问答题Passage 1　　What is the substance of discovery? Can we obtain the experience of 1 who discover and make their work generally 2 or must each generation of scientists and inventors 3 again? Why do some scientists burn out 4 young while others

Text 3 In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and self-deception abound.Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility process,through which the individual researcher’s me,here,now becomes the community’s anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;and finally,the public（including other scientists）receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.As a discovery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First,scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search,not re-search.Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility“happens”to a discovery claim–a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it

A.has attracted the attention of the general public.
B.has been examined by the scientific community.
C.has received recognition from editors and reviewers.
D.has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.

Text 3 In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and self-deception abound.Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility process,through which the individual researcher’s me,here,now becomes the community’s anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;and finally,the public（including other scientists）receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.As a discovery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First,scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search,not re-search.Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility“happens”to a discovery claim–a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires

A.strict inspection.
B.shared efforts.
C.individual wisdom.
D.persistent innovation.

Can animals be made to work for us?Some scientists think that one day animals may be trained to do a number of simple jobs that are now done by human beings.
They point out that at a circus,for example,we may see elephants,monkeys,dogs and other animals doing quite skillful things．Perhaps you have seen them on the television or in a film．If you watch closely,you may notice that the trainer always gives the animal a piece of candy or a piece of fruit as a reward．The scientists say that many different animals may be trained to do a number of simple jobs if they know they will get a reward for doing them.
Of course,as we know,dogs can be used to guard a house,and soldiers in both old and modem times have used geese to give warning by making a lot of noise when a stranger or an enemy comes near．But it may be possible to train animals to work in factories．In Russia,for example,pigeons which are birds with good eyesight,are being used to watch out for faults in small steel balls that are being made in one factory．When the pigeon sees a ball which looks different from others,it touches a steel plate with its beak．This turns on a light to warn people in the factory．At the same time a few seeds are given as a reward．It takes three to five weeks to train a pigeon to do this and one pigeon can inspect 3 000 to 4 000 balls an hour.
Apes have been used in America in helping to make cars,and scientists believe that these large monkeys may be one day gather crops and even drive trains.

What made scientists think animal can be made to work for us one day?

A.Animals are very skillful at a circu
B.They are big and stron
C.Some animals are as clever as human being
D.Animals can be trained because they like to get something as a rewar

共用题干
Unlocking the Human Genome（基因组）

1 A project to unlock secrets一what scientist could resist that challenge?This is what many
scientists are doing as they work on the Human Genome Project.The aim of the project is
to decode（破译）all of the some 100,000 genes in the human body. Scientists are using
DNA fingerprinting techniques to do the decoding.
2 DNA is the substance found in the chromosomes（染色体）of a cell. A chromosome is a
chain of genes.Each gene carries a piece of genetic information.At any one moment in a
cell, thousands of genes are turned on and off to produce proteins（蛋白质）.The challenge
for scientists is to find out what role each gene plays in protein production.At some point
this decoding will be complete.Then scientists will have a map of an ideal genome,or a
picture of the total genetic nature of a human being.The ideal genome is called a
consensus（交感）genome. Everything works well in a consensus genome.
3 But no one in the world has a consensus genome.Everyone's genome is different from
the ideal. These differences are referred to as genetic mutations（突变）.Genetic
mutations in a person's genome mean that the person has a greater than average chance of
suffering from health problems.Some problems are not life-threatening.These would
include things like colorblindness,or mild headaches.Other problems are serious,such as
heart disease,or cancer.
4 It will take years to identify the role of each of the 100,000 genes.The short-term goal of
the project is to find the physical and mental health problems a person is likely to encounter
during his or her lifetime.The long-term goal is to have each person live a longer,healthier
life.

Paragraph 2_________
A:How does DNA work?
B:What is the Human Genome Project about?
C:How are the DNA samples collected?
D:What are the goals of the Human Genome Project?
E:What is the role of each gene?
F:What are the consequences of genetic mutations?

