问答题Passage 3Fermented Foods for Babies Malnutrition during weaning age-when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods-is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology is complex and multifactoria
题目
问答题
Passage 3Fermented Foods for Babies Malnutrition during weaning age-when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods-is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology is complex and multifactorial, the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for children’s growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods. As a result, many young children, particularly between six months to two years of age, experience weight loss and impaired growth and development. Studies by investigators in various countries have concentrated on traditional food preparation methods and have resulted in offering cheap and practical answers to these problems based on familiar, indigenous and culturally acceptable home processing practices. Two such answers have arisen. Firstly, cereal fermentation is used for reducing the risk of contamination under the existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in many households. Secondly, a tiny amount of sprouted grains flour is used in preparation of weaning foods as a magic way to lessen the viscosity without decreasing energy density. A method to eliminate pathogenic bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The anti-microbial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety-documented since the early 1900’s-have been indicated in a number of studies. In Ghana, it is common to ferment maize dough before cooking it as porridge. In Kenya, cereal-based porridge and milk are traditionally fermented. Preserving milk in the form of yoghurt has been known to many households living in hot climates. What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination? A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhoea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of anti-microbial substances produced during fermentation (Dialogue on Diarrhoea, 1990). The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated. Whatever the underlying mechanisms, the fact is that the exercise reduces contamination without adding to the household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast, or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to the child. Although beneficial, unfortunately the practice is going out of fashion, partly because of current emphasis on the use of fresh foods, particularly for children. For example, a study on the use of fermented foods for young children in Kenya (Dialogue on Diarrhoea, 1990), demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in urban areas where commercial products are more available. Clearly they now need to be promoted. Complete the summary with the list of words A-N below. Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet. Malnutrition and the resulting impaired growth and development in children of weaning age in developing countries result not only from 1______ but also from infections caused by 2______. Studies have addressed the problem of inadequate intake by using sprouted grains in food preparation. Contamination has been tackled with 3______. Both of these methods are, or were, used traditionally and are practical and inexpensive. Fermented foods have higher 4______ and also have anti-microbial qualities. This means that contamination is decreased and that their 5______ is increased. Fermentation occurs when 6______ is left to stand, occasionally with simple additives. There is, however, a trend away from this 7______ to commercial products.A. porridge H. storage lifeB. malnutrition I. sprouted grainsC. fermentation J. inadequate food intakeD. new technology K. acidityE. contaminated food L. unfermented foodF. diarrhoeal germs M. weaningG. traditional food N. dough
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参考答案和解析
正确答案：
1.J 根据题干的关键词malnutrition和weaning age可以定位到原文第一段的第一、二句“Malnutrition during weaning age-when breast milk is being ... the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for children’s growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods”,其中causes和题干中的results是同义词,因此该空应填入feeding at less than adequate levels的同义词组,所以答案是J。
2.E 根据上题解析该空应填入ingestion of contaminated foods的同义词组,所以选E。
3.C 根据题干中的关键词Contamination及tackled可将答案定位到第三段的第二句“cereal fermentation is used for reducing the risk of contamination under the existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in many households”,可知解决食物污染的办法是cereal fermentation, 由此可知答案为C。
4.K 根据题干中的关键词Fermented foods可将答案定位到第七段第二句“during the fermentation process foods become more acid”,其中more对应了题干中的higher,因此此处应填入acid的名词形式,所以选择K。
5.H 这个空是上题的延续,所以可以将答案定位到第七段最后一句“It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated”。可知发酵的食物保存时间延长,污染减少。因此选H。
6.N 根据关键词simple additives可以定位到第八段“The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented”,可知将谷物面粉与水混合,形成留待发酵的面团(dough),由此可知此题答案为N。
7.G 根据题干关键词trend和commercial product可以定位到文章的最后一段“demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in urban areas where commercial products are more available”,可知将食物发酵这种做法日渐失宠,与此题相符的只有G项traditional food。
2.E 根据上题解析该空应填入ingestion of contaminated foods的同义词组,所以选E。
3.C 根据题干中的关键词Contamination及tackled可将答案定位到第三段的第二句“cereal fermentation is used for reducing the risk of contamination under the existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in many households”,可知解决食物污染的办法是cereal fermentation, 由此可知答案为C。
4.K 根据题干中的关键词Fermented foods可将答案定位到第七段第二句“during the fermentation process foods become more acid”,其中more对应了题干中的higher,因此此处应填入acid的名词形式,所以选择K。
5.H 这个空是上题的延续,所以可以将答案定位到第七段最后一句“It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated”。可知发酵的食物保存时间延长,污染减少。因此选H。
6.N 根据关键词simple additives可以定位到第八段“The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented”,可知将谷物面粉与水混合,形成留待发酵的面团(dough),由此可知此题答案为N。
7.G 根据题干关键词trend和commercial product可以定位到文章的最后一段“demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in urban areas where commercial products are more available”,可知将食物发酵这种做法日渐失宠,与此题相符的只有G项traditional food。
解析：
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更多“问答题Passage 3Fermented Foods for Babies Malnutrition during weaning age-when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods-is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology is complex and multifactoria”相关问题
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第1题：
Passage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
An understanding of man's effect on the balance of nature is crucial (关键的) to being able to find the appropriate remedial action. It is a very common belief that the problems of the population explosion are caused mainly by poor people living in poor countries who do not know enough to limit their reproduction. This is not true. The actual number of people in an area is not as important as the effect they have on nature. Developing countries do have an effect on their environment, but it is the populations of richer countries that have a far greater impact on the earth as a whole.
