问答题Under the law of competition, the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies, among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently. The price which society pays for the law, like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries, is
题目
问答题
Under the law of competition, the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies, among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently. The price which society pays for the law, like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries, is great, but the advantages of this law are also greater than its cost--for it is to this law that we owe our wonderful material development, which brings improved conditions in its train. But, whether the law be benign or not, we cannot evade it; of the effect of any new substitutes for it proposed we can not be sure; and while the law may be sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for the race, because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department. We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial, but essential to the future progress of the race.
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更多“问答题Under the law of competition, the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies, among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently. The price which society pays for the law, like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries, is”相关问题
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第1题：
A corporation is a legal person, which means it is treated like a private person under the law.()此题为判断题(对，错)。
正确答案:√
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第2题：
Jean could be a very attractive girl, but she( )to her clothes.A、pays no attention
B、was paying no attention
C、paid attention
D、had paid attention
正确答案:A
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第3题：
In relation to the law of contract, distinguish between and explain the effect of:
(a) a term and a mere representation; (3 marks)
(b) express and implied terms, paying particular regard to the circumstances under which terms may be implied in contracts. (7 marks)
正确答案：This question requires candidates to consider the law relating to terms in contracts. It specifically requires the candidates to distinguish between terms and mere representations and then to establish the difference between express and implied terms in contracts.
(a) As the parties to a contract will be bound to perform. any promise they have contracted to undertake, it is important to distinguish between such statements that will be considered part of the contract, i.e. terms, and those other pre-contractual statements which are not considered to be part of the contract, i.e. mere representations. The reason for distinguishing between them is that there are different legal remedies available if either statement turns out to be incorrect.
A representation is a statement that induces a contract but does not become a term of the contract. In practice it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between the two, but in attempting to do so the courts will focus on when the statement was made in relation to the eventual contract, the importance of the statement in relation to the contract and whether or not the party making the statement had specialist knowledge on which the other party relied (Oscar Chess v Williams (1957) and Dick
Bentley v Arnold Smith Motors (1965)).
(b) Express terms are statements actually made by one of the parties with the intention that they become part of the contract and
thus binding and enforceable through court action if necessary. It is this intention that distinguishes the contractual term from
the mere representation, which, although it may induce the contractual agreement, does not become a term of the contract.
Failure to comply with the former gives rise to an action for breach of contract, whilst failure to comply with the latter only gives rise to an action for misrepresentation.Such express statements may be made by word of mouth or in writing as long as they are sufficiently clear for them to be enforceable. Thus in Scammel v Ouston (1941) Ouston had ordered a van from the claimant on the understanding that the balance of the purchase price was to be paid ‘on hire purchase terms over two years’. When Scammel failed to deliver the van Ouston sued for breach of contract without success, the court holding that the supposed terms of the contract were too
uncertain to be enforceable. There was no doubt that Ouston wanted the van on hire purchase but his difficulty was that
Scammel operated a range of hire purchase terms and the precise conditions of his proposed hire purchase agreement were
never sufficiently determined.
Implied terms, however, are not actually stated or expressly included in the contract, but are introduced into the contract by implication. In other words the exact meaning and thus the terms of the contract are inferred from its context. Implied terms can be divided into three types.
Terms implied by statute
In this instance a particular piece of legislation states that certain terms have to be taken as constituting part of an agreement, even where the contractual agreement between the parties is itself silent as to that particular provision. For example, under s.5 of the Partnership Act 1890, every member of an ordinary partnership has the implied power to bind the partnership in a contract within its usual sphere of business. That particular implied power can be removed or reduced by the partnership agreement and any such removal or reduction of authority would be effective as long as the other party was aware of it. Some implied terms, however, are completely prescriptive and cannot be removed.
Terms implied by custom or usage
An agreement may be subject to terms that are customarily found in such contracts within a particular market, trade or locality. Once again this is the case even where it is not actually specified by the parties. For example, in Hutton v Warren (1836), it was held that customary usage permitted a farm tenant to claim an allowance for seed and labour on quitting his tenancy. It should be noted, however, that custom cannot override the express terms of an agreement (Les Affreteurs Reunnis SA v Walford (1919)).
Terms implied by the courts Generally, it is a matter for the parties concerned to decide the terms of a contract, but on occasion the court will presume that the parties intended to include a term which is not expressly stated. They will do so where it is necessary to give business efficacy to the contract.Whether a term may be implied can be decided on the basis of the officious bystander test. Imagine two parties, A and B, negotiating a contract, when a third party, C, interrupts to suggest a particular provision. A and B reply that that particular term is understood. In just such a way, the court will decide that a term should be implied into a contract.
In The Moorcock (1889), the appellants, owners of a wharf, contracted with the respondents to permit them to discharge their ship at the wharf. It was apparent to both parties that when the tide was out the ship would rest on the riverbed. When the tide was out, the ship sustained damage by settling on a ridge. It was held that there was an implied warranty in the contract that the place of anchorage should be safe for the ship. As a consequence, the ship owner was entitled to damages for breach of that term.
Alternatively the courts will imply certain terms into unspecific contracts where the parties have not reduced the general agreement into specific details. Thus in contracts of employment the courts have asserted the existence of implied terms to impose duties on both employers and employees, although such implied terms can be overridden by express contractual provision to the contrary. -
第4题：
The bank (56) borrowers enough interest to pay the expense of the bank and have something left over for (57) . The interest cannot be higher than the legal rate, which is established by state law and in most states is 6% per year. (58) big loans, the interest rate is much less, even as low as 2%. The rate depends on the money market, when there is plenty of money (59) to be borrowed, banks charge low rates of interest. A savings bank may pay its depositors 2% and lend the money at 3.5% or 4%. But when money is tight, interest rates go up, and a savings bank may try to (60) depositors by offering 4% or 4.5% or even more and lending the money at 5% or 6%.