共用题干
Verity Allen's New Show on Colors

1 Different colors can affect us in many different ways;that's according to Verity Allen.In her new se-
ries'Color me Healthy',Verity looks at the ways that colors can influence how hard we work and the
choices we make.They can even change our emotions and even influence how healthy we arc.
2 "Have you ever noticed how people always use the same colors for the same things?" says Verity."Our
toothpaste is always white or blue or maybe red.It'g never green.Why not?For some reason we think that
blue and white is clean,while we think of green products as being a bit disgusting. It's the same for businesses.
We respect a company which writes its name in blue or black,but we don't respect one that uses pink or orange.
People who design new products can use these ideas to influence what we buy."
3 During this four-pait series,Verity studies eight different colors,two colors in each program.She
meets people who work in all teipects of the color industry,from people who design food packets to people
who name the colors of lipsticks.
4 Some of the people she meets clearly have very little scientific knowledge to support their ideas,such
as the American"Color Doctor"who believes that serious diseases can be cured by,he use of colored lights.
However,she also interviews real scientists who are studying the effects of green and red lights on mice,with
some surprising results.
5 Overall,it's an interesting show,and anyone who watches it will probably find out something new.
But because Verity goes out of her way to be polite to everyone she meets on the series,it's up to the viewers
to make their own decisions about how much they should believe.

Paragraph 2______________
A:The Same Colors for the Same Things
B:Scientists' Surprising Results
C:Verity's View on the Influence of Colors
D:Knowledge of the Interviewees on Colors
E:Studies in Verity's Series
F:The Author 's Opinion About Verity's Shows

共用题干
Verity Allen's New Show on Colors

1 Different colors can affect us in many different ways;that's according to Verity Allen.In her new se-
ries'Color me Healthy',Verity looks at the ways that colors can influence how hard we work and the
choices we make.They can even change our emotions and even influence how healthy we arc.
2 "Have you ever noticed how people always use the same colors for the same things?" says Verity."Our
toothpaste is always white or blue or maybe red.It'g never green.Why not?For some reason we think that
blue and white is clean,while we think of green products as being a bit disgusting. It's the same for businesses.
We respect a company which writes its name in blue or black,but we don't respect one that uses pink or orange.
People who design new products can use these ideas to influence what we buy."
3 During this four-pait series,Verity studies eight different colors,two colors in each program.She
meets people who work in all teipects of the color industry,from people who design food packets to people
who name the colors of lipsticks.
4 Some of the people she meets clearly have very little scientific knowledge to support their ideas,such
as the American"Color Doctor"who believes that serious diseases can be cured by,he use of colored lights.
However,she also interviews real scientists who are studying the effects of green and red lights on mice,with
some surprising results.
5 Overall,it's an interesting show,and anyone who watches it will probably find out something new.
But because Verity goes out of her way to be polite to everyone she meets on the series,it's up to the viewers
to make their own decisions about how much they should believe.

The American"Color Doctor" clearly has very_____________to support their ideas.
A:little scientific knowledge
B:make their own decisions
C:design new products
D:change our emotions
E:name the coioro of lipotick5
F:all aspects of the color industry

共用题干
Unlocking the Human Genome（基因组）

1 A project to unlock secrets一what scientist could resist that challenge?This is what many
scientists are doing as they work on the Human Genome Project.The aim of the project is
to decode（破译）all of the some 100,000 genes in the human body. Scientists are using
DNA fingerprinting techniques to do the decoding.
2 DNA is the substance found in the chromosomes（染色体）of a cell. A chromosome is a
chain of genes.Each gene carries a piece of genetic information.At any one moment in a
cell, thousands of genes are turned on and off to produce proteins（蛋白质）.The challenge
for scientists is to find out what role each gene plays in protein production.At some point
this decoding will be complete.Then scientists will have a map of an ideal genome,or a
picture of the total genetic nature of a human being.The ideal genome is called a
consensus（交感）genome. Everything works well in a consensus genome.
3 But no one in the world has a consensus genome.Everyone's genome is different from
the ideal. These differences are referred to as genetic mutations（突变）.Genetic
mutations in a person's genome mean that the person has a greater than average chance of
suffering from health problems.Some problems are not life-threatening.These would
include things like colorblindness,or mild headaches.Other problems are serious,such as
heart disease,or cancer.
4 It will take years to identify the role of each of the 100,000 genes.The short-term goal of
the project is to find the physical and mental health problems a person is likely to encounter
during his or her lifetime.The long-term goal is to have each person live a longer,healthier
life.

Paragraph 1_________
A:How does DNA work?
B:What is the Human Genome Project about?
C:How are the DNA samples collected?
D:What are the goals of the Human Genome Project?
E:What is the role of each gene?
F:What are the consequences of genetic mutations?