For example, tropical forests are known to be essential to the balance of nature, yet we are destroying them at a great rate. They are being cleared not to benefit the natives of that country, but to satisfy the needs of rich countries. Central American forests are being destroyed for grassland to make pet food in the United States cheaper; in Papua slew Guinea, forests are destroyed to supply cheaper cardboard packaging for Japanese electronic products; in Burma and Thailand, forests have been destroyed to produce more attractive furniture in Singapore and Hong Kong. Therefore, a rich person living thousands of miles away may cause more tropical forest destruction than a poor person living in the forest itself.
In short, it is everybody's duty to safeguard the future of mankind—not only through population control, but by being more aware of the effect his actions have on nature. Nature is both fragile and powerful. It is very easily destroyed; on the other hand, it can easily destroy its most dangerous enemy—man.
31.According to the first paragraph, people usually believe that .
A.poor people in poor countries contribute to the imbalance of nature
B. rich people know how to protect the environment by taking actions
C. people in poor areas know a lot about the birth control
D. rich people in rich countries have done a lot to balance nature
正确答案：A
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第2题：
共用题干
Dangers Await Babies With Altitude
Women who live in the world's highest communities tend to give birth to underweight babies,a new
study suggests.These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes.
Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average.But it wasn't
clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are
under-nourished一many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower
down.
To find out more,Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of 400 births
in Bolivia during 1997 and 1998.The babies were born in both rich and poor areas of two cities:La Paz and
Santa Cruz.La Paz is the highest city in the world,at 3.65 kilometers above sea level,while Santa Cruz is
much lower,at 0.44 kilometers.
Sure enough,Giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in La Paz was significantly lower than
in Santa Cruz.This was true in both high and low-income families.Even babies born to poor families in
Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz."We were very
surprised by this result,"says Giussani.
The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen before birth."This may
trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child," says Giussani.
His team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their
bodies.This is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in
preference to the rest of the body.
Giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life. People born in La
Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood,for example.Low birth weight is a risk factor for coronary
heart disease.And newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood
pressure and strokes in later life.According to the passage,one of the reasons why newborns in mountain communities are underweight is that their mothers are underweight.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：B解析：文章第二段第二句“But it wasn't clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished一many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down.”意思是：但是还不清楚这是由于在高海拔 的地方氧气不足，还是由于他们的母亲没有获得足够的营养―许多住在高海拔地方的人相 对都比住在低处的人穷。由此可见，婴儿体重不足并不是因为母体体重不足。故选B。
第三段中提到Giussani在剑桥大学有一个研究组，但其中的成员是什么人却没有讲到。
第四段里说Giussani发现在La Paz出生的婴儿比在Santa Cruz出生的婴儿明显要轻， 不论是高收入的家庭还是低收入的家庭都是这样。最后的一句话是“We were very surprised by this result”说明这个结果是他所没有料到的。
由文章第五段的第一句话“…babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen before birth.”可知，孩子还在母亲的子宫内时就已经缺氧了，这种缺氧的状况又影响荷尔蒙的释放 或抑制，这些荷尔蒙又调节着婴儿的发育。
由文章第六段中的“…have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies”可知，这里 指的不是头比身体大，而是相对身体来说头显得较大。
关于婴儿四肢的大小文中完全没有提及。
题干表述的是Giusani得出了结论，认为出生在高海拔的地方的孩子在成年后更容易 患心脏疾病。由文章最后一段的第一、二句“Giussani wants to find out...for example.”可知，Gi- ussani想找出是否这些孩子（出生在高海拔的地方）会在以后的生活中患上危险性的疾病。例 如，出生在La Paz地区的人们在成年后可能更容易患心脏疾病。题干表述与文中不符，故 选B。第3部分：概括大意与完成句子 -
第3题：
共用题干
Malnutrition
"Much of the sickness and death attributed to the major communicable diseases is in fact caused by malnutrition which makes the body less able to withstand infections when they strike",said Dr.Hiroshi Na-kajima,Director-General of the World Health Organization(WHO),in his statement on the first day of the
World Food Summit organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome,Italy,from 1 3 to 17 November,1996.
"At the same time,"he added,"in developing countries today,malnutrition is the cause of 174 million children under five years of age being underweight,and 230 million being stunted in their growth.Such figures represent deprivation, suffering and wasted human potential on a scale that is unacceptable from every point of view.Whether we think in terms of humanitarian concern,common justice or development needs, they demand a response,both from national governments and from international community."
At the end of January 1996,98 countries had national plans of action for nutrition and 41 countries had one under preparation,in keeping with their commitments made at the International Conference on Nutrition in Rome in December 1992.The global situation,however,remains grim.Over 800 million people around the world still cannot meet basic needs for energy and protein,more than 2 ,000 million people lack essential micronutrients,and hundreds of millions suffer from diseases caused by unsafe food and unbalanced diets.
In sheer numbers,iron is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency.Mainly women of reproduction' age and children under five are affected by iron deficiency with prevalence hovering around 50% in developing countries.Among various regions in the world,it is South Asia which is hit hardest with prevalence reaching 80% in some countries.Tn infants and young children even mild anemia is associated with impaired intellectual as well as physical development.In older children and adults iron deficiency reduces work capacity and output.
It also leads to increased accidents at work.
While there is no single remedy,a combination of several preventive approaches is believed to work best.Dietary improvement includes consumption of iron-and vitamin C-rich foods and foods of animal origin, and avoiding drinking tea or coffee with or soon after meals.Iron supplementation of foods,particularly of staple cereals,is practiced in a growing number of countries.Iron supplementation is the most common approach,particularly for pregnant women.Which of the following is NOT the harm of lacking iron?
A:Anemia.
B:Impaired intellectual development.
C:Traffic accidents.
