问答题Our brains respond to our shadows as if they were another part of the body, according to a scientific study. When we see something about to come into contact with the edge of our shadow, brain activity suggests it is as if they are about to touch us in
题目
问答题
Our brains respond to our shadows as if they were another part of the body, according to a scientific study. When we see something about to come into contact with the edge of our shadow, brain activity suggests it is as if they are about to touch us instead. Scientists tested volunteers’ reaction speeds and accuracy while distracting them with flashing lights. They found that similar errors happened when lights flashed either next to a hand’s shadow or the hand itself. The brain develops an internal “map” which helps it define exactly where the body is—which helps it navigate around the world outside.The results, by researchers at Royal Holloway College in London, suggest that the body’s shadow may form part of that map. The tests used shadows cast onto a white table in front of a seated volunteer. The subject was asked to distinguish between touches on the thumb and forefinger of the hand, and the number of errors—and the overall reaction time—were recorded. When flashing lights placed near the hand are activated, the number of errors rises and reaction time slows as the brain is forced to deal with the distraction.
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更多“问答题Our brains respond to our shadows as if they were another part of the body, according to a scientific study. When we see something about to come into contact with the edge of our shadow, brain activity suggests it is as if they are about to touch us in”相关问题
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第1题：
A moment's drilling by the dentist may make us nervous and upset. Many of us cannot stand pain.
To avoid the pain of a drilling that may last perhaps a minute or two, we demand the "needle"— a shot of novocaine (奴佛卡因) -that deadens the nerves around the tooth.
Now it' s true that the human body has developed its millions of nerves to be highly aware of what goes on both inside and outside of it. This helps us adjust to the world. Without our nerves—and our brain, which is a bundle of nerves— we wouldn't know what's happening. But we pay for our sensitivity. We can feel pain when the slightest thing is wrong with any part of our body. The history of torture is based on the human body being open to pain.
But there is a way to handle pain. Look at the Indian fakir(行僧) who sits on a bed of nails. Fakirs can put a needle right through an arm, and feel no pain; This ability that some humans have developed to handle pain should give us ideas about how the mind can deal with pain.
The big thing in withstanding pain is our attitude toward it. If the dentist says, "This will hurt a little, it helps us to accept the pain. By staying relaxed,' and by treating the pain as an interesting sensation, we' can handle the pain without falling apart. After all; although pain is an unpleasant sensation, it is still a sensation, and sensations are the stuff of life.
26. The passage is mainly about______.
A) how to stiffer pain
B) how to avoid pain
C) how to handle pain
D) how to stop pain
正确答案：C
答案：C
[试题分析]文章主旨题。
[详细解答]文章从以牙医用奴佛卡因来帮助病人减轻疼痛来开头，接下来又用印度行僧在胳膊上插上针来镇痛的例子说了人类对付疼痛的历史，最后仍然是有关对付疼痛的，指出人感觉疼痛的程度与态度有关。可见，全篇的内容都与人类对付疼痛有关，正确答案应为C。
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第2题：
Which of the following shows the proper rhythmical pattern of the sentence?A．′Come to ′see us at our ′new a′partment.
B．′Come to ′see us at′our new ′apartment.
C．′Come to ′see us ′at our ′new ′apartment.
D．′Come to ′see us ′at our ′new a′partment.答案：A解析：考查句子重读。一般来说，句子中的实词需要重读，比如名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词等。虚词多数情况下不重读，比如冠词、介词、物主代词(形容词性)、连词、感叹词等。故A项正确。 -
第3题：
We can make mistakes at any age.Some mistakes we make are about money.But most mistakes?are about people."Did Jerry really care when I broke up with Helen?When I got that great job,did Jim really feel good about it,as a friend?Or did he envy my luck?"When we look back,doubts?like these can make us feel bad.But when we look back,it′s too late.
Why do we go wrong about our friends or our enemies?Sometimes what people say hides their?real meaning.And if we don′t really listen closely we miss the feeling behind the words.Suppose?someone tells you,"You′re a lucky dog."That′s being friendly.But"lucky dog"?There′s a bit?of envy in those words.Maybe he doesn′t see it himself.But bringing in the"dog"puts you down a?little.What he may be saying is that he doesn′t think you deserve your luck.
"Just think of all the things you have to be thankful for"is another noise that says one thing and?means another.It could mean that the speaker is trying to get you to see your problem as part of your life as a whole.But is be?Wrapped up in this phrase is the thought that your problem isn′t important.It′s telling you to think of all the starving people in the world when you haven′t got a date for Saturday night.How can you tell the real meaning behind someone′s words?One way is to take a good look at?the person talking.Do his words fit the way he looks?Does what he says agree with the tone of?voice?His posture?The look in his eyes?Stop and think.The minute you spend thinking about the?real meaning of what people say to you may save another mistake.
According to the author′,the reason why we go wrong about our friends is thatA.we fail to listen carefully when they talk
B.people tend to be annoyed when we check what they say
C.people usually state one thing but mean another
D.we tend to doubt What.our friends say答案：C解析：【考情点拨】推理判断题。【应试指导】由第二段第二句及第三段首句可知，有时人们所说的话掩饰了其真实含义，而且言不由衷。故选C。 -
第4题：
资料：Procrastination comes in many disguises. We might resolve to tackle a task, but find endless reasons to defer it. We might prioritize things we can readily tick off our to-do list- answering emails, say- while leaving the big, complex stuff untouched for another day. We can look and feel busy. while artfully avoiding the tanks that really matter. And when we look at those rolling, long untouched items at the bottom of our to-do list, we can't help but feel a little disappointed in ourselves.