共用题干
Verity Allen's New Show on Colors

1 Different colors can affect us in many different ways;that's according to Verity Allen.In her new se-
ries'Color me Healthy',Verity looks at the ways that colors can influence how hard we work and the
choices we make.They can even change our emotions and even influence how healthy we arc.
2 "Have you ever noticed how people always use the same colors for the same things?" says Verity."Our
toothpaste is always white or blue or maybe red.It'g never green.Why not?For some reason we think that
blue and white is clean,while we think of green products as being a bit disgusting. It's the same for businesses.
We respect a company which writes its name in blue or black,but we don't respect one that uses pink or orange.
People who design new products can use these ideas to influence what we buy."
3 During this four-pait series,Verity studies eight different colors,two colors in each program.She
meets people who work in all teipects of the color industry,from people who design food packets to people
who name the colors of lipsticks.
4 Some of the people she meets clearly have very little scientific knowledge to support their ideas,such
as the American"Color Doctor"who believes that serious diseases can be cured by,he use of colored lights.
However,she also interviews real scientists who are studying the effects of green and red lights on mice,with
some surprising results.
5 Overall,it's an interesting show,and anyone who watches it will probably find out something new.
But because Verity goes out of her way to be polite to everyone she meets on the series,it's up to the viewers
to make their own decisions about how much they should believe.

C olors can even_____________and even influence how healthy we are.
A:little scientific knowledge
B:make their own decisions
C:design new products
D:change our emotions
E:name the coioro of lipotick5
F:all aspects of the color industry

共用题干
Verity Allen's New Show on Colors

1 Different colors can affect us in many different ways;that's according to Verity Allen.In her new se-
ries'Color me Healthy',Verity looks at the ways that colors can influence how hard we work and the
choices we make.They can even change our emotions and even influence how healthy we arc.
2 "Have you ever noticed how people always use the same colors for the same things?" says Verity."Our
toothpaste is always white or blue or maybe red.It'g never green.Why not?For some reason we think that
blue and white is clean,while we think of green products as being a bit disgusting. It's the same for businesses.
We respect a company which writes its name in blue or black,but we don't respect one that uses pink or orange.
People who design new products can use these ideas to influence what we buy."
3 During this four-pait series,Verity studies eight different colors,two colors in each program.She
meets people who work in all teipects of the color industry,from people who design food packets to people
who name the colors of lipsticks.
4 Some of the people she meets clearly have very little scientific knowledge to support their ideas,such
as the American"Color Doctor"who believes that serious diseases can be cured by,he use of colored lights.
However,she also interviews real scientists who are studying the effects of green and red lights on mice,with
some surprising results.
5 Overall,it's an interesting show,and anyone who watches it will probably find out something new.
But because Verity goes out of her way to be polite to everyone she meets on the series,it's up to the viewers
to make their own decisions about how much they should believe.

During her four一part series,Verity meets people who work in_____________.
A:little scientific knowledge
B:make their own decisions
C:design new products
D:change our emotions
E:name the coioro of lipotick5
F:all aspects of the color industry

共用题干
Verity Allen's New Show on Colors

1 Different colors can affect us in many different ways;that's according to Verity Allen.In her new se-
ries'Color me Healthy',Verity looks at the ways that colors can influence how hard we work and the
choices we make.They can even change our emotions and even influence how healthy we arc.
2 "Have you ever noticed how people always use the same colors for the same things?" says Verity."Our
toothpaste is always white or blue or maybe red.It'g never green.Why not?For some reason we think that
blue and white is clean,while we think of green products as being a bit disgusting. It's the same for businesses.
We respect a company which writes its name in blue or black,but we don't respect one that uses pink or orange.
People who design new products can use these ideas to influence what we buy."
3 During this four-pait series,Verity studies eight different colors,two colors in each program.She
meets people who work in all teipects of the color industry,from people who design food packets to people
who name the colors of lipsticks.
4 Some of the people she meets clearly have very little scientific knowledge to support their ideas,such
as the American"Color Doctor"who believes that serious diseases can be cured by,he use of colored lights.
However,she also interviews real scientists who are studying the effects of green and red lights on mice,with
some surprising results.
5 Overall,it's an interesting show,and anyone who watches it will probably find out something new.
But because Verity goes out of her way to be polite to everyone she meets on the series,it's up to the viewers
to make their own decisions about how much they should believe.