D:Reduced work capacity.答案：C解析：根据第一段第一句，直接的因果关系发生在sickness and death和malnutrition之间。
答案依据在文章第二段，其中讲到“Such figures represent deprivation , suffering and wasted human potential on a scale that is unacceptable… they demand a response …"，由此得知，不管出于哪个方面的考虑，我们都要采取行动。
文章第三段中提到“98 countries had national plans of action for nutrition"，而另有41个国家的计划只是在准备中，并未被真正制定出来。
文章第四段中提到缺铁会引发贫血（anemia)、智力和身体发育受阻碍（impaired intellec-tual as well as physical development)、工作能力下降（reduces work capacity )。 C项traffic acci-dents在文中并未提及，故选C。
与该题有关的原文是在最后一段中，第二句话中提到" avoiding drinking tea or coffee with or soon after meals"，这与C项描述相反，而其他三项在文中均被提及，故选C。 -
第4题：
共用题干
第一篇
Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious life long consequences.There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment. Data for many countries,especially low and middle income countries,are lacking.
Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used.Nonetheless,international studies reveal that approximately 20% of women and 5%一10% of men report being sexually abused as children.While 25%一50%of all children report being physically abused. Additionally,many children are subject to emotional abuse(sometimes referred to as psychological abuse).
Every year,there are an estimated 31 ,000 homicide（他杀）deaths in children under 15. This number underestimates the true extent of the problem,as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to（归因于）falls, burns and drowning.
Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences.Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development. Extreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systems.Consequently,as adults,maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural,physical and mental health problems.Via the behavioural and mental health consequences,maltreatment can contribute to heart disease,cancer,suicide and sexually transmitted infections.
Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment,there is an economic impact,including :ost of hospitalization,mental health treatment,child welfare,and longer-term health cost.
A number of risk factor for child maltreatment has been identified.These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts,but provide an overview when attempting to understand the causes of child maltreatment.
It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame（责怪）for maltreatment.A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated,such as being either under four years old or an adolescent,being unwanted,or failing to fulfill the expectations of parents and having special need,crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.Which of the following statements is ture according to the passage?
A:20% of women got sexually abused in their childhood.
B:25%一50%of all children were reported to have been physically abused.
C:25%一50%of children were psychologically abused.
D:60%—75%of children were neglected by their parents.答案：B解析：文中第一段提到了虐待儿童是一个全球性问题，无法获得中低收入国家中儿童受虐数字资料；第二段开头提到了儿童受虐数字难以统计的另外一个原因，即研究方法的差异性。只有专业统计人员是否缺乏没有提及，因此答案为C。
文中第二段对数字有明确说明。
文中第三段指出每年巧岁以下儿童死亡人数大概在31 000人。该数字大大低估了实际情况，因为有相当多的由于受虐而致死的儿童被归因为摔死、烧死、淹死。文中没有明确指出腹泻，因此可推断出该题答案为B。
文中提到虐待儿童会导致其身体发育出现问题，包括神经系统、免疫系统、大脑发育，以及成年后会出现的疾病，但都没有提到是否会对其记忆力产生影响。因此，答案为A。
最后一段说，有几大特征会增加儿童受虐待的可能性，例如，4岁以下或者不受欢迎、不能满足父母的期望、有特殊需求、不停哭闹或是身体有异常的青少年。 -
第5题：
共用题干
Malnutrition
"Much of the sickness and death attributed to the major communicable diseases is in fact caused by malnutrition which makes the body less able to withstand infections when they strike",said Dr.Hiroshi Na-kajima,Director-General of the World Health Organization(WHO),in his statement on the first day of the
World Food Summit organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome,Italy,from 1 3 to 17 November,1996.
"At the same time,"he added,"in developing countries today,malnutrition is the cause of 174 million children under five years of age being underweight,and 230 million being stunted in their growth.Such figures represent deprivation, suffering and wasted human potential on a scale that is unacceptable from every point of view.Whether we think in terms of humanitarian concern,common justice or development needs, they demand a response,both from national governments and from international community."
At the end of January 1996,98 countries had national plans of action for nutrition and 41 countries had one under preparation,in keeping with their commitments made at the International Conference on Nutrition in Rome in December 1992.The global situation,however,remains grim.Over 800 million people around the world still cannot meet basic needs for energy and protein,more than 2 ,000 million people lack essential micronutrients,and hundreds of millions suffer from diseases caused by unsafe food and unbalanced diets.
In sheer numbers,iron is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency.Mainly women of reproduction' age and children under five are affected by iron deficiency with prevalence hovering around 50% in developing countries.Among various regions in the world,it is South Asia which is hit hardest with prevalence reaching 80% in some countries.Tn infants and young children even mild anemia is associated with impaired intellectual as well as physical development.In older children and adults iron deficiency reduces work capacity and output.
It also leads to increased accidents at work.
While there is no single remedy,a combination of several preventive approaches is believed to work best.Dietary improvement includes consumption of iron-and vitamin C-rich foods and foods of animal origin, and avoiding drinking tea or coffee with or soon after meals.Iron supplementation of foods,particularly of staple cereals,is practiced in a growing number of countries.Iron supplementation is the most common approach,particularly for pregnant women.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a remedy for iron deficiency?
A:Eating iron-rich foods.
B:Avoiding drinking tea with meals.
C:Drinking coffee soon after meals.
D:Eating foods of animal origin.答案：C解析：根据第一段第一句，直接的因果关系发生在sickness and death和malnutrition之间。
答案依据在文章第二段，其中讲到“Such figures represent deprivation , suffering and wasted human potential on a scale that is unacceptable… they demand a response …"，由此得知，不管出于哪个方面的考虑，我们都要采取行动。
文章第三段中提到“98 countries had national plans of action for nutrition"，而另有41个国家的计划只是在准备中，并未被真正制定出来。
文章第四段中提到缺铁会引发贫血（anemia)、智力和身体发育受阻碍（impaired intellec-tual as well as physical development)、工作能力下降（reduces work capacity )。 C项traffic acci-dents在文中并未提及，故选C。
与该题有关的原文是在最后一段中，第二句话中提到" avoiding drinking tea or coffee with or soon after meals"，这与C项描述相反，而其他三项在文中均被提及，故选C。 -
第6题：
共用题干
Dangers Await Babies with Altitude
Women who live in the world's highest communities tend to give birth to underweight babies, a new study suggests.These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes.
Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average.But it wasn't clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished—many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down.
To find out more,Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of 400 births in Bolivia during 1997 and 1998 .The babies were born in both rich and poor areas of two cities:La Paz and Santa Cruz.La Paz is the highest city in the world,at 3 .65 kilometers above sea level,while Santa Cruz is much lower,at 0 .44 kilometers.
Sure enough,Giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in La Paz was significantly lower than in Santa Cruz.This was true in both high and low-income families.Even babies born to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz.“We were very surprised by this result,”says Giussani.
The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen before birth.
“This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child,”says Giussani.
His team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies.This is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to the rest of the body.
Giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life.People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood,for example.Low birthweight is a risk factor for coronary heart disease.And newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life.It can be learned from the last paragraph that______.
A: high-altitude babies tend to have high blood pressure in their later life
B: underweight babies have a shorter life span
C: babies born to poor families lack certain hormones before birth
D: newborns in wealthy families have larger heads compared with their bodies答案：A解析：题干问新的研究发现是什么。由第一段第一句“Women who live… tend to give birth to underweight babies. ”可知，一项新的研究发现：居住在高海拔地区的女性易生出体重不足的婴儿，故选B。
由第四段首句“…the average birthweight of babies in La Paz was significantly lower than in Santa Cruz.”可知，Giussani发现高海拔的La Paz的婴儿平均出生体重比低海拔的Santa Cruz的婴儿平均出生体重低，故选A。
由第四段末句Giussani的话“We were very surprised by this result”可知，研究结果是出乎他们的意料的，故选A。
由第五段“The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen before birth.”可知，研究结果表明，在高海拔地带出生的婴儿出生前就缺氧，这也是造成其出生体重低的原因，故选D。
由最后一段“Low birthweight is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. And newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life”可推断，在高海拔地带出生的婴儿在以后的生活中更容易患心脏病，而且头部相对较大的新生儿在以后的生活中更易患高血压及中风，故选A。 -
第7题：
共用题干
第三篇
Malnutrition
"Much of the sickness and death attributed to the major communicable diseases is in fact caused by
malnutrition which makes the body less able to withstand infections when they strike",said Dr. Hiroshi Na-
kajima,Director-General of the World Health Organization(WHO),in his statement on the first day of the
World Food Summit organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome,Ita-
ly,from 13 to 17 November,1996.
"At the same time,"he added," in developing countries today,malnutrition is the cause of 174 million
children under five years of age being underweight,and 230 million being stunted in their growth.Such figures
represent deprivation,suffering and wasted human potential on a scale that is unacceptable from every point
of view.Whether we think in terms of humanitarian concern,common justice or development needs,they
demand a response,both from national governments and from international community.
At the end of January 1996,98 countries had national plans of action for nutrition and 41 countries had
one under preparation,in keeping with their commitments made at the International Conference on Nutrition
in Rome in December 1992. The global situation, however, remains grim.
Over 800 million people around
the world still cannot meet basic needs for energy and protein, more than two thousand million people lack
essential micronutrients,and hundreds of millions suffer from diseases caused by unsafe food and unbalanced
diets.
In sheer numbers,iron is the most prevalent mieronutrient deficiency. MainlY women of reproduction age
and children under five are affected by iron deficiency with prevalence hovering around 50% in developing
countries.
Among various regions in the world, it is South Asia which is hit hardest with prevalence reaching
80% in some countries.In infants and young children even mild anemia is associated with impaired intellectual
as well as physical development.In older children and adults iron deficiency reduces work capacity and output.
It also leads to increased accidents at work.
While there is no single remedy,a combination of several preventive approaches is believed to work
best一Dietary improvement includes consumption of iron一and vitamin C-rich foods and foods of animal origin,
and avoiding drinking tea or coffee with or soon after meals.Iron supplementation of foods,pathcularly of
staple cereals,is practiced in a growing number of countries.Iron supplementation is the most common
approach,particularly for pregnant women.What is the cause of much of the sickness and death?
A:Certain diseases.
B:Malnutrition.
C:Infections.
D:Accidents.答案：B解析：根据第一段第一句，直接的因果关系发生在sickness和malnlltrition之间。
答案依据在文章第二段，其中讲到“Such figures represent deprivation,suffering and wasted human potential on a scale that 10 unacceptable…they demand a response，…”由此得知，在情形严重时要采取行动。
文章第三段中提到98countries had national plan,of action for nutritioll，而另有41个国家的计划只是在准备中，并未制定出计划来。
文章第四段中提到缺铁会引发贫血（anemia）、智力和身体发展受损（impaired intelleetual as well as physical development）、工作能力下降（reduces work capacity）。C项traffic accidents 与题意不符，故选C。
与B项和C项有关的原文是在最后一段的第二句话中“avoiding drinking tea or coffeewith or soon after meals"，故选C。第5部分；补全短文 -
第8题：
共用题干
第一篇
Preventing Child Maltreatment
Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious life-long consequences.There are no reliable global
estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment.Data for many countries,especially low and middle income
countries,are lacking.
Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study.Current estimates vary widely depending on the
country and the method of research used.Nonetheless,international studies reveal that approximately 20% of
women and 5-10% of men report being sexually abused as children,while 25-50% of all children report
being physically abused.Additionally,many children are subject to emotional abuse(sometimes referred to as
psychological abuse).