The problem is our brains are programmed to procrastinate. In general, we all tend to struggle with task that promise future upside in return for efforts we take now. That's because it's easier for our brains to process concrete rather than abstract things, and the immediate hassle is very tangible compared with those unknowable, uncertain future benefits. So the short-term effort easily dominates the long-term upside in our minds--an example of something that behavioral scientists call present bias.
How can you become less myopic about your elusive tasks? It's all about rebalancing the cost benefit analysis: make the benefits of action feel bigger, and the costs of action feel smaller. The reward for doing a pestering task needs to feel larger than the immediate pain of tacking it.
To make the benefits of action feel bigger and more real:
Visualize how great it will be to get it done. Researchers have discovered that people are more likely to save for their future retirement if they're shown digitally aged photographs of themselves. Why? Because it makes their future self feel more real-making the future benefits of saving also feel more weighty.
Which one is TRUE about our brain?A.Concrete things are more attractive than the abstract things.
B.The long term upside is easily dominated by short-term effort in our minds.
C.We cannot avoid present bias in our brain.
D.The brain can be trained to procrastinate often.答案：B解析：本题考查的是细节理解。
【关键词】true; brain
【主题句】第二段The problem is our brains are programmed to procrastinate. In general, we all tend to struggle with tasks that promise future upside in return for efforts we take now. That’s because it’s easier for our brains to process concrete rather than abstract things, and the immediate hassle is very tangible compared with those unknowable, uncertain future benefits. So the short-term effort easily dominates the long-term upside in our minds — an example of something that behavioral scientists call present bias.
问题是我们的大脑自动选择拖延。总的来说，我们都倾向于努力解决那些将来承诺回报的任务，以换取我们现在所做的努力。这是因为我们的大脑更容易处理具体而不是抽象的事情。与那些不可知的，不确定的未来利益相比，直接的麻烦是非常有形的。 所以短期成就在我们脑中很轻易地支配了长期优势—这是行为科学家称之为现在偏见的一个例子。
【解析】本题问“关于我们大脑，哪一项是正确的？”。选项A意为“具体事物比抽象事物更具吸引力”；
选项B意为“短期成就在我们脑中很轻易地支配了长期优势”；选项C意为“我们无法避免目前的大脑偏见”；选项D意为“大脑因被训练而经常拖延”。
根据主题句可知，对我们大脑而言，运行具体的事项要比抽象的事物更容易，但不能由此推断具体的实物比抽象的事物更有吸引力，选项A错误；文末三段都是在说如何避免拖延，故“现在拖延”是不可避免的，选项C错误；.我们大脑是自动选择拖延的，而不是因训练造成的，故选项D错误；选项B内容与原文一致，故符合题意。 -
第5题：
共用题干
Kicking the Habit
What is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost
without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect
those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad
habits are part of what makes us human.
Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to
stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same
habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in
our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it
becomes a part of our life,and becomes"programmed"into our brain.
A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the
old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that
we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed
a group of volunteers several pictures,and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the
volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.
A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told
them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their an-
swers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same test
again.This time,most of them only gave the first set of. words.They appeared to have completely forgotten
the second set.
The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may
try to change our ways,hut after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we
learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to respond
in any other way.
The study therefore suggests that over time,our had habits also become automatic,learned behavior.
This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break
them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain
stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.We can only break bad habits if others tell us to do so.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not nientioned答案：B解析：文章第二段讲到，一些早期的习惯，像吮吸手指之类的习惯在我们很小的时候就戒掉 了。并没有说男孩子们在小时候通常会染上坏习惯。故选C。
在文章第二段中，作者指出我们之所以能戒掉早期的坏习惯是因为有父母告诉我们不 要这样做，或者是我们有意或无意地观察到别人都不这样做。文章中并没有说我们戒掉坏习 惯的唯一方法是别人的告知。故选B。
文章第三段讲到，最近一项关于人类记洲忆力的研究表明不管我们如何努力地尝试着改 变坏习惯，坏习惯还是难以戒掉，特别是在我们忙碌，紧张或是过度劳累的时候，我们认为已经 戒掉的坏习惯就会突然跑回来。故选A。
由文章第四段第三句话“It came as no surprise that...“，可知研究者对测试结果毫不奇 怪，在他们意料之中。故选B。
文章第四段讲到，两个星期后，这些被测试者重新做相同的测试。大多数人只能给出 第一组的单词，好像他们完全忘了第二组单词。文章中并未提到被测试者发现第二次测试要 难一些。故选C。
文章倒数第一二段指出，这一研究证实了这一点，我们第一次学到的反应方式在一段时 间后仍然在我们脑海里留下最深印象、尽管我们试图去改变，但一段时间后，首先出现在脑海 的还是我们第一次学到的反应方式。文章中并未提到研究表明对我们最先学习的那些东西做 出反应更加困难。故选C。
文章最后一段讲到，研究表明在一段时间后，坏习惯会变成无章识的习得性行为。这 对那些在年轻时就染上坏习惯而现在想要戒掉的人们来说不是个好消息。也就是说，年轻时 染上的坏习惯很难戒掉。故选A。 -
第6题：
共用题干
Kicking the Habit
What is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost
without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect
those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad
habits are part of what makes us human.
Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to
stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same
habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in
our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it
becomes a part of our life,and becomes"programmed"into our brain.
A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the
old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that
we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed
a group of volunteers several pictures,and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the
volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.
A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told
them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their an-
swers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same test
again.This time,most of them only gave the first set of. words.They appeared to have completely forgotten
the second set.
The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may
try to change our ways,hut after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we
learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to respond
in any other way.
The study therefore suggests that over time,our had habits also become automatic,learned behavior.