People who_____________can use the ideas of colors to influence what we buy.
A:little scientific knowledge
B:make their own decisions
C:design new products
D:change our emotions
E:name the coioro of lipotick5
F:all aspects of the color industry

Text 3 In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and self-deception abound.Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility process,through which the individual researcher’s me,here,now becomes the community’s anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;and finally,the public（including other scientists）receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.As a discovery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First,scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search,not re-search.Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility“happens”to a discovery claim–a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?

A.Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.
B.Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.
C.Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.
D.Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.

Text 3 In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and self-deception abound.Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility process,through which the individual researcher’s me,here,now becomes the community’s anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;and finally,the public（including other scientists）receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.As a discovery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First,scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search,not re-search.Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility“happens”to a discovery claim–a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”34.Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that

A.scientific claims will survive challenges.
B.discoveries today inspire future research.
C.efforts to make discoveries are justified.
D.scientific work calls for a critical mind.

Can animals be made to work for us?Some scientists think that one day animals may be trained to do a number of simple jobs that are now done by human beings.
They point out that at a circus,for example,we may see elephants,monkeys,dogs and other animals doing quite skillful things．Perhaps you have seen them on the television or in a film．If you watch closely,you may notice that the trainer always gives the animal a piece of candy or a piece of fruit as a reward．The scientists say that many different animals may be trained to do a number of simple jobs if they know they will get a reward for doing them.
Of course,as we know,dogs can be used to guard a house,and soldiers in both old and modem times have used geese to give warning by making a lot of noise when a stranger or an enemy comes near．But it may be possible to train animals to work in factories．In Russia,for example,pigeons which are birds with good eyesight,are being used to watch out for faults in small steel balls that are being made in one factory．When the pigeon sees a ball which looks different from others,it touches a steel plate with its beak．This turns on a light to warn people in the factory．At the same time a few seeds are given as a reward．It takes three to five weeks to train a pigeon to do this and one pigeon can inspect 3 000 to 4 000 balls an hour.
Apes have been used in America in helping to make cars,and scientists believe that these large monkeys may be one day gather crops and even drive trains.

Which of the following is not true?

A.Scientists consider apes may drive trains some da
B.Apes have worked in some factorie
C.Apes may one day be used to gather crop
D.An ape is not a large monke

共用题干
Verity Allen's New Show on Colors

1 Different colors can affect us in many different ways;that's according to Verity Allen.In her new se-
ries'Color me Healthy',Verity looks at the ways that colors can influence how hard we work and the
choices we make.They can even change our emotions and even influence how healthy we arc.
2 "Have you ever noticed how people always use the same colors for the same things?" says Verity."Our
toothpaste is always white or blue or maybe red.It'g never green.Why not?For some reason we think that
blue and white is clean,while we think of green products as being a bit disgusting. It's the same for businesses.
We respect a company which writes its name in blue or black,but we don't respect one that uses pink or orange.
People who design new products can use these ideas to influence what we buy."
3 During this four-pait series,Verity studies eight different colors,two colors in each program.She
meets people who work in all teipects of the color industry,from people who design food packets to people
who name the colors of lipsticks.
4 Some of the people she meets clearly have very little scientific knowledge to support their ideas,such
as the American"Color Doctor"who believes that serious diseases can be cured by,he use of colored lights.
However,she also interviews real scientists who are studying the effects of green and red lights on mice,with
some surprising results.
5 Overall,it's an interesting show,and anyone who watches it will probably find out something new.
But because Verity goes out of her way to be polite to everyone she meets on the series,it's up to the viewers
to make their own decisions about how much they should believe.

Paragraph 5_______________
A:The Same Colors for the Same Things
B:Scientists' Surprising Results
C:Verity's View on the Influence of Colors
D:Knowledge of the Interviewees on Colors
E:Studies in Verity's Series
F:The Author 's Opinion About Verity's Shows

