanding that a guilty plea could lead to a reducecl sentence.The government knows there is a problem.not least because the王950m reduction in the legal aid bill in 2016,compared with 2010,was more than twice as much as it expected.But ministers have already clelayed far too long in the face of clear evidence that cuts in the family courts have been harmful.Official figures show that the proportion of plaintif{s and defendants with legal representation fell from 60%in 2012 t0 33%in the first quarter of last year,and it is not uncommon for one party in a civil case to be represented by a lawyer while the other is not.Some sensible changes have already been suggested in a review commissioned by the Labour party last year.These include a loosening of the criteria for legal aid eligibility to include all cases involving children,and representation for families in inquests where the state is already funding one party such as the police-which represents an essential rebalancing of justice's scales.The report also made the not unreasonable suggestion that law should be taught in schools.Avoiding costly lawsuits by encouraging people to treat court as a last resort sounds reasonable,and some of the consequences of the cuts were no doubt unintended.But the"simpler"and"more responsive"system promised by the Conservative justice secretary Ken Clarke when embarking on these cost-saving measures in 2010 now looks like wishful thinking at best.The current justice secretary,David Gauke,must act to restore confidence in a damaged system.Legal aid began in the UK in the 1940s with the rest of the welfare state.In the US,a defendant's entittement to a lawyer in a criminal case is enshrined in an amendment to the constitution.While the rules in the UK may lack this constitutional underpinning,people are still entitled to access to justice-including lawyers paid for with legal aid.
OfficiaJ research and figures in Paragraphs 2 and 3 reveal an increase in

A.lawsuit participants lacking a lawyer.
B.both civil and criminal cases.
C.appeals for sentence reduction.
D.guilty pleas to criminal charges.

A ______ criminal must have the benefit of the ______ until we’re certain he's guilty.

A.suspected;doubt
B.doubted;suspect
C.doubted;doubt
D.suspected;suspect

The core of Socrates’s philosophy is( )

A.dialectic
B.the good
C.knowledge of the true self
D.purposes through one’s lifetime