This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break
them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain
stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.If we develop bad habits early in life,they are harder to get rid of.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：A解析：文章第二段讲到，一些早期的习惯，像吮吸手指之类的习惯在我们很小的时候就戒掉 了。并没有说男孩子们在小时候通常会染上坏习惯。故选C。
在文章第二段中，作者指出我们之所以能戒掉早期的坏习惯是因为有父母告诉我们不 要这样做，或者是我们有意或无意地观察到别人都不这样做。文章中并没有说我们戒掉坏习 惯的唯一方法是别人的告知。故选B。
文章第三段讲到，最近一项关于人类记洲忆力的研究表明不管我们如何努力地尝试着改 变坏习惯，坏习惯还是难以戒掉，特别是在我们忙碌，紧张或是过度劳累的时候，我们认为已经 戒掉的坏习惯就会突然跑回来。故选A。
由文章第四段第三句话“It came as no surprise that...“，可知研究者对测试结果毫不奇 怪，在他们意料之中。故选B。
文章第四段讲到，两个星期后，这些被测试者重新做相同的测试。大多数人只能给出 第一组的单词，好像他们完全忘了第二组单词。文章中并未提到被测试者发现第二次测试要 难一些。故选C。
文章倒数第一二段指出，这一研究证实了这一点，我们第一次学到的反应方式在一段时 间后仍然在我们脑海里留下最深印象、尽管我们试图去改变，但一段时间后，首先出现在脑海 的还是我们第一次学到的反应方式。文章中并未提到研究表明对我们最先学习的那些东西做 出反应更加困难。故选C。
文章最后一段讲到，研究表明在一段时间后，坏习惯会变成无章识的习得性行为。这 对那些在年轻时就染上坏习惯而现在想要戒掉的人们来说不是个好消息。也就是说，年轻时 染上的坏习惯很难戒掉。故选A。 -
第7题：
共用题干
Kicking the Habit
What is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost
without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect
those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad
habits are part of what makes us human.
Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to
stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same
habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in
our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it
becomes a part of our life,and becomes"programmed"into our brain.
A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the
old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that
we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed
a group of volunteers several pictures,and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the
volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.
A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told
them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their an-
swers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same test
again.This time,most of them only gave the first set of. words.They appeared to have completely forgotten
the second set.
The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may
try to change our ways,hut after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we
learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to respond
in any other way.
The study therefore suggests that over time,our had habits also become automatic,learned behavior.
This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break
them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain
stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.Researchers were surprised by the answers that the volunteers gave in the first test.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：B解析：文章第二段讲到，一些早期的习惯，像吮吸手指之类的习惯在我们很小的时候就戒掉 了。并没有说男孩子们在小时候通常会染上坏习惯。故选C。
在文章第二段中，作者指出我们之所以能戒掉早期的坏习惯是因为有父母告诉我们不 要这样做，或者是我们有意或无意地观察到别人都不这样做。文章中并没有说我们戒掉坏习 惯的唯一方法是别人的告知。故选B。
文章第三段讲到，最近一项关于人类记洲忆力的研究表明不管我们如何努力地尝试着改 变坏习惯，坏习惯还是难以戒掉，特别是在我们忙碌，紧张或是过度劳累的时候，我们认为已经 戒掉的坏习惯就会突然跑回来。故选A。
由文章第四段第三句话“It came as no surprise that...“，可知研究者对测试结果毫不奇 怪，在他们意料之中。故选B。
文章第四段讲到，两个星期后，这些被测试者重新做相同的测试。大多数人只能给出 第一组的单词，好像他们完全忘了第二组单词。文章中并未提到被测试者发现第二次测试要 难一些。故选C。
文章倒数第一二段指出，这一研究证实了这一点，我们第一次学到的反应方式在一段时 间后仍然在我们脑海里留下最深印象、尽管我们试图去改变，但一段时间后，首先出现在脑海 的还是我们第一次学到的反应方式。文章中并未提到研究表明对我们最先学习的那些东西做 出反应更加困难。故选C。
文章最后一段讲到，研究表明在一段时间后，坏习惯会变成无章识的习得性行为。这 对那些在年轻时就染上坏习惯而现在想要戒掉的人们来说不是个好消息。也就是说，年轻时 染上的坏习惯很难戒掉。故选A。 -
第8题：
共用题干
Kicking the Habit
What is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost
without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect
those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad
habits are part of what makes us human.
Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to
stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same
habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in
our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it
becomes a part of our life,and becomnes"programmed"into our brain.
A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the
old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that
we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed
a group of volunteers several pictures, and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the
volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.
A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told
them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their
answers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same
test again.This time,most of them only gave the first set of words.They appeared to have completely forgotten
the second set.
The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may
try to change out ways,but after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we
learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to re-
spond in any other way.
The study therefore suggests that over time,our bad habits also become automatic,learned behaviour.
This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break
them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain
stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.Boys usually develop bad habits when they are very young.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：C解析：文章第二段讲到，一些早期的习惯，像吮吸手指之类的习惯在我们很小的时候就戒掉 了。并没有说男孩子们在小时候通常会染上坏习惯。故选C。
在文章第二段中，作者指出我们之所以能戒除早期的坏习惯是因为有父母告诉我们不 要这样做，或者是我们有意或无意地观察到别人都不这样做。文章中并没有说我们戒除坏习 惯的唯一方法是别人的告知。故选B。
文章第三段第一句话说最近一项关于人类记忆力的研究表明不管我们如何努力地尝 试着改变坏习惯，坏习惯还是难以戒掉，特别是在我们忙碌，紧张或是过度劳累的时候，我们认 为已经戒掉的坏习惯就会突然跑回来。故选A。
由文章第四段第三句话“It came as no surprise that..."，可知研究者对测试结果毫不奇 怪，在他们意料之中。故选B。
文章第四段讲到，两个星期后，这些被测试者重新做相同的测试。他们只能给出第一 组的单词，他们表现出完全忘了第二组单词的样子。文章中并未提到被测试者发现第二次测 试要难一些。故选C。
文章倒数第二段指出，这一研究证实了这一点，我们第一次学到的反应方式在一段时 间后仍然在我们脑海里留下最深印象。尽管我们试图去改变，但一段时间后，首先出现在脑海 的还是我们第一次学到的反应方式。题干中的说法“研究表明对我们最先学习的那些东西做 出反应很困难”没有提及。故选C。
由文章最后一段讲到，研究表明在一段时间后，坏习惯会变成无意识的习得性行为。 这对那些在年轻时就染上坏习惯而现在想要戒掉的人们来说不是个好消息。也就是说，年轻 时染上的坏习惯很难戒掉。故选A。第3部分：概括大意与完成句子 -
第9题：
共用题干
Kicking the Habit
What is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost
without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect
those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad
habits are part of what makes us human.
Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to
stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same
habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in
our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it
becomes a part of our life,and becomnes"programmed"into our brain.
A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the
old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that
we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed
a group of volunteers several pictures, and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the
volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.
A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told
them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their
answers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same
test again.This time,most of them only gave the first set of words.They appeared to have completely forgotten
the second set.
The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may
try to change out ways,but after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we
learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to re-
spond in any other way.
The study therefore suggests that over time,our bad habits also become automatic,learned behaviour.
This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break
them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain
stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.We can only break bad habits if others tell us to do so.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：B解析：文章第二段讲到，一些早期的习惯，像吮吸手指之类的习惯在我们很小的时候就戒掉 了。并没有说男孩子们在小时候通常会染上坏习惯。故选C。
在文章第二段中，作者指出我们之所以能戒除早期的坏习惯是因为有父母告诉我们不 要这样做，或者是我们有意或无意地观察到别人都不这样做。文章中并没有说我们戒除坏习 惯的唯一方法是别人的告知。故选B。
文章第三段第一句话说最近一项关于人类记忆力的研究表明不管我们如何努力地尝 试着改变坏习惯，坏习惯还是难以戒掉，特别是在我们忙碌，紧张或是过度劳累的时候，我们认 为已经戒掉的坏习惯就会突然跑回来。故选A。
由文章第四段第三句话“It came as no surprise that..."，可知研究者对测试结果毫不奇 怪，在他们意料之中。故选B。
文章第四段讲到，两个星期后，这些被测试者重新做相同的测试。他们只能给出第一 组的单词，他们表现出完全忘了第二组单词的样子。文章中并未提到被测试者发现第二次测 试要难一些。故选C。
文章倒数第二段指出，这一研究证实了这一点，我们第一次学到的反应方式在一段时 间后仍然在我们脑海里留下最深印象。尽管我们试图去改变，但一段时间后，首先出现在脑海 的还是我们第一次学到的反应方式。题干中的说法“研究表明对我们最先学习的那些东西做 出反应很困难”没有提及。故选C。
由文章最后一段讲到，研究表明在一段时间后，坏习惯会变成无意识的习得性行为。 这对那些在年轻时就染上坏习惯而现在想要戒掉的人们来说不是个好消息。也就是说，年轻 时染上的坏习惯很难戒掉。故选A。第3部分：概括大意与完成句子 -
第10题：
共用题干
Kicking the Habit
What is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost
without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect
those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad
habits are part of what makes us human.
Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to
stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same
habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in
our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it
becomes a part of our life,and becomnes"programmed"into our brain.
A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the
old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that
we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed
a group of volunteers several pictures, and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the
volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.
A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told
them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their
answers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same
test again.This time,most of them only gave the first set of words.They appeared to have completely forgotten
the second set.
The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may
try to change out ways,but after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we
learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to re-
spond in any other way.
The study therefore suggests that over time,our bad habits also become automatic,learned behaviour.
This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break
them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain
stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.If we develop bad habits early in life,they are harder to get rid of.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：A解析：文章第二段讲到，一些早期的习惯，像吮吸手指之类的习惯在我们很小的时候就戒掉 了。并没有说男孩子们在小时候通常会染上坏习惯。故选C。
在文章第二段中，作者指出我们之所以能戒除早期的坏习惯是因为有父母告诉我们不 要这样做，或者是我们有意或无意地观察到别人都不这样做。文章中并没有说我们戒除坏习 惯的唯一方法是别人的告知。故选B。
文章第三段第一句话说最近一项关于人类记忆力的研究表明不管我们如何努力地尝 试着改变坏习惯，坏习惯还是难以戒掉，特别是在我们忙碌，紧张或是过度劳累的时候，我们认 为已经戒掉的坏习惯就会突然跑回来。故选A。
由文章第四段第三句话“It came as no surprise that..."，可知研究者对测试结果毫不奇 怪，在他们意料之中。故选B。
文章第四段讲到，两个星期后，这些被测试者重新做相同的测试。他们只能给出第一 组的单词，他们表现出完全忘了第二组单词的样子。文章中并未提到被测试者发现第二次测 试要难一些。故选C。
文章倒数第二段指出，这一研究证实了这一点，我们第一次学到的反应方式在一段时 间后仍然在我们脑海里留下最深印象。尽管我们试图去改变，但一段时间后，首先出现在脑海 的还是我们第一次学到的反应方式。题干中的说法“研究表明对我们最先学习的那些东西做 出反应很困难”没有提及。故选C。
由文章最后一段讲到，研究表明在一段时间后，坏习惯会变成无意识的习得性行为。 这对那些在年轻时就染上坏习惯而现在想要戒掉的人们来说不是个好消息。也就是说，年轻 时染上的坏习惯很难戒掉。故选A。第3部分：概括大意与完成句子 -
第11题：
Our eating habits are very important for good health and a strong body.There are times when?most of us would rather eat sweets and ice-cream than meat and rice.Sweets and ice-cream are not?bad if we eat them at the end of a meal.If we eat them before a meal,they may take away our appe-tite（食欲）~It is important for us to eat our meals at the same time each day.When we feel hungry,it is a sign that our body needs food.When we feel angry or excited,we may not want to eat.A long time ago,in England,some judges used to decide whether a man was telling the truth by giving him some dry bread.If the man could not eat the bread,it showed that he was telling lies.Although this seems very strange and rather foolish,it is indeed a very good way of finding out the fact.A man who is worrying about something has difficulty in eating anything dry.Because he is worrying,he loses his appetite and does not want to eat.