Every year,there are an estimated 31 ,000 homicide deaths in children under 15.This number underestimates
the true extent of the problem,as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly
attributed to falls,bums and drowning.
Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences.
Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development. Extreme stress can
impair the development of the nervous and immune systems.Consequently,as adults,maltreated children are at
increased risk for behavioural,physical and mental health problems.Via the behavioural and mental health
consequences,maltreatment can contribute to heart disease,cancer,suicide,and sexually transmitted infections.
Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment,there is an economic impact,including costs of
hospitalization,mental health treatment,child welfare,and longer-term health costs.
A number of risk factors for child maltreatment have been identified.These risk factors are not present
in all social and cultural contexts,but provide an overview when attempting to understand the causes of child
maltreatment.
It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for maltreatment. A
number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated,such as being
either under four years old or an adolescent,being unwanted,or failing to fulfill the expectations of parents
and having special needs,crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.Child maltreatment can bring all the following consequences EXCEPT__________.
A:stress
B:suicide
C:heart disease
D:poor memory答案：D解析：由第二段第三句“international studies...being sexually abused as children...physically abused”可知有很多孩子受到虐待。
由第三段可知，31 000这个数字是个被低估的数字，还有很多摔死、溺死的小孩也与虐 待有关。underestimate意为“低估”，此处与miscalculate（判断错误）意思相符。
由第四段第二句可知A项正确，由该段最后一句可知，B、C两项正确，故选D。
由最后一段最后一句中的“crying persistently（总是哭）”可知A项正确。
由第三段可知，每年不止31 000名15岁以下的孩子死亡，还有摔死、饿死、淹死的。故 选B。 第二篇 本篇文章主要探讨了移动电话是否对人体有害，作者建议人们少用移动电话。 -
第9题：
What kind of message does the society give to the children who are becoming obsessed with dieting and their weight？( )A.It is important to be thin
B.It is fashionable to have diet
C.It’s a shame that children are being robbed of their childhoods
D.It’s a shame that children are developing eating disorders答案：A解析：
-
第10题：
单选题What can a culture camp help to do according to Peter Kassen?AIt helps the adopted kids form a correct attitude to their complex heritage.
BIt helps the Chinese children have fun with their American parents.
CIt helps the Americans increase the adoption from Russia and China.
DIt helps the American parents adopt children from other countries.
正确答案： C解析： -
第11题：
问答题In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summery below by choosing a maximum of three words from the passage to fill in each of the blanks 51-5.Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet. Malnutrition during weaning age—when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods—is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology is complex and multifactorial, the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for child growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhoea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods. As a result, many young children, particularly between six months to two years of age, experience weight loss and impaired growth and development. Two such answers have arisen. Firstly, cereal fermentation is used for reducing the risk of contamination under the existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in many households. Secondly, a tiny amount of sprouted grains flour is used in preparation of weaning foods as a magic way to lessen the viscosity without decreasing energy density. A method to eliminate pathogenic bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The antimicrobial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety-documented since the early 1900’s—have been indicated in a number of studies. What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination? A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhoea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of antimicrobial substances produced during fermentation (Dialogue on Diarrhoea, 1990). The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated. Whatever the underlying mechanisms, the fact is that the exercise reduces contamination without adding to the household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast, or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to the child. Summary: Malnutrition and the resulting impaired growth and development in children of weaning age in developing countries results not only from (1) but also from infections caused by contaminated food. Studies have addressed the problem of inadequate intake by using sprouted grains in food preparation. Contamination has been tackled with (2) Both of these methods are, or were, used traditionally and are practical and inexpensive.Fermented foods have higher (3) , and also have antimicrobial qualities. This means that contamination is decreased and that their (4) is increased. Fermentation occurs when (5) is left to stand, occasionally with simple additives.正确答案：
1.inadequate food intake 文中第一段提到the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels…and recurrent infections… resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods,“(营养不良)的最直接的原因有摄取食物的不到位以及由于摄入污染食物造成的感染”。intake(医)摄取。
2.fermentation 文中第二段提到Firstly, cereal fermentation is used for reducing the risk of contamination…,“首先,谷物发酵可用于降低污染的威胁…”。
3.acidity 文中第四段提到…during the fermentation process foods become more acid,“在发酵过程中,食物的酸性加重”,这里为acid的名词acidity。
4.storage life The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time…,“因此,发酵食物可以保存的时间更长…”,且紧接着的下句也提到了storage time。
5.dough 文中最后一段提到The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented…,“面粉加水做成面团,然后就让它开始发酵…”。解析： 暂无解析 -
第12题：
单选题Different foods are to be found on three shelves in a fridge. Butter is kept below the eggs while cheese is kept above the milk. The butter is also above the milk, but the eggs are on the same shelf as the yoghurt. The ice cream is above the cheese. What is on the bottom shelf?AButter.
BEggs.
CCheese.
DMilk.
正确答案： D解析：
从题意中可以得知，Butter在eggs下面，即Butter不在最高一层，下面又提到The butter在milk上面，而冰箱总共三层，从而可推出milk肯定在最底层。 -
第13题：
共用题干
第一篇
Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious life long consequences.There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment. Data for many countries,especially low and middle income countries,are lacking.
Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used.Nonetheless,international studies reveal that approximately 20% of women and 5%一10% of men report being sexually abused as children.While 25%一50%of all children report being physically abused. Additionally,many children are subject to emotional abuse(sometimes referred to as psychological abuse).
Every year,there are an estimated 31 ,000 homicide（他杀）deaths in children under 15. This number underestimates the true extent of the problem,as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to（归因于）falls, burns and drowning.
Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences.Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development. Extreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systems.Consequently,as adults,maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural,physical and mental health problems.Via the behavioural and mental health consequences,maltreatment can contribute to heart disease,cancer,suicide and sexually transmitted infections.
Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment,there is an economic impact,including :ost of hospitalization,mental health treatment,child welfare,and longer-term health cost.
A number of risk factor for child maltreatment has been identified.These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts,but provide an overview when attempting to understand the causes of child maltreatment.
It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame（责怪）for maltreatment.A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated,such as being either under four years old or an adolescent,being unwanted,or failing to fulfill the expectations of parents and having special need,crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.Many homicide deaths in children under 15 are wrongly categorized into the following types except_______according to the passage.
A:drowning in swimming
B:diarrhea
C:burns
D:falls答案：B解析：文中第一段提到了虐待儿童是一个全球性问题，无法获得中低收入国家中儿童受虐数字资料；第二段开头提到了儿童受虐数字难以统计的另外一个原因，即研究方法的差异性。只有专业统计人员是否缺乏没有提及，因此答案为C。
文中第二段对数字有明确说明。
文中第三段指出每年巧岁以下儿童死亡人数大概在31 000人。该数字大大低估了实际情况，因为有相当多的由于受虐而致死的儿童被归因为摔死、烧死、淹死。文中没有明确指出腹泻，因此可推断出该题答案为B。
文中提到虐待儿童会导致其身体发育出现问题，包括神经系统、免疫系统、大脑发育，以及成年后会出现的疾病，但都没有提到是否会对其记忆力产生影响。因此，答案为A。
最后一段说，有几大特征会增加儿童受虐待的可能性，例如，4岁以下或者不受欢迎、不能满足父母的期望、有特殊需求、不停哭闹或是身体有异常的青少年。 -
第14题：
共用题干
Malnutrition
"Much of the sickness and death attributed to the major communicable diseases is in fact caused by malnutrition which makes the body less able to withstand infections when they strike",said Dr.Hiroshi Na-kajima,Director-General of the World Health Organization(WHO),in his statement on the first day of the
World Food Summit organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome,Italy,from 1 3 to 17 November,1996.
"At the same time,"he added,"in developing countries today,malnutrition is the cause of 174 million children under five years of age being underweight,and 230 million being stunted in their growth.Such figures represent deprivation, suffering and wasted human potential on a scale that is unacceptable from every point of view.Whether we think in terms of humanitarian concern,common justice or development needs, they demand a response,both from national governments and from international community."
At the end of January 1996,98 countries had national plans of action for nutrition and 41 countries had one under preparation,in keeping with their commitments made at the International Conference on Nutrition in Rome in December 1992.The global situation,however,remains grim.Over 800 million people around the world still cannot meet basic needs for energy and protein,more than 2 ,000 million people lack essential micronutrients,and hundreds of millions suffer from diseases caused by unsafe food and unbalanced diets.
In sheer numbers,iron is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency.Mainly women of reproduction' age and children under five are affected by iron deficiency with prevalence hovering around 50% in developing countries.Among various regions in the world,it is South Asia which is hit hardest with prevalence reaching 80% in some countries.Tn infants and young children even mild anemia is associated with impaired intellectual as well as physical development.In older children and adults iron deficiency reduces work capacity and output.
It also leads to increased accidents at work.
While there is no single remedy,a combination of several preventive approaches is believed to work best.Dietary improvement includes consumption of iron-and vitamin C-rich foods and foods of animal origin, and avoiding drinking tea or coffee with or soon after meals.Iron supplementation of foods,particularly of staple cereals,is practiced in a growing number of countries.Iron supplementation is the most common approach,particularly for pregnant women.How many countries have made plans of action for nutrition?
A:98.
B:41.
C:139.
D:57.答案：A解析：根据第一段第一句，直接的因果关系发生在sickness and death和malnutrition之间。
答案依据在文章第二段，其中讲到“Such figures represent deprivation , suffering and wasted human potential on a scale that is unacceptable… they demand a response …"，由此得知，不管出于哪个方面的考虑，我们都要采取行动。
文章第三段中提到“98 countries had national plans of action for nutrition"，而另有41个国家的计划只是在准备中，并未被真正制定出来。
文章第四段中提到缺铁会引发贫血（anemia)、智力和身体发育受阻碍（impaired intellec-tual as well as physical development)、工作能力下降（reduces work capacity )。 C项traffic acci-dents在文中并未提及，故选C。
与该题有关的原文是在最后一段中，第二句话中提到" avoiding drinking tea or coffee with or soon after meals"，这与C项描述相反，而其他三项在文中均被提及，故选C。 -
第15题：
共用题干
Malnutrition
"Much of the sickness and death attributed to the major communicable diseases is in fact caused by malnutrition which makes the body less able to withstand infections when they strike",said Dr.Hiroshi Na-kajima,Director-General of the World Health Organization(WHO),in his statement on the first day of the
World Food Summit organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome,Italy,from 1 3 to 17 November,1996.
"At the same time,"he added,"in developing countries today,malnutrition is the cause of 174 million children under five years of age being underweight,and 230 million being stunted in their growth.Such figures represent deprivation, suffering and wasted human potential on a scale that is unacceptable from every point of view.Whether we think in terms of humanitarian concern,common justice or development needs, they demand a response,both from national governments and from international community."
At the end of January 1996,98 countries had national plans of action for nutrition and 41 countries had one under preparation,in keeping with their commitments made at the International Conference on Nutrition in Rome in December 1992.The global situation,however,remains grim.Over 800 million people around the world still cannot meet basic needs for energy and protein,more than 2 ,000 million people lack essential micronutrients,and hundreds of millions suffer from diseases caused by unsafe food and unbalanced diets.