共用题干
Unlocking the Human Genome（基因组）

1 A project to unlock secrets一what scientist could resist that challenge?This is what many
scientists are doing as they work on the Human Genome Project.The aim of the project is
to decode（破译）all of the some 100,000 genes in the human body. Scientists are using
DNA fingerprinting techniques to do the decoding.
2 DNA is the substance found in the chromosomes（染色体）of a cell. A chromosome is a
chain of genes.Each gene carries a piece of genetic information.At any one moment in a
cell, thousands of genes are turned on and off to produce proteins（蛋白质）.The challenge
for scientists is to find out what role each gene plays in protein production.At some point
this decoding will be complete.Then scientists will have a map of an ideal genome,or a
picture of the total genetic nature of a human being.The ideal genome is called a
consensus（交感）genome. Everything works well in a consensus genome.
3 But no one in the world has a consensus genome.Everyone's genome is different from
the ideal. These differences are referred to as genetic mutations（突变）.Genetic
mutations in a person's genome mean that the person has a greater than average chance of
suffering from health problems.Some problems are not life-threatening.These would
include things like colorblindness,or mild headaches.Other problems are serious,such as
heart disease,or cancer.
4 It will take years to identify the role of each of the 100,000 genes.The short-term goal of
the project is to find the physical and mental health problems a person is likely to encounter
during his or her lifetime.The long-term goal is to have each person live a longer,healthier
life.

Paragraph 3_________
A:How does DNA work?
B:What is the Human Genome Project about?
C:How are the DNA samples collected?
D:What are the goals of the Human Genome Project?
E:What is the role of each gene?
F:What are the consequences of genetic mutations?

共用题干
Unlocking the Human Genome（基因组）

1 A project to unlock secrets一what scientist could resist that challenge?This is what many
scientists are doing as they work on the Human Genome Project.The aim of the project is
to decode（破译）all of the some 100,000 genes in the human body. Scientists are using
DNA fingerprinting techniques to do the decoding.
2 DNA is the substance found in the chromosomes（染色体）of a cell. A chromosome is a
chain of genes.Each gene carries a piece of genetic information.At any one moment in a
cell, thousands of genes are turned on and off to produce proteins（蛋白质）.The challenge
for scientists is to find out what role each gene plays in protein production.At some point
this decoding will be complete.Then scientists will have a map of an ideal genome,or a
picture of the total genetic nature of a human being.The ideal genome is called a
consensus（交感）genome. Everything works well in a consensus genome.
3 But no one in the world has a consensus genome.Everyone's genome is different from
the ideal. These differences are referred to as genetic mutations（突变）.Genetic
mutations in a person's genome mean that the person has a greater than average chance of
suffering from health problems.Some problems are not life-threatening.These would
include things like colorblindness,or mild headaches.Other problems are serious,such as
heart disease,or cancer.
4 It will take years to identify the role of each of the 100,000 genes.The short-term goal of
the project is to find the physical and mental health problems a person is likely to encounter
during his or her lifetime.The long-term goal is to have each person live a longer,healthier
life.

Paragraph 4_________
A:How does DNA work?
B:What is the Human Genome Project about?
C:How are the DNA samples collected?
D:What are the goals of the Human Genome Project?
E:What is the role of each gene?
F:What are the consequences of genetic mutations?

共用题干
Verity Allen's New Show on Colors

1 Different colors can affect us in many different ways;that's according to Verity Allen.In her new se-
ries'Color me Healthy',Verity looks at the ways that colors can influence how hard we work and the
choices we make.They can even change our emotions and even influence how healthy we arc.
2 "Have you ever noticed how people always use the same colors for the same things?" says Verity."Our
toothpaste is always white or blue or maybe red.It'g never green.Why not?For some reason we think that
blue and white is clean,while we think of green products as being a bit disgusting. It's the same for businesses.
We respect a company which writes its name in blue or black,but we don't respect one that uses pink or orange.
People who design new products can use these ideas to influence what we buy."
3 During this four-pait series,Verity studies eight different colors,two colors in each program.She
meets people who work in all teipects of the color industry,from people who design food packets to people
who name the colors of lipsticks.
4 Some of the people she meets clearly have very little scientific knowledge to support their ideas,such
as the American"Color Doctor"who believes that serious diseases can be cured by,he use of colored lights.
However,she also interviews real scientists who are studying the effects of green and red lights on mice,with
some surprising results.
5 Overall,it's an interesting show,and anyone who watches it will probably find out something new.
But because Verity goes out of her way to be polite to everyone she meets on the series,it's up to the viewers
to make their own decisions about how much they should believe.