(41)
A．receives
B．gets
C．charges
D．pays
正确答案：C
解析：句意：银行向贷款人索取足够的利息以支付银行日常开销，并保证部分盈余。这里表示索取费用的词是charge。receive收到。pay支付，交纳。 -
第5题：
共用题干
Price Planning
A price represents the value of goods or service for both the seller and the buyer. Price planning is the
systematic decision made by an organization after regarding all aspects of pricing.
The value of goods or service can involve both tangible and intangible marketing factors.An example of
a tangible marketing factor is the cost savings_(46).An example of an intangible marketin
factor is a consumer's pride in the ownership of a Lamborghini rather than another brand of automobile.To
make a deal,both the buyer and seller must feel that the price of goods or service provides an equitable
value.To the buyer,the payment of a price reduces purchasing power_________(47).To the seller,
receipt of a price is a source of revenue and an important determinant of sales and profit levels.
Many words are substitutes for the term price:admission fee,membership fee,rate,tuition,service charge,
donation,rent,salary,interest,retainer,and assessment.No matter what it is called,________(48):mone-
tary and non-monetary charges,discounts,handling and shipping fees,credit charges and other forms of inter-
est,and late-payment penalties. A non-price exchange would be selling a new iron for 10 books of trading
stamps or an airline offering tickets as payment for advertising space and time.Monetary and non-monetary ex-
change may be combined.This is common with automobiles,________(49).This combination allows a re-
duction in the monetary price.
From a broader perspective,price is the mechanism for allocating goods and services among potential
purchasers and for ensuring competition among sellers in an open market economy.If there is an excess of de-
mand over supply,prices are usually bid up by consumers.If there is an excess of supply over demand,
_________ (50)._________(48)
A:a price contains all the connotation of other terms of purchase
B:obtained by the purchase of a new bottling machine by a soda manufacturer
C:where the consumer gives the seller money plus a trade-in
D:available for other items
E:prices are usually reduced by sellers
F: price means what one pays for what he wants答案：A解析：这个由obtained起始的过去分词短语是定语，说明cost savings是如何获得的。
available for other items这个形容词短语修饰前面的名词purchasing power。
这里需填人的是句子的主句。空后列举的内容是对选项A中other terms of purchase的 说明，两者照应得很好。
这里填人的where从句是定语从句，它的先行词是automobiles，意思是“汽车买卖”。
这句的结构和前一句完全一样，讲的是买卖中供过于求的情况。 -
第6题：
Text 4 A US drug company has increased the price of an acne cream by more than 3,900%to$9,561 in less than 18 months in the latest example of drug"price cheating",which has enraged the American public and become a central topic of debate in the presidential election campaign.Novum Pharma,a recently formed privately held Chicago-based company,bought the rights to drug Aloquin in May 2015.The 60g cream,which contains two cheap ingredients,was sold by its previous owner,Primus Pharmaceuticals,for$241.50.Nowm almost immediately increased the price by l,100%,and hiked the price higher still in January 2016.Figures seen by the Financial 77mes show the company increased the price a third time last week to take the cost to$9,561.So-called"price cheating",in which companies buy the rights to older drugs and then vastly increase their cost,has provoked outrage across the country and led to calls for reform of the US healthcare system.Earlier this month,Hillary Clinton claimed"It's time to move beyond talking about these price hikes and start acting to address them.AlI Americans deserve full access to the medications they need-without being burdened by excessive,unjustified costs."Clinton said she would change the law to allow the"emergency importation"of safe altemative treatments from abroad.Aloquin contains two cheap active ingredients:a decades-old antibiotic,iodoquinol,and an extract from the aloe vera plant.Iodoquinol can be bought for as little as$30 a tube and aloe vera cream costs a few dollars.The drug is labelled as"possibly effective",as the US Food and Drug Administration has stated that there is only limited evidence that the drug is effective.Novum has also drastically increased the price of its other two skin creams,Alcortin A and Novacort.The drugs are prescription only,with the cost being mostly covered by health insurance or government assistance.In instances when the full cost of the treatment isn't covered by insurance,Novum provides coupons to reduce the proportion that patients have to pay,while collecting the rest from the health plan.The company,which is privately held and does not publish figures on sales or profits,did not reply to requests for comment.A spokesman told the public that the firm was founded by"a group oflike-minded investors who believe in the firm's focus ofproviding therapeutic innovations that are affordable for patients".