We must have good eating habits because__________.A.we want to eat more
B.we want to enjoy our meals
C.we want to be healthy and strong
D.we want to grow up quickly答案：C解析：由第一句可知好的饮食习惯对于健康和身体强壮来说很重要。旬中的for表示“对……来说”。 -
第12题：
问答题Practice 1 No one knows what time itself is. We cannot see it. We cannot touch it. We cannot hear it. We know it only by the way we mark its passing. For all our success in measuring the tiniest parts of time, time remains one of the great mysteries of the universe. One way of thinking about time is to imagine a world without time. There could be no movement, because time and movement cannot be separated. A world without time could exist only as long as there were no changes. For time and change are linked. When something changes, you know time has passed.正确答案：
【参考译文】
时间本身究竟是什么,没有人知道。时间是看不见、摸不着、也听不到的。我们标出时间的消逝,通过这种方式,我们才知道了时间。尽管我们能成功地测定出极其短暂的一段时间,但是对我们来说,时间仍然是宇宙间最大的奥秘之一。
思索时间的一种方式是设想一个没有时间的世界。在这个世界里也不会有运动,因为时间和运动是分不开的。没有时间的世界只能在没有任何变化的条件下存在,因为时间和变化是联系在一起的。当事物发生了变化,时间也就消逝了。解析： 暂无解析 -
第13题：
30． What is the passage mainly about? 、
A． We must make more friends．
B． Don-t quarrel with our parents．
C． What should we do when our parents quarrel．
D． Sometimes we must stay away from our parents．
正确答案：C
C【解析】全篇都是写关于父母吵架时，“你”应该怎么做的建议。 -
第14题：
共用题干
Nonverbal Communication
All of us communicate with one another nonverbally,as well as with words.Most of the time we're not aware that we're doing it.We gesture with eyebrows or a hand,meet someone else's eyes and look away,change positions in a chair.(46)__________.However in recent years researchers have discovered that there is a system to them almost as consistent and understandable as language.
One important kind of body language is eye behavior.(47)_________.In our normal conversation,each eye contact lasts only about a second before one or both of us look away.When two Americans look,searchingly into each other's eyes,(48)_________.Therefore,we carefully avoid this,except in suitable situations.
Researchers(49)________are not prepared to spell out a precise vocabulary of gestures. When an American rubs his nose,it may mean he is disagreeing with someone or refusing something. But there are other possible interpretations,too.Another example:when a student in conversation with a professor holds the older man's eyes a little longer than is usual,(50)_________;it can be a challenge to the professor's authority;it can be something else entirely.The researchers look for patterns in the situation,not for a separate meaningful gesture.
Communication between human beings would be just dull if it were all done with words._________（47）
A:it can be a sign of respect
B:they become more intimate
C:We assume these actions are occasional
D:Americans are careful about how and when they meet one another's eyes
E:who are engaged in the study of communication through body movement
F:they do not mean that答案：D解析：空白后一句与空白处是转折关系，因此它们的含义应当是不同的。此外，空白之前的句子列举的是非语言交流的一些方式，能连接上下两句的只有选项C，即：我们觉得非语言沟通仅仅是偶尔为之的。
此空白处前后讲的都是沟通时的眼神接触，选项中只有D是与此相关并能承接上下句，即美国人对如何以及何时同他人眼神交汇持谨慎的态度。
空白处和后一句是因果关系，讲的是避免该情况的原因，而从前一句我们可以判断此处讲的与眼神沟通相关，因此只有选项B最合适。
此空白处前面是句子主语Researchers，后面是表语部分，因此缺少的部分可能是修饰主语的成分，选项中只有E是定语从句，其他选项都是完整的句子放在这里不符合语法，本句的意思是：致力于研究通过肢体动作沟通的研究人员意外地发现了手势动作的确切含义。
空白处后面是两个用分号连接、语法结构相同的排比句，由此我们推测空白处应当跟后面两个句子的结构相似，选项中只有A合适，本句的意思是：当一个学生在同教授谈话时比平时更久地看着这位年长者的眼睛，这就可能是尊敬的表现。 -
第15题：
We experience a burst of pleasure when we share our thoughts,and this drives us to communlcate.It is a useful feature of our brain,because it ensures that knowledge,experience and ideas do not get buried with the person who first had them,and that as a society we benefit from the products of many minds.Of course,in order for that to happen,merely sharing is not enough.We need to cause a reaction.Each time we share our opinions and knowledge,it is with the intention of having an impact on others.Here's the problem,though:we approach this task from inside our own heads.When attempting to create impact,we reflect on what is persuasive to us,our state of mind.our desires and our goals.But if we want to affect the behaviours and beliefs of the person in front of us,we need to understand what goes on inside their head.答案：解析：我们在分享自己的想法时会感到一阵愉悦．正是这种感觉驱使我们进行交流。我们大脑的这个特点非常有用．因为它保证了知识、经验和想法不会随着它们最初的拥有者而遭到埋没；我们作为一个社会，则能从许多聪明人的成果中受益。当然，要使这种情况发生，单纯的分享是不够的。我们需要引起一个反应。我们每次分享自己的意见和知识时，正是抱着对他人施加影响的目的。但这正是问题所在：我们从自己的内心出发处理这件事情。当我们试图造成影响时，我们回想对我们具有说服力的东西．我们的精神状态，我们的渴望以及我们的目标。但我们如果想影响我们面前这个人的行为和想法，却需要理解他们的脑子里在想什么。 -
第16题：
共用题干
Kicking the Habit
What is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost
without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect
those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad
habits are part of what makes us human.
Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to
stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same
habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in
our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it
becomes a part of our life,and becomes"programmed"into our brain.
A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the
old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that
we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed
a group of volunteers several pictures,and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the
volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.
A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told
them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their an-
swers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same test
again.This time,most of them only gave the first set of. words.They appeared to have completely forgotten
the second set.
The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may
try to change our ways,hut after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we
learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to respond
in any other way.
The study therefore suggests that over time,our had habits also become automatic,learned behavior.
This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break
them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain
stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.The study suggests that it is more difficult to respond to what we learn first?
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：C解析：文章第二段讲到，一些早期的习惯，像吮吸手指之类的习惯在我们很小的时候就戒掉 了。并没有说男孩子们在小时候通常会染上坏习惯。故选C。
在文章第二段中，作者指出我们之所以能戒掉早期的坏习惯是因为有父母告诉我们不 要这样做，或者是我们有意或无意地观察到别人都不这样做。文章中并没有说我们戒掉坏习 惯的唯一方法是别人的告知。故选B。
文章第三段讲到，最近一项关于人类记洲忆力的研究表明不管我们如何努力地尝试着改 变坏习惯，坏习惯还是难以戒掉，特别是在我们忙碌，紧张或是过度劳累的时候，我们认为已经 戒掉的坏习惯就会突然跑回来。故选A。
由文章第四段第三句话“It came as no surprise that...“，可知研究者对测试结果毫不奇 怪，在他们意料之中。故选B。
文章第四段讲到，两个星期后，这些被测试者重新做相同的测试。大多数人只能给出 第一组的单词，好像他们完全忘了第二组单词。文章中并未提到被测试者发现第二次测试要 难一些。故选C。
文章倒数第一二段指出，这一研究证实了这一点，我们第一次学到的反应方式在一段时 间后仍然在我们脑海里留下最深印象、尽管我们试图去改变，但一段时间后，首先出现在脑海 的还是我们第一次学到的反应方式。文章中并未提到研究表明对我们最先学习的那些东西做 出反应更加困难。故选C。
文章最后一段讲到，研究表明在一段时间后，坏习惯会变成无章识的习得性行为。这 对那些在年轻时就染上坏习惯而现在想要戒掉的人们来说不是个好消息。也就是说，年轻时 染上的坏习惯很难戒掉。故选A。 -
第17题：
共用题干
Kicking the Habit
What is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost
without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect
those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad
habits are part of what makes us human.
Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to
stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same
habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in
our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it
becomes a part of our life,and becomes"programmed"into our brain.
A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the
old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that
we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed
a group of volunteers several pictures,and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the
volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.
A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told
them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their an-
swers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same test
again.This time,most of them only gave the first set of. words.They appeared to have completely forgotten
the second set.
The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may
try to change our ways,hut after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we
learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to respond
in any other way.
The study therefore suggests that over time,our had habits also become automatic,learned behavior.
This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break
them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain
stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.Boys usually develop bad habits when they are very young.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：C解析：文章第二段讲到，一些早期的习惯，像吮吸手指之类的习惯在我们很小的时候就戒掉 了。并没有说男孩子们在小时候通常会染上坏习惯。故选C。
在文章第二段中，作者指出我们之所以能戒掉早期的坏习惯是因为有父母告诉我们不 要这样做，或者是我们有意或无意地观察到别人都不这样做。文章中并没有说我们戒掉坏习 惯的唯一方法是别人的告知。故选B。
文章第三段讲到，最近一项关于人类记洲忆力的研究表明不管我们如何努力地尝试着改 变坏习惯，坏习惯还是难以戒掉，特别是在我们忙碌，紧张或是过度劳累的时候，我们认为已经 戒掉的坏习惯就会突然跑回来。故选A。
由文章第四段第三句话“It came as no surprise that...“，可知研究者对测试结果毫不奇 怪，在他们意料之中。故选B。
文章第四段讲到，两个星期后，这些被测试者重新做相同的测试。大多数人只能给出 第一组的单词，好像他们完全忘了第二组单词。文章中并未提到被测试者发现第二次测试要 难一些。故选C。
文章倒数第一二段指出，这一研究证实了这一点，我们第一次学到的反应方式在一段时 间后仍然在我们脑海里留下最深印象、尽管我们试图去改变，但一段时间后，首先出现在脑海 的还是我们第一次学到的反应方式。文章中并未提到研究表明对我们最先学习的那些东西做 出反应更加困难。故选C。
文章最后一段讲到，研究表明在一段时间后，坏习惯会变成无章识的习得性行为。这 对那些在年轻时就染上坏习惯而现在想要戒掉的人们来说不是个好消息。也就是说，年轻时 染上的坏习惯很难戒掉。故选A。 -
第18题：
共用题干
Kicking the Habit
What is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost
without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect
those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad
habits are part of what makes us human.
Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to
stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same
habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in
our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it
becomes a part of our life,and becomes"programmed"into our brain.
A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the
old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that
we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed
a group of volunteers several pictures,and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the
volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.
A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told
them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their an-
swers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same test
again.This time,most of them only gave the first set of. words.They appeared to have completely forgotten
the second set.