Paragraph 3____________
A:The Same Colors for the Same Things
B:Scientists' Surprising Results
C:Verity's View on the Influence of Colors
D:Knowledge of the Interviewees on Colors
E:Studies in Verity's Series
F:The Author 's Opinion About Verity's Shows

共用题干
Verity Allen's New Show on Colors

1 Different colors can affect us in many different ways;that's according to Verity Allen.In her new se-
ries'Color me Healthy',Verity looks at the ways that colors can influence how hard we work and the
choices we make.They can even change our emotions and even influence how healthy we arc.
2 "Have you ever noticed how people always use the same colors for the same things?" says Verity."Our
toothpaste is always white or blue or maybe red.It'g never green.Why not?For some reason we think that
blue and white is clean,while we think of green products as being a bit disgusting. It's the same for businesses.
We respect a company which writes its name in blue or black,but we don't respect one that uses pink or orange.
People who design new products can use these ideas to influence what we buy."
3 During this four-pait series,Verity studies eight different colors,two colors in each program.She
meets people who work in all teipects of the color industry,from people who design food packets to people
who name the colors of lipsticks.
4 Some of the people she meets clearly have very little scientific knowledge to support their ideas,such
as the American"Color Doctor"who believes that serious diseases can be cured by,he use of colored lights.
However,she also interviews real scientists who are studying the effects of green and red lights on mice,with
some surprising results.
5 Overall,it's an interesting show,and anyone who watches it will probably find out something new.
But because Verity goes out of her way to be polite to everyone she meets on the series,it's up to the viewers
to make their own decisions about how much they should believe.

Paragraph 4_____________
A:The Same Colors for the Same Things
B:Scientists' Surprising Results
C:Verity's View on the Influence of Colors
D:Knowledge of the Interviewees on Colors
E:Studies in Verity's Series
F:The Author 's Opinion About Verity's Shows

共用题干
Unlocking the Human Genome（基因组）

1 A project to unlock secrets一what scientist could resist that challenge?This is what many
scientists are doing as they work on the Human Genome Project.The aim of the project is
to decode（破译）all of the some 100,000 genes in the human body. Scientists are using
DNA fingerprinting techniques to do the decoding.
2 DNA is the substance found in the chromosomes（染色体）of a cell. A chromosome is a
chain of genes.Each gene carries a piece of genetic information.At any one moment in a
cell, thousands of genes are turned on and off to produce proteins（蛋白质）.The challenge
for scientists is to find out what role each gene plays in protein production.At some point
this decoding will be complete.Then scientists will have a map of an ideal genome,or a
picture of the total genetic nature of a human being.The ideal genome is called a
consensus（交感）genome. Everything works well in a consensus genome.
3 But no one in the world has a consensus genome.Everyone's genome is different from
the ideal. These differences are referred to as genetic mutations（突变）.Genetic
mutations in a person's genome mean that the person has a greater than average chance of
suffering from health problems.Some problems are not life-threatening.These would
include things like colorblindness,or mild headaches.Other problems are serious,such as
heart disease,or cancer.
4 It will take years to identify the role of each of the 100,000 genes.The short-term goal of
the project is to find the physical and mental health problems a person is likely to encounter
during his or her lifetime.The long-term goal is to have each person live a longer,healthier
life.

Scientists are trying hard to discover_________of each of the genes in our body.
A:that person's health
B:a scientific answer
C:scientific researchers
D:the genes
E:the function
F:the size

Can animals be made to work for us?Some scientists think that one day animals may be trained?to do a number of simple jobs that are now done by human beings.
They point out that at a circus,for example,we may see elephants,monkeys,dogs and other ani-mals doing quite skillful things.Perhaps you have seen them on the television or in a film.If you?watch closely,you may notice that the trainer always gives the animal a piece of candy or a piece of?fruit as a reward.The scientists say that many different animals may be trained to do a number of?simple jobs if they know they will get a reward for doing them.
Of course,as we know,dogs can be used to guard a house,and soldiers in both old and modern?times have used geese to give warning by making a lot of noise when a stranger or an enemy comes?near.But it may be possible to train animals to work in factories.In Russia,for example,pigeons?which are birds with good eyesight,are being nsed to watch out for faults in small steel balls that are?being made in one factory.When the pigeon sees a ball which looks different from others,it touches a?steel plate with its beak.This turns on a light to warn people in the factory.At the same time a few?seeds are given as a reward.It takes three to five weeks to train a pigeon to do this and one pigeon?can inspect 3,000 to 4,000 balls an hour.
Apes have been used in America in helping to make cars,and scientists believe that these large?monkeys may be one day gather crops and even drive trains.

What made scientists think animal can be made to work for us one day?

A.Animals are very skillful at a circus.
B.They are big and strong.
C.Some animals are as clever as human beings.
D.Animals carl be trained because they like to get something as a reward.