The price of the Aloquin is considered as cheating for____.A.the price has been raised for many times
B.patients cannot get access to medicines they need
C.the increase ofthe price has been dramatic
D.the drug is not effective at all答案：C解析：推理判断题。根据定位词定位到第三段。该段中提到了“price cheating”（“价格欺骗”），即“公司买下之前药品的生产权，之后大幅提升其价格”，所以Aloquin的定价被认为是欺骗，原因是之前药品价格很低，之后售价急剧上升，故C项为正确选项。【干扰排除】价格被提高多次并不是问题，主要问题在于价格上升了3 900%，故A项错误；该公司药品价格升高，但文中并没有提到患者不能获得这些药品，所以B项错误；第六段提到，药品被认为“可能有效”，并不是说药品完全无效．D项错误。 -
第7题：
Text3 Mention price cartels and many people will think of big,overt ones like the one OPEC runs for oil and the now-extinct one for diamonds.But at least as damaging are the many secret cartels in sucb unglamorous areas as ball-bearings and cargo rates,which go on unnoticed for years,quietly bumping up the end cost to consumers of all manner of goods and services.Collusion among producers to rig prices and carve up markets is thriving,with the cartels growing ever more intricate and global in scope.Competition authorities have uncovered several whopping conspiracies in recent years,including one in which more than 20 airlines worldwide had fixed prices on perhaps 20 billion of freight shipments.They were fined a total of 3 billion;and so far the compensation claims from ripped-off customers comfortably exceed l billion.One academic study found that the typical cartel raised the price of the goods or services in question by 20%.Another suggested that cartels were robbing poor countries'consumers of tens of billions ofdollars a year:if so,negating all the aid that rich countries'governments send them.Investigators are still unravelling a huge global network of cartels among suppliers of a wide range of car parts.Makers of seat belts,radiators and foam seat-stuffing have had hefiy fines slapped on them.Earlier this month the European Commission fined five makers of automotive bearings a total of 953m（1.32 billion）.This week its investigators raided a bunch of makers of car exhausts.Also in recent days,Brazilian prosecutors have charged executives from a dozen foreign train-makers accused ofrigging bids for rail and subway contracts in the country's main cities.Price-fixing has infected high finance,too.Some of banking's biggest names stand accused offiddling interest-rate and foreign-exchange benchmarks.The good news is that enforcement has got tougher,smarter and more coordinated.Gone are the days when price-fixers got a slap on the wrist.Firms can expect swingeing fines,and bosses can go to jail.Since many cartels now operate across borders,so do investigators:American and Japanese trustbusters joined forces to flush out the car-parts cartels.And incentives for whistleblowers have also increased:around 50 countries now offer immunity or reduced penalties for snitches.That is all for the better,but the penalties for price-fixing remain too mild.The best study of the issue so far concluded that,given the still-low risk of detection,collusion pays.Yet beyond a certain point-which the fines now imposed by American and European regulators have probably reached-fines inflict so much damage on guilty companies that they undermine competition instead of enhancing it.The answer is stiffer prison sentences,particularly for senior executives.American courts,only too ready to lock up other types of miscreants for a long time,have rarely jailed egregious price-fixers for anything like the maximum of ten years that the law allows.Other countries have even more scope to increase sentences.
According to Paragraph 2,with the thriving of the cartels____A.the compensation claims fTom inferior articles for customers have decreased by now
B.markets segment from producers is more prosperous than before
C.the fund to poor countries from rich economies would finally slow down
D.the competition among airlines have become intense答案：B解析：事实细节题。根据定位词定位在文章的第二段，其中第一句话便体现了题目的内容，即Collusion among producers to rig prices and carve up markets is thriving,with the cartels growlng ever more intricate and global in scope．（随着卡特尔垄断联盟变得越来越复杂且在全球范围内越来越广，制造商们相互勾结，操纵价格，割据市场。）而与这个信息相匹配的选项刚好是B项markets segment from producers is more prosperous than before“生产商割据市场的现象比之前更多”，故B项为正确选项。【干扰排除】A项在段落中有体现，但是文章中是说and so far the compensation claims from ripped-off customers comfortably exceed l billion（到目前为止，被敲竹杠的消费者提起了超过10亿英镑的赔偿。）由此可知赔偿没有减少。C项虽然在段落中有体现，但是文章中是说另一个研究表明垄断联盟正从贫困国家的消费者身上剥夺上百亿美元的钱财，与选项的表达不一致，是概念上的偷换。文中虽然提到了国际航线的信息，但是没有提到竞争，而是说超过二十多航空公司私定200亿起货物装运的价格，D项是概念上的偷换。故均排除。 -
第8题：
Text3 Mention price cartels and many people will think of big,overt ones like the one OPEC runs for oil and the now-extinct one for diamonds.But at least as damaging are the many secret cartels in sucb unglamorous areas as ball-bearings and cargo rates,which go on unnoticed for years,quietly bumping up the end cost to consumers of all manner of goods and services.Collusion among producers to rig prices and carve up markets is thriving,with the cartels growing ever more intricate and global in scope.Competition authorities have uncovered several whopping conspiracies in recent years,including one in which more than 20 airlines worldwide had fixed prices on perhaps 20 billion of freight shipments.They were fined a total of 3 billion;and so far the compensation claims from ripped-off customers comfortably exceed l billion.One academic study found that the typical cartel raised the price of the goods or services in question by 20%.Another suggested that cartels were robbing poor countries'consumers of tens of billions ofdollars a year:if so,negating all the aid that rich countries'governments send them.Investigators are still unravelling a huge global network of cartels among suppliers of a wide range of car parts.Makers of seat belts,radiators and foam seat-stuffing have had hefiy fines slapped on them.Earlier this month the European Commission fined five makers of automotive bearings a total of 953m（1.32 billion）.This week its investigators raided a bunch of makers of car exhausts.Also in recent days,Brazilian prosecutors have charged executives from a dozen foreign train-makers accused ofrigging bids for rail and subway contracts in the country's main cities.Price-fixing has infected high finance,too.Some of banking's biggest names stand accused offiddling interest-rate and foreign-exchange benchmarks.The good news is that enforcement has got tougher,smarter and more coordinated.Gone are the days when price-fixers got a slap on the wrist.Firms can expect swingeing fines,and bosses can go to jail.Since many cartels now operate across borders,so do investigators:American and Japanese trustbusters joined forces to flush out the car-parts cartels.And incentives for whistleblowers have also increased:around 50 countries now offer immunity or reduced penalties for snitches.That is all for the better,but the penalties for price-fixing remain too mild.The best study of the issue so far concluded that,given the still-low risk of detection,collusion pays.Yet beyond a certain point-which the fines now imposed by American and European regulators have probably reached-fines inflict so much damage on guilty companies that they undermine competition instead of enhancing it.The answer is stiffer prison sentences,particularly for senior executives.American courts,only too ready to lock up other types of miscreants for a long time,have rarely jailed egregious price-fixers for anything like the maximum of ten years that the law allows.Other countries have even more scope to increase sentences.