The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may
try to change our ways,hut after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we
learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to respond
in any other way.
The study therefore suggests that over time,our had habits also become automatic,learned behavior.
This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break
them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain
stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.Bad habits may return when we are under pressure.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：A解析：文章第二段讲到，一些早期的习惯，像吮吸手指之类的习惯在我们很小的时候就戒掉 了。并没有说男孩子们在小时候通常会染上坏习惯。故选C。
在文章第二段中，作者指出我们之所以能戒掉早期的坏习惯是因为有父母告诉我们不 要这样做，或者是我们有意或无意地观察到别人都不这样做。文章中并没有说我们戒掉坏习 惯的唯一方法是别人的告知。故选B。
文章第三段讲到，最近一项关于人类记洲忆力的研究表明不管我们如何努力地尝试着改 变坏习惯，坏习惯还是难以戒掉，特别是在我们忙碌，紧张或是过度劳累的时候，我们认为已经 戒掉的坏习惯就会突然跑回来。故选A。
由文章第四段第三句话“It came as no surprise that...“，可知研究者对测试结果毫不奇 怪，在他们意料之中。故选B。
文章第四段讲到，两个星期后，这些被测试者重新做相同的测试。大多数人只能给出 第一组的单词，好像他们完全忘了第二组单词。文章中并未提到被测试者发现第二次测试要 难一些。故选C。
文章倒数第一二段指出，这一研究证实了这一点，我们第一次学到的反应方式在一段时 间后仍然在我们脑海里留下最深印象、尽管我们试图去改变，但一段时间后，首先出现在脑海 的还是我们第一次学到的反应方式。文章中并未提到研究表明对我们最先学习的那些东西做 出反应更加困难。故选C。
文章最后一段讲到，研究表明在一段时间后，坏习惯会变成无章识的习得性行为。这 对那些在年轻时就染上坏习惯而现在想要戒掉的人们来说不是个好消息。也就是说，年轻时 染上的坏习惯很难戒掉。故选A。 -
第19题：
共用题干
Kicking the Habit
What is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost
without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect
those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad
habits are part of what makes us human.
Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to
stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same
habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in
our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it
becomes a part of our life,and becomnes"programmed"into our brain.
A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the
old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that
we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed
a group of volunteers several pictures, and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the
volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.
A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told
them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their
answers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same
test again.This time,most of them only gave the first set of words.They appeared to have completely forgotten
the second set.
The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may
try to change out ways,but after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we
learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to re-
spond in any other way.
The study therefore suggests that over time,our bad habits also become automatic,learned behaviour.
This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break
them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain
stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.Bad habits may return when we are under pressure.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：A解析：文章第二段讲到，一些早期的习惯，像吮吸手指之类的习惯在我们很小的时候就戒掉 了。并没有说男孩子们在小时候通常会染上坏习惯。故选C。
在文章第二段中，作者指出我们之所以能戒除早期的坏习惯是因为有父母告诉我们不 要这样做，或者是我们有意或无意地观察到别人都不这样做。文章中并没有说我们戒除坏习 惯的唯一方法是别人的告知。故选B。
文章第三段第一句话说最近一项关于人类记忆力的研究表明不管我们如何努力地尝 试着改变坏习惯，坏习惯还是难以戒掉，特别是在我们忙碌，紧张或是过度劳累的时候，我们认 为已经戒掉的坏习惯就会突然跑回来。故选A。
由文章第四段第三句话“It came as no surprise that..."，可知研究者对测试结果毫不奇 怪，在他们意料之中。故选B。
文章第四段讲到，两个星期后，这些被测试者重新做相同的测试。他们只能给出第一 组的单词，他们表现出完全忘了第二组单词的样子。文章中并未提到被测试者发现第二次测 试要难一些。故选C。
文章倒数第二段指出，这一研究证实了这一点，我们第一次学到的反应方式在一段时 间后仍然在我们脑海里留下最深印象。尽管我们试图去改变，但一段时间后，首先出现在脑海 的还是我们第一次学到的反应方式。题干中的说法“研究表明对我们最先学习的那些东西做 出反应很困难”没有提及。故选C。
由文章最后一段讲到，研究表明在一段时间后，坏习惯会变成无意识的习得性行为。 这对那些在年轻时就染上坏习惯而现在想要戒掉的人们来说不是个好消息。也就是说，年轻 时染上的坏习惯很难戒掉。故选A。第3部分：概括大意与完成句子 -
第20题：
共用题干
Kicking the Habit
What is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost
without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect
those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad
habits are part of what makes us human.
Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to
stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same
habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in
our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it
becomes a part of our life,and becomnes"programmed"into our brain.
A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the
old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that
we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed
a group of volunteers several pictures, and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the
volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.
A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told
them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their
answers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same
test again.This time,most of them only gave the first set of words.They appeared to have completely forgotten
the second set.
The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may
try to change out ways,but after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we
learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to re-
spond in any other way.
The study therefore suggests that over time,our bad habits also become automatic,learned behaviour.