In sheer numbers,iron is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency.Mainly women of reproduction' age and children under five are affected by iron deficiency with prevalence hovering around 50% in developing countries.Among various regions in the world,it is South Asia which is hit hardest with prevalence reaching 80% in some countries.Tn infants and young children even mild anemia is associated with impaired intellectual as well as physical development.In older children and adults iron deficiency reduces work capacity and output.
It also leads to increased accidents at work.
While there is no single remedy,a combination of several preventive approaches is believed to work best.Dietary improvement includes consumption of iron-and vitamin C-rich foods and foods of animal origin, and avoiding drinking tea or coffee with or soon after meals.Iron supplementation of foods,particularly of staple cereals,is practiced in a growing number of countries.Iron supplementation is the most common approach,particularly for pregnant women.What is the cause of much of the sickness and death?
A:Certain diseases.
B:Malnutrition.
C:Infections.
D:Accidents.答案：B解析：根据第一段第一句，直接的因果关系发生在sickness and death和malnutrition之间。
答案依据在文章第二段，其中讲到“Such figures represent deprivation , suffering and wasted human potential on a scale that is unacceptable… they demand a response …"，由此得知，不管出于哪个方面的考虑，我们都要采取行动。
文章第三段中提到“98 countries had national plans of action for nutrition"，而另有41个国家的计划只是在准备中，并未被真正制定出来。
文章第四段中提到缺铁会引发贫血（anemia)、智力和身体发育受阻碍（impaired intellec-tual as well as physical development)、工作能力下降（reduces work capacity )。 C项traffic acci-dents在文中并未提及，故选C。
与该题有关的原文是在最后一段中，第二句话中提到" avoiding drinking tea or coffee with or soon after meals"，这与C项描述相反，而其他三项在文中均被提及，故选C。 -
第16题：
共用题干
第三篇
Malnutrition
"Much of the sickness and death attributed to the major communicable diseases is in fact caused by
malnutrition which makes the body less able to withstand infections when they strike",said Dr. Hiroshi Na-
kajima,Director-General of the World Health Organization(WHO),in his statement on the first day of the
World Food Summit organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome,Ita-
ly,from 13 to 17 November,1996.
"At the same time,"he added," in developing countries today,malnutrition is the cause of 174 million
children under five years of age being underweight,and 230 million being stunted in their growth.Such figures
represent deprivation,suffering and wasted human potential on a scale that is unacceptable from every point
of view.Whether we think in terms of humanitarian concern,common justice or development needs,they
demand a response,both from national governments and from international community.
At the end of January 1996,98 countries had national plans of action for nutrition and 41 countries had
one under preparation,in keeping with their commitments made at the International Conference on Nutrition
in Rome in December 1992. The global situation, however, remains grim.
Over 800 million people around
the world still cannot meet basic needs for energy and protein, more than two thousand million people lack
essential micronutrients,and hundreds of millions suffer from diseases caused by unsafe food and unbalanced
diets.
In sheer numbers,iron is the most prevalent mieronutrient deficiency. MainlY women of reproduction age
and children under five are affected by iron deficiency with prevalence hovering around 50% in developing
countries.
Among various regions in the world, it is South Asia which is hit hardest with prevalence reaching
80% in some countries.In infants and young children even mild anemia is associated with impaired intellectual
as well as physical development.In older children and adults iron deficiency reduces work capacity and output.
It also leads to increased accidents at work.
While there is no single remedy,a combination of several preventive approaches is believed to work
best一Dietary improvement includes consumption of iron一and vitamin C-rich foods and foods of animal origin,
and avoiding drinking tea or coffee with or soon after meals.Iron supplementation of foods,pathcularly of
staple cereals,is practiced in a growing number of countries.Iron supplementation is the most common
approach,particularly for pregnant women.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a remedy for iron deficiency?
A:Eating iron-rich foods.
B:Avoiding drinking tea with meals.
C:Drinking coffee soon after meals.
D:Eating foods of animal origin.答案：C解析：根据第一段第一句，直接的因果关系发生在sickness和malnlltrition之间。
答案依据在文章第二段，其中讲到“Such figures represent deprivation,suffering and wasted human potential on a scale that 10 unacceptable…they demand a response，…”由此得知，在情形严重时要采取行动。
文章第三段中提到98countries had national plan,of action for nutritioll，而另有41个国家的计划只是在准备中，并未制定出计划来。
文章第四段中提到缺铁会引发贫血（anemia）、智力和身体发展受损（impaired intelleetual as well as physical development）、工作能力下降（reduces work capacity）。C项traffic accidents 与题意不符，故选C。
与B项和C项有关的原文是在最后一段的第二句话中“avoiding drinking tea or coffeewith or soon after meals"，故选C。第5部分；补全短文 -
第17题：
共用题干
第三篇
Malnutrition
"Much of the sickness and death attributed to the major communicable diseases is in fact caused by
malnutrition which makes the body less able to withstand infections when they strike",said Dr. Hiroshi Na-
kajima,Director-General of the World Health Organization(WHO),in his statement on the first day of the
World Food Summit organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome,Ita-
ly,from 13 to 17 November,1996.
"At the same time,"he added," in developing countries today,malnutrition is the cause of 174 million
children under five years of age being underweight,and 230 million being stunted in their growth.Such figures
represent deprivation,suffering and wasted human potential on a scale that is unacceptable from every point
of view.Whether we think in terms of humanitarian concern,common justice or development needs,they
demand a response,both from national governments and from international community.
At the end of January 1996,98 countries had national plans of action for nutrition and 41 countries had
one under preparation,in keeping with their commitments made at the International Conference on Nutrition
in Rome in December 1992. The global situation, however, remains grim.
Over 800 million people around
the world still cannot meet basic needs for energy and protein, more than two thousand million people lack
essential micronutrients,and hundreds of millions suffer from diseases caused by unsafe food and unbalanced
diets.