The best title of this text may be______A.Cartels-Hopeless Struggle
B.Cartels-Move Severe Purushment
C.Cartels-Should be Motivated
D.Cartels-a Bad State答案：B解析：主旨大意题。解决此类题目的关键是，通过做完前四道题，大体猜出文章的中心，再次通读各段首句，验证中心，整个文章都是在讲述商业组织的联合体机制在被打破，政府采取各种措施，而B项Cartels-Move Severe Punishment刚好可以对应，所以B项为正确选项。【干扰排除】剩余的三个选项在段落中的体现也很不明显，因此应当排除。 -
第9题：
Text 4 A US drug company has increased the price of an acne cream by more than 3,900%to$9,561 in less than 18 months in the latest example of drug"price cheating",which has enraged the American public and become a central topic of debate in the presidential election campaign.Novum Pharma,a recently formed privately held Chicago-based company,bought the rights to drug Aloquin in May 2015.The 60g cream,which contains two cheap ingredients,was sold by its previous owner,Primus Pharmaceuticals,for$241.50.Nowm almost immediately increased the price by l,100%,and hiked the price higher still in January 2016.Figures seen by the Financial 77mes show the company increased the price a third time last week to take the cost to$9,561.So-called"price cheating",in which companies buy the rights to older drugs and then vastly increase their cost,has provoked outrage across the country and led to calls for reform of the US healthcare system.Earlier this month,Hillary Clinton claimed"It's time to move beyond talking about these price hikes and start acting to address them.AlI Americans deserve full access to the medications they need-without being burdened by excessive,unjustified costs."Clinton said she would change the law to allow the"emergency importation"of safe altemative treatments from abroad.Aloquin contains two cheap active ingredients:a decades-old antibiotic,iodoquinol,and an extract from the aloe vera plant.Iodoquinol can be bought for as little as$30 a tube and aloe vera cream costs a few dollars.The drug is labelled as"possibly effective",as the US Food and Drug Administration has stated that there is only limited evidence that the drug is effective.Novum has also drastically increased the price of its other two skin creams,Alcortin A and Novacort.The drugs are prescription only,with the cost being mostly covered by health insurance or government assistance.In instances when the full cost of the treatment isn't covered by insurance,Novum provides coupons to reduce the proportion that patients have to pay,while collecting the rest from the health plan.The company,which is privately held and does not publish figures on sales or profits,did not reply to requests for comment.A spokesman told the public that the firm was founded by"a group oflike-minded investors who believe in the firm's focus ofproviding therapeutic innovations that are affordable for patients".40.The response ofNovum shows that——A.they are not under the supervision of FDA
B.they are not regulated by the public
C.they claimed to offer affordable drugs to the public
D.they dare not to reply to the comment答案：C解析：推理判断题，根据定位词定位到最后一段。该段提到诺威姆药业的反应，“发言人告诉公众，该公司是由‘一群志同道合的投资者建立的，他们认为公司的焦点在于为病忠提供经济实惠的治疗创新品”’，故C项为正确选项。【干扰排除】该公司是一家私有企业，从不公布销售或利润数据，但是美国食品药品监督管理局还是监管了该公司，因为美国食品药品监督管理局认为该药品“possibly effective”（“可能有效”）．所以A项错误：公众对该事件很愤怒，媒体也曝光该公司，证明该公司还是受公众监管，故B项错误；诺威姆没有回应该事件，并不代表公司不敢回应，D项不能从文中推断出。 -
第10题：
Given the following table definition: STOCK: item VARCHAR(30) status CHAR(1) quantity INT price DEC(7,2) If items are indicated to be out of stock by setting STATUS to NULL and QUANTITY and PRICE to zero, which of the following statements would be used to update the STOCK table to indicate that all the items whose description begins with the letter "S" are out of stock?（）
- A、UPDATE stock SET (status = NULL; quantity, price = 0) WHERE item LIKE S%
- B、UPDATE stock SET (status, quantity, price) = (NULL, 0, 0) WHERE item LIKE S%
- C、UPDATE stock SET status = NULL, SET quantity = 0, SET price = 0 WHERE item LIKE 'S%'
- D、UPDATE stock SET (status = NULL), (quantity = 0), (price = 0) WHERE item LIKE S%
正确答案:B -
第11题：
单选题Which of the following statements can NOT justify the high price that Toshiba pays in the current deal, according to the passage?APressure from other powerful rivals.
BProspects of development in the future.
CEnvisioned potential profits.
DThe high intrinsic value of the purchased corporation.