This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break
them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain
stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.The study suggests that it is more difficult to respond to what we learn first.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：C解析：文章第二段讲到，一些早期的习惯，像吮吸手指之类的习惯在我们很小的时候就戒掉 了。并没有说男孩子们在小时候通常会染上坏习惯。故选C。
在文章第二段中，作者指出我们之所以能戒除早期的坏习惯是因为有父母告诉我们不 要这样做，或者是我们有意或无意地观察到别人都不这样做。文章中并没有说我们戒除坏习 惯的唯一方法是别人的告知。故选B。
文章第三段第一句话说最近一项关于人类记忆力的研究表明不管我们如何努力地尝 试着改变坏习惯，坏习惯还是难以戒掉，特别是在我们忙碌，紧张或是过度劳累的时候，我们认 为已经戒掉的坏习惯就会突然跑回来。故选A。
由文章第四段第三句话“It came as no surprise that..."，可知研究者对测试结果毫不奇 怪，在他们意料之中。故选B。
文章第四段讲到，两个星期后，这些被测试者重新做相同的测试。他们只能给出第一 组的单词，他们表现出完全忘了第二组单词的样子。文章中并未提到被测试者发现第二次测 试要难一些。故选C。
文章倒数第二段指出，这一研究证实了这一点，我们第一次学到的反应方式在一段时 间后仍然在我们脑海里留下最深印象。尽管我们试图去改变，但一段时间后，首先出现在脑海 的还是我们第一次学到的反应方式。题干中的说法“研究表明对我们最先学习的那些东西做 出反应很困难”没有提及。故选C。
由文章最后一段讲到，研究表明在一段时间后，坏习惯会变成无意识的习得性行为。 这对那些在年轻时就染上坏习惯而现在想要戒掉的人们来说不是个好消息。也就是说，年轻 时染上的坏习惯很难戒掉。故选A。第3部分：概括大意与完成句子 -
第21题：
共用题干
Kicking the Habit
What is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost
without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect
those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad
habits are part of what makes us human.
Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to
stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same
habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in
our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it
becomes a part of our life,and becomnes"programmed"into our brain.
A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the
old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that
we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed
a group of volunteers several pictures, and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the
volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.
A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told
them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their
answers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same
test again.This time,most of them only gave the first set of words.They appeared to have completely forgotten
the second set.
The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may
try to change out ways,but after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we
learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to re-
spond in any other way.
The study therefore suggests that over time,our bad habits also become automatic,learned behaviour.
This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break
them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain
stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.Researchers were surprised by the answers that the volunteers gave in the first test.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：B解析：文章第二段讲到，一些早期的习惯，像吮吸手指之类的习惯在我们很小的时候就戒掉 了。并没有说男孩子们在小时候通常会染上坏习惯。故选C。
在文章第二段中，作者指出我们之所以能戒除早期的坏习惯是因为有父母告诉我们不 要这样做，或者是我们有意或无意地观察到别人都不这样做。文章中并没有说我们戒除坏习 惯的唯一方法是别人的告知。故选B。
文章第三段第一句话说最近一项关于人类记忆力的研究表明不管我们如何努力地尝 试着改变坏习惯，坏习惯还是难以戒掉，特别是在我们忙碌，紧张或是过度劳累的时候，我们认 为已经戒掉的坏习惯就会突然跑回来。故选A。
由文章第四段第三句话“It came as no surprise that..."，可知研究者对测试结果毫不奇 怪，在他们意料之中。故选B。
文章第四段讲到，两个星期后，这些被测试者重新做相同的测试。他们只能给出第一 组的单词，他们表现出完全忘了第二组单词的样子。文章中并未提到被测试者发现第二次测 试要难一些。故选C。
文章倒数第二段指出，这一研究证实了这一点，我们第一次学到的反应方式在一段时 间后仍然在我们脑海里留下最深印象。尽管我们试图去改变，但一段时间后，首先出现在脑海 的还是我们第一次学到的反应方式。题干中的说法“研究表明对我们最先学习的那些东西做 出反应很困难”没有提及。故选C。
由文章最后一段讲到，研究表明在一段时间后，坏习惯会变成无意识的习得性行为。 这对那些在年轻时就染上坏习惯而现在想要戒掉的人们来说不是个好消息。也就是说，年轻 时染上的坏习惯很难戒掉。故选A。第3部分：概括大意与完成句子 -
第22题：
Our eating habits are very important for good health and a strong body.There are times when?most of us would rather eat sweets and ice-cream than meat and rice.Sweets and ice-cream are not?bad if we eat them at the end of a meal.If we eat them before a meal,they may take away our appe-tite（食欲）~It is important for us to eat our meals at the same time each day.When we feel hungry,it is a sign that our body needs food.When we feel angry or excited,we may not want to eat.A long time ago,in England,some judges used to decide whether a man was telling the truth by giving him some dry bread.If the man could not eat the bread,it showed that he was telling lies.Although this seems very strange and rather foolish,it is indeed a very good way of finding out the fact.A man who is worrying about something has difficulty in eating anything dry.Because he is worrying,he loses his appetite and does not want to eat.
We′d better have our meals__________.A.at the same time each day
B.when our work is over
C.when the meal is still hot
D.when every one is at home答案：A解析：第五句“ItisimportantforUSto eat ourmeals at?the same time each day．”与A项符合，故选A项。 -
第23题：
Our eating habits are very important for good health and a strong body.There are times when?most of us would rather eat sweets and ice-cream than meat and rice.Sweets and ice-cream are not?bad if we eat them at the end of a meal.If we eat them before a meal,they may take away our appe-tite（食欲）~It is important for us to eat our meals at the same time each day.When we feel hungry,it is a sign that our body needs food.When we feel angry or excited,we may not want to eat.A long time ago,in England,some judges used to decide whether a man was telling the truth by giving him some dry bread.If the man could not eat the bread,it showed that he was telling lies.Although this seems very strange and rather foolish,it is indeed a very good way of finding out the fact.A man who is worrying about something has difficulty in eating anything dry.Because he is worrying,he loses his appetite and does not want to eat.
It is good to eat sweets and ice-cream__________.A.when we are hungry
B.when we want to
C.after the meal
D.before the meal答案：C解析：由第三句“Sweets and ice-cream are not bad if?we eat them at the end of a meal．”可知饭后吃糖果和冰淇淋不是件坏事。故答案为C项。