正确答案： B解析：
事实细节的找寻和判断。录音中提到东芝公司总裁对购买价格的看法是“…while the price might seem quite high, Toshiba had a lot of competition for the company and that the future growth and profit potential of the business made it the correct price”，可知虽然购买价格过于昂贵，但该公司面临大量的竞争，并且未来的发展和利润潜力也证实了这桩买卖还是合算的。分别对应选项A、B和C，而唯独没有提到选项D（被购买公司的巨大固有价值）的内容。 -
第12题：
问答题Under the law of competition, the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies, among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently. The price which society pays for the law, like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries, is great, but the advantages of this law are also greater than its cost--for it is to this law that we owe our wonderful material development, which brings improved conditions in its train. But, whether the law be benign or not, we cannot evade it; of the effect of any new substitutes for it proposed we can not be sure; and while the law may be sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for the race, because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department. We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial, but essential to the future progress of the race.正确答案：
在竞争的法则下,上万人的雇主不得不实行一些最严厉的节约措施,其中节约给工人报酬的那部分占很大一部分。社会为这个法则付出的代价如同为低廉的舒适条件和奢侈品付出的代价一样是巨大的。但带来的好处超过了代价,因为正是这个法则,我们才有了了不起的物质进步,其结果是生活水平的提高。但是,不管这个法则是好是坏,我们无法回避,对任何建议替代它的新东西,其作用我们是不敢肯定的。虽然这个法则有时对—个人来说可能很残酷,但对人类总体来说是好的,因为它确保每个领域里适者生存。我们接受并欢迎环境上的不平等,接受并欢迎让工商业经营集中在少数人的手里,接受和欢迎他们之间存在竞争的法则。我们把所有这一切看成是我们必须适应的条件,它们对人类未来的进步不仅有益,而且是很有必要的。解析： 暂无解析 -
第13题：
Business law refers to the branch of law which consists of rules, statutes, codes and regulations established to provide a legal framework within which business may be conducted.()此题为判断题(对，错)。
正确答案:√
-
第14题：
Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
正确答案：泰勒把文化定义为“……一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯”。 -
第15题：
He bought a new suitcase, ( ) is very high.
A、the price of which
B、price of which
C、which price
D、the price
参考答案：A
-
第16题：
C Co uses material B, which has a current market price of $0·80 per kg. In a linear program, where the objective is to maximise profit, the shadow price of material B is $2 per kg. The following statements have been made:
(i) Contribution will be increased by $2 for each additional kg of material B purchased at the current market price
(ii) The maximum price which should be paid for an additional kg of material B is $2
(iii) Contribution will be increased by $1·20 for each additional kg of material B purchased at the current market price
(iv) The maximum price which should be paid for an additional kg of material B is $2·80
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A.(ii) only
B.(ii) and (iii)
C.(i) only
D.(i) and (iv)
正确答案：DStatement (ii) is wrong as it reflects the common misconception that the shadow price is the maximum price which should be paid, rather than the maximum extra over the current purchase price.
Statement (iii) is wrong but could be thought to be correct if (ii) was wrongly assumed to be correct.
-
第17题：
共用题干
Price Planning
A price represents the value of goods or service for both the seller and the buyer.Price planning is the systematic decision made by an organization after regarding all aspects of pricing.
The value of goods or service can involve both tangible and intangible marketing factors.An example of a tangible marketing factor is the cost savings______(46).An example of an intangible marketing factor is a consumer's pride in the ownership of a Lamborghini rather than another brand of automobile.To make a deal,both the buyer and seller must feel that the price of goods or service provides an equitable value.To the buyer,the payment of a price reduces purchasing power______(47).To the seller, receipt of a price is a source of revenue and an important determinant of sales and profit levels.
Many words are substitutes for the term price:admission fee,membership fee,rate,tuition,service charge, donation,rent,salary,interest,retainer,and assessment.No matter what it is called,______(48) monetary and non-monetary charges,discounts,handling and shipping fees,credit charges and other forms of interest,and late-payment penalties.Anon-price exchange would be selling a new iron for 10 books of trading stamps or an airline offering tickets as payment for advertising space and time.Monetary and non-monetary exchange may be combined.This is common with automobiles,______(49).This combination allows a reduction in the monetary price.
From a broader perspective,price is the mechanism for allocating goods and services among potential purchasers and for ensuring competition among sellers in an open market economy.If there is an excess of demand over supply,prices are usually bid up by consumers.If there is an excess of supply over demand,______(50).______(49)
A:a price contains all the connotation of other terms of purchase
B:obtained by the purchase of a new bottling machine by a soda manufacturer
C:where the consumer gives the seller money plus a trade-in
D:available for other items
E:prices are usually reduced by sellers
F:price means what one pays for what he wants答案：C解析：B项这个由obtained起始的过去分词短语是定语，可以用来说明空格前的“cost savings”是如何获得的。由此可知，B项与上下文联系最为紧密。
根据常理可知，为一种物品付款会降低买家购买其他物品的能力，D项中的“availablefor other items”这个形容词短语修饰空格前面的名词“purchasing power"。由此可知，D项与上下文联系最为紧密。
空后列举的内容是对选项A中“other terms of purchase”的说明，两者照应得很好。由此可知，A项与上下文联系最为紧密。
空格前的句子表明，货币交易和非货币交易可育胜结合在一起，空格处的句子举“汽车买卖”的例子说明这种情况。C项在这里用作定语从句，它的先行词是automobilesa trade-in意为“折价旧物”。
根据常理可知，当在买卖中供过于求时，卖家通常会阳氏价格，E项与上下文联系最为紧密。 -
第18题：
Text 4 A US drug company has increased the price of an acne cream by more than 3,900%to$9,561 in less than 18 months in the latest example of drug"price cheating",which has enraged the American public and become a central topic of debate in the presidential election campaign.Novum Pharma,a recently formed privately held Chicago-based company,bought the rights to drug Aloquin in May 2015.The 60g cream,which contains two cheap ingredients,was sold by its previous owner,Primus Pharmaceuticals,for$241.50.Nowm almost immediately increased the price by l,100%,and hiked the price higher still in January 2016.Figures seen by the Financial 77mes show the company increased the price a third time last week to take the cost to$9,561.So-called"price cheating",in which companies buy the rights to older drugs and then vastly increase their cost,has provoked outrage across the country and led to calls for reform of the US healthcare system.Earlier this month,Hillary Clinton claimed"It's time to move beyond talking about these price hikes and start acting to address them.AlI Americans deserve full access to the medications they need-without being burdened by excessive,unjustified costs."Clinton said she would change the law to allow the"emergency importation"of safe altemative treatments from abroad.Aloquin contains two cheap active ingredients:a decades-old antibiotic,iodoquinol,and an extract from the aloe vera plant.Iodoquinol can be bought for as little as$30 a tube and aloe vera cream costs a few dollars.The drug is labelled as"possibly effective",as the US Food and Drug Administration has stated that there is only limited evidence that the drug is effective.Novum has also drastically increased the price of its other two skin creams,Alcortin A and Novacort.The drugs are prescription only,with the cost being mostly covered by health insurance or government assistance.In instances when the full cost of the treatment isn't covered by insurance,Novum provides coupons to reduce the proportion that patients have to pay,while collecting the rest from the health plan.The company,which is privately held and does not publish figures on sales or profits,did not reply to requests for comment.A spokesman told the public that the firm was founded by"a group oflike-minded investors who believe in the firm's focus ofproviding therapeutic innovations that are affordable for patients".The quotation of Clinton indicates that——A.emergency alternative drugs should be imported
B.Americans should decide the price of medicines
C.we should know the address ofthe medicine companies
D.prices ofAmerican drugs are too high to afford答案：A解析：事实细节题。根据定位词定位到第四段。该段引用了Hillary Clinton对于“价格欺骗”这种情况的声明，她认为应当“允许国外的安全可替换药物‘紧急进口”’，故A项为正确选项。【干扰排除】Hillary Clinton认为“所有美国人都应该获得他们需要的药品”，但并不意味着美国人应该决定药品的价格，故B项错误；Hillary Clinton认为start acting to address them（开始处理他们），此处address是“处理”，并非“地址”的意思，所以C项错误；她的谈话中提到“（美国人）不需要负担过多的、不合理的成本”，并非说美国药品的价格高到难以负担，D项不准确。 -
第19题：
Text3 Mention price cartels and many people will think of big,overt ones like the one OPEC runs for oil and the now-extinct one for diamonds.But at least as damaging are the many secret cartels in sucb unglamorous areas as ball-bearings and cargo rates,which go on unnoticed for years,quietly bumping up the end cost to consumers of all manner of goods and services.Collusion among producers to rig prices and carve up markets is thriving,with the cartels growing ever more intricate and global in scope.Competition authorities have uncovered several whopping conspiracies in recent years,including one in which more than 20 airlines worldwide had fixed prices on perhaps 20 billion of freight shipments.They were fined a total of 3 billion;and so far the compensation claims from ripped-off customers comfortably exceed l billion.One academic study found that the typical cartel raised the price of the goods or services in question by 20%.Another suggested that cartels were robbing poor countries'consumers of tens of billions ofdollars a year:if so,negating all the aid that rich countries'governments send them.Investigators are still unravelling a huge global network of cartels among suppliers of a wide range of car parts.Makers of seat belts,radiators and foam seat-stuffing have had hefiy fines slapped on them.Earlier this month the European Commission fined five makers of automotive bearings a total of 953m（1.32 billion）.This week its investigators raided a bunch of makers of car exhausts.Also in recent days,Brazilian prosecutors have charged executives from a dozen foreign train-makers accused ofrigging bids for rail and subway contracts in the country's main cities.Price-fixing has infected high finance,too.Some of banking's biggest names stand accused offiddling interest-rate and foreign-exchange benchmarks.The good news is that enforcement has got tougher,smarter and more coordinated.Gone are the days when price-fixers got a slap on the wrist.Firms can expect swingeing fines,and bosses can go to jail.Since many cartels now operate across borders,so do investigators:American and Japanese trustbusters joined forces to flush out the car-parts cartels.And incentives for whistleblowers have also increased:around 50 countries now offer immunity or reduced penalties for snitches.That is all for the better,but the penalties for price-fixing remain too mild.The best study of the issue so far concluded that,given the still-low risk of detection,collusion pays.Yet beyond a certain point-which the fines now imposed by American and European regulators have probably reached-fines inflict so much damage on guilty companies that they undermine competition instead of enhancing it.The answer is stiffer prison sentences,particularly for senior executives.American courts,only too ready to lock up other types of miscreants for a long time,have rarely jailed egregious price-fixers for anything like the maximum of ten years that the law allows.Other countries have even more scope to increase sentences.
What kind of supplementary conditions can help control unfair monopoly?A.More tougher enforcement can be made.
B.Let companies operate in cross trade condition,
C.The mechanism of rewards whistleblowers.
D.Wiser measures can be provided.答案：C解析：事实细节题。根据定位词定位到文章的第四段，定位句的内容为And incentives for whistleblowers have also increased:around 50 countries now offer immunity or reduced penalties for snitches.（此外，对揭发者的奖励也有所增加：如今约50个国家免除对揭发者惩罚或减少对其的处罚。）与这个信息相对应的选项刚好是C项The mechanism of rewards whistleblowers“奖励告密者机制”，所以C项为正确选项。【干扰排除】A项、B项、D项也是解决方法，但是题目是说supplementary conditions，即补充条件，这三个选项不符合，因此均应当排除。 -
第20题：
Text3 Mention price cartels and many people will think of big,overt ones like the one OPEC runs for oil and the now-extinct one for diamonds.But at least as damaging are the many secret cartels in sucb unglamorous areas as ball-bearings and cargo rates,which go on unnoticed for years,quietly bumping up the end cost to consumers of all manner of goods and services.Collusion among producers to rig prices and carve up markets is thriving,with the cartels growing ever more intricate and global in scope.Competition authorities have uncovered several whopping conspiracies in recent years,including one in which more than 20 airlines worldwide had fixed prices on perhaps 20 billion of freight shipments.They were fined a total of 3 billion;and so far the compensation claims from ripped-off customers comfortably exceed l billion.One academic study found that the typical cartel raised the price of the goods or services in question by 20%.Another suggested that cartels were robbing poor countries'consumers of tens of billions ofdollars a year:if so,negating all the aid that rich countries'governments send them.Investigators are still unravelling a huge global network of cartels among suppliers of a wide range of car parts.Makers of seat belts,radiators and foam seat-stuffing have had hefiy fines slapped on them.Earlier this month the European Commission fined five makers of automotive bearings a total of 953m（1.32 billion）.This week its investigators raided a bunch of makers of car exhausts.Also in recent days,Brazilian prosecutors have charged executives from a dozen foreign train-makers accused ofrigging bids for rail and subway contracts in the country's main cities.Price-fixing has infected high finance,too.Some of banking's biggest names stand accused offiddling interest-rate and foreign-exchange benchmarks.The good news is that enforcement has got tougher,smarter and more coordinated.Gone are the days when price-fixers got a slap on the wrist.Firms can expect swingeing fines,and bosses can go to jail.Since many cartels now operate across borders,so do investigators:American and Japanese trustbusters joined forces to flush out the car-parts cartels.And incentives for whistleblowers have also increased:around 50 countries now offer immunity or reduced penalties for snitches.That is all for the better,but the penalties for price-fixing remain too mild.The best study of the issue so far concluded that,given the still-low risk of detection,collusion pays.Yet beyond a certain point-which the fines now imposed by American and European regulators have probably reached-fines inflict so much damage on guilty companies that they undermine competition instead of enhancing it.The answer is stiffer prison sentences,particularly for senior executives.American courts,only too ready to lock up other types of miscreants for a long time,have rarely jailed egregious price-fixers for anything like the maximum of ten years that the law allows.Other countries have even more scope to increase sentences.
It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that______A.the global network ofcartels among suppliers will lose faith in the competitive market
B.more Brazilian train markets would be accused for the reason of cartels
C.foreign train makers would disrupt the fair in the railway business in Brazil
D.interest rate will be decreased due to the price fixing policy答案：C解析：推理判断题。解决此类题目的关键是通读对应段落后，找到四个选项在段落中的位置，第三段中Also in recent days，Brazilian prosecutors have charged executives from a dozen foreign train-makers accused of rigging bids for rail and subway contracts in the country's main cities．（最近几天，巴西检方对十几个国外火车制造商高管提起公诉，主要是因为他们在国内主要城市中垄断铁轨和地铁合同的竞标活动。）与这个信息相对应的选项刚好是C项Foreign train makers would disrupt the fair in the railway business in Brazil“外国火车制造商会打乱巴西铁路行业的公平”，故C项为正确选项。【干扰排除】A项在段落中并没有找到。B项在段落中有定位，但是文章没有说明巴西的铁路市场会被控诉。D项在结尾处有提及，但是文中是说操纵价格同样影响到了巨额的投资。银行的大腕们也面临着人们对其摆弄利率和银行基准的指责，却并没有提到利率会下降，故排除。 -
第21题：
Recently I bought an ancient vase, __________ was very reasonable.A.which price
B.the price of which
C.its price
D.the price of that答案：B解析：考查非限制性定语从句。从句的主语与先行词的关系，即price和vase是所有格关系，介词后的关系代词不可用that。故选B。 -
第22题：
一价定律(The Law Of One Price)
正确答案: 一价定律可简单的表述为：当贸易开放且交易费用为零时，同样的货物无论在何地销售，其价格都相同。这揭示了国内商品价格和汇率之间的一个基本联系。 -
第23题：
问答题nder the law of competition, the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies, among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently. The price which society pays for t he law, like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries, is great, but the advantages of this law are also greater than its cost—for it is to this law that we owe our wonderful material development, which brings improved conditions in its train. But, whether the law be benign or not, we cannot evade it；or the effect of any new substitutes for it proposed We can not be sure: and while the law may be sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for the race, because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department. We accept and welcome, therefore. as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment；the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few；and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial, but essential to the future progress of the race.正确答案：
在竞争的法则下,上万人的雇主不得不实行一些最严厉的节约措施,其中节约给工人报酬的那部分占很大一部分。社会为这个法则付出的代价如同为低廉的舒适条件和奢侈品付出的代价一样是巨大的。但带来的好处超过了代价,因为正是这个法则,我们才有了了不起的物质进步,其结果是生活水平的提高。但是,不管这个法则是好是坏,我们无法回避,对任何建议替代它的新东西,其作用我们是不敢肯定的. 虽然这个法则有时对个人来说可能很残酷,但对人类来说是好的,因为它确保每个领域里适者生存。我们接受并欢迎环境上的不平等,接受并欢迎让工商业经营集中在少数人的手里,接受和欢迎他们之间存在竞争的法则,我们把所有这一切看成是我们必须适应的条件,看成对人类未来的进步不仅有益,而且是很有必要的。解析：
【翻译要点】
本题需注意词性和词形，英语中一个词往往可以身兼几类词性。由于对原文分析不透，对某一词的词性的判断失误，就会造成误译。第一句中paid为过去分词形式，而非谓语动词，paid to labor其实为过去分词形式的后置定语修饰the rates，而figure是动词，作“占重要位
置”解，在从句中作rates的谓语动词：…节约给工人报酬的那部分占很大一部分。 -
第24题：
问答题Law is the system of state-enforced rules by which relatively large civil societies and political entities operate. This programmed social functioning is backed up by the exercise of power by a politically sovereign body. 1) What constitutes law among the behavioral codes by which groups or individuals in society live has been defined by legal philosophers in three different ways.Some say that law is the command of a sovereign power to obey a rule, with a penalty for violating it. This view is called legal positivism and has been particularly associated with the 19th-century English philosopher John Austin. 2)On the other side are those who say that law is the application within a state or any other community of rules that are derived from universal principles of morality rooted in turn in revealed religion or reason or a kind of ethical communal sensibility. This view is associated with Thomas Aquinas, in the Middle Ages, who proposed it in the form of natural law theory, and with Lon Fuller and Ronald Dworkin, among recent American legal philosophers. In the 1960s the widely respected Oxford philosopher H.L.A. Hart tried to find an intermediate position between these two opposing definitions of law according to positivism and natural law.3) He argued that there are “rules of recognition” in which the obligation of rule conformity is brought, about by “social pressure” and customary social behavior rather than by sovereign command and penalty. Many stipulations, Hart claimed, are recognizable as laws that are pragmatic rules for transactions between private parties and functionally lie outside the sphere of sovereign command and penalty. No sovereign power, no matter how ambitious and aggressive, can enforce more than part of the range of laws we live .by. Even the concept of sovereign power is problematic and vulnerable. 4)Whether Hart really established an intermediate position between the two standard positions in legal philosophy or simply found a new way-subtle, perhaps, or confusing—of associating law with ethics in a context of linguistic anal)sis and pragmatic theory remains a matter of dispute. Law is divided into two kinds. First, there is criminal law, by which peace and security are maintained, and whose violation results in publicly administered punishment of greater or lesser severity and brings upon the violator the bad name of moral turpitude.5)Second, there is civil law, which regulates relationships between individuals, families, and corporations involving other than criminal activities and provides state-enforced techniques for accumulating and distributing property and other forms of wealth. For example, murder and robbery fall within the scope of criminal law. Contracts, personal liability, and marriage and divorce are within the scope of civil law.正确答案：
(1)【答案】关于—个社会中团体或个人所遵循的行为规范中有哪些构成法律,法理学家们通过三种方式进行了定义。
【解析】此句中what引导主语从句;by which引导的定语从句修饰behavioral codes;among the behavioral codes by which…这个比较复杂的介词短语修饰What,正常语序应该是What among the behavioral codes which constitutes law has been defined...,但因为作为主语的中心词与谓语动词相隔太远,故后置。live by “以…为生,按…规律生活”,这里引申为“遵循,遵守”;behavioral codes指“行为规范”。另外,由于英汉句子机构的差异,句中的被动语态转译成汉语常用的主动语态,由行为的执行者作主语。
(2)【答案】另外一些法理学家的观点与此相对,他们认为法律就是源于普遍道德规则在国家或其他政治共同体中运用,而这些普遍道德规则相应地根植于天启教、理性或某种公共道德意识之中。
【解析】本句采用了倒装句式,主语是those who…,on the other side是表语;who引导定语从句修饰those,在这个定语从句中that law is the application…是一个宾语从句,作谓语动词say的宾语;第二个that从句作定语修饰rules,而rooted in turn in…是过去分词短语作定语,修饰universal principles of morality。另外,application和rules被within a state or any other community隔开,真正的逻辑关系应该是application of rules。短语be derived from….“源自于…”;in turn“依次,相应地”;revealed religion指“天启教”。ethical communal sensibility译为“公共道德意识”。
(3)【答案】他认为存在着“公认的规则”,遵守这些规则的义务是由“社会压力”和习惯性的社会行为促成的,而不是由国家的命令和惩罚促成的。
【解析】句中that从句作argued的宾语,which引导的定语从句修饰rules of recognition。brought about本意是“引起,达成”,这里引申为“形成”;rules of recognition“公认的规则”;rather than“而不是…”。
(4)【答案】哈特是真正在两种权威的法理学观点之间确立了一种中间立场,还是只不过找到了一种将法律与道德规范在语言学分析和实用主义理论的基础上联系起来的(也许更微妙,也许更让人困惑的)新方法,仍然没有定论。
【解析】Whether…or…引导的是主语从句,译为“是…,还是…”。谓语和宾语是remains a matter of dispute。Associating…with…“将…与…联系起来”;context“环境,背景”。
(5)【答案】第二种类型是民法,用来调整个人、家庭和公司之间的涉及犯罪行为以外的关系,为财产和其他形式的财富的积累和分配提供国家强制的方法。
【解析】本句的主句为there be句型,后面which引导非限定性定语从句,修饰civil law。分词短语involving。作定语修饰relationships。短语other than表示“除了”;criminal activities指“犯罪行为”;state-enforced指“国家强制的”。解析： 暂无解析