In sheer numbers,iron is the most prevalent mieronutrient deficiency. MainlY women of reproduction age
and children under five are affected by iron deficiency with prevalence hovering around 50% in developing
countries.
Among various regions in the world, it is South Asia which is hit hardest with prevalence reaching
80% in some countries.In infants and young children even mild anemia is associated with impaired intellectual
as well as physical development.In older children and adults iron deficiency reduces work capacity and output.
It also leads to increased accidents at work.
While there is no single remedy,a combination of several preventive approaches is believed to work
best一Dietary improvement includes consumption of iron一and vitamin C-rich foods and foods of animal origin,
and avoiding drinking tea or coffee with or soon after meals.Iron supplementation of foods,pathcularly of
staple cereals,is practiced in a growing number of countries.Iron supplementation is the most common
approach,particularly for pregnant women.What is the writer’s attitude toward the serious situation?
A:It is strange.
B:It is acceptable.
C:We should act.
D:We can only wait.答案：C解析：根据第一段第一句，直接的因果关系发生在sickness和malnlltrition之间。
答案依据在文章第二段，其中讲到“Such figures represent deprivation,suffering and wasted human potential on a scale that 10 unacceptable…they demand a response，…”由此得知，在情形严重时要采取行动。
文章第三段中提到98countries had national plan,of action for nutritioll，而另有41个国家的计划只是在准备中，并未制定出计划来。
文章第四段中提到缺铁会引发贫血（anemia）、智力和身体发展受损（impaired intelleetual as well as physical development）、工作能力下降（reduces work capacity）。C项traffic accidents 与题意不符，故选C。
与B项和C项有关的原文是在最后一段的第二句话中“avoiding drinking tea or coffeewith or soon after meals"，故选C。第5部分；补全短文 -
第18题：
共用题干
第三篇
Malnutrition
"Much of the sickness and death attributed to the major communicable diseases is in fact caused by
malnutrition which makes the body less able to withstand infections when they strike",said Dr. Hiroshi Na-
kajima,Director-General of the World Health Organization(WHO),in his statement on the first day of the
World Food Summit organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome,Ita-
ly,from 13 to 17 November,1996.
"At the same time,"he added," in developing countries today,malnutrition is the cause of 174 million
children under five years of age being underweight,and 230 million being stunted in their growth.Such figures
represent deprivation,suffering and wasted human potential on a scale that is unacceptable from every point
of view.Whether we think in terms of humanitarian concern,common justice or development needs,they
demand a response,both from national governments and from international community.
At the end of January 1996,98 countries had national plans of action for nutrition and 41 countries had
one under preparation,in keeping with their commitments made at the International Conference on Nutrition
in Rome in December 1992. The global situation, however, remains grim.
Over 800 million people around
the world still cannot meet basic needs for energy and protein, more than two thousand million people lack
essential micronutrients,and hundreds of millions suffer from diseases caused by unsafe food and unbalanced
diets.
In sheer numbers,iron is the most prevalent mieronutrient deficiency. MainlY women of reproduction age
and children under five are affected by iron deficiency with prevalence hovering around 50% in developing
countries.
Among various regions in the world, it is South Asia which is hit hardest with prevalence reaching
80% in some countries.In infants and young children even mild anemia is associated with impaired intellectual
as well as physical development.In older children and adults iron deficiency reduces work capacity and output.
It also leads to increased accidents at work.
While there is no single remedy,a combination of several preventive approaches is believed to work
best一Dietary improvement includes consumption of iron一and vitamin C-rich foods and foods of animal origin,
and avoiding drinking tea or coffee with or soon after meals.Iron supplementation of foods,pathcularly of
staple cereals,is practiced in a growing number of countries.Iron supplementation is the most common
approach,particularly for pregnant women.How many countries have made plans of action for nutrition?
A:98.
B:41.
C:139.
D:57.答案：A解析：根据第一段第一句，直接的因果关系发生在sickness和malnlltrition之间。
答案依据在文章第二段，其中讲到“Such figures represent deprivation,suffering and wasted human potential on a scale that 10 unacceptable…they demand a response，…”由此得知，在情形严重时要采取行动。
文章第三段中提到98countries had national plan,of action for nutritioll，而另有41个国家的计划只是在准备中，并未制定出计划来。
文章第四段中提到缺铁会引发贫血（anemia）、智力和身体发展受损（impaired intelleetual as well as physical development）、工作能力下降（reduces work capacity）。C项traffic accidents 与题意不符，故选C。
与B项和C项有关的原文是在最后一段的第二句话中“avoiding drinking tea or coffeewith or soon after meals"，故选C。第5部分；补全短文 -
第19题：
The carpet has so many stains on it thatit needs__________A.replace
B.to replace
C.being replaced
D.to be replaced答案：D解析： -
第20题：
共用题干
第一篇
Preventing Child Maltreatment
Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious life-long consequences.There are no reliable global
estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment.Data for many countries,especially low and middle income
countries,are lacking.
Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study.Current estimates vary widely depending on the
country and the method of research used.Nonetheless,international studies reveal that approximately 20% of
women and 5-10% of men report being sexually abused as children,while 25-50% of all children report
being physically abused.Additionally,many children are subject to emotional abuse(sometimes referred to as
psychological abuse).
Every year,there are an estimated 31 ,000 homicide deaths in children under 15.This number underestimates
the true extent of the problem,as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly
attributed to falls,bums and drowning.
Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences.
Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development. Extreme stress can
impair the development of the nervous and immune systems.Consequently,as adults,maltreated children are at
increased risk for behavioural,physical and mental health problems.Via the behavioural and mental health
consequences,maltreatment can contribute to heart disease,cancer,suicide,and sexually transmitted infections.
Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment,there is an economic impact,including costs of
hospitalization,mental health treatment,child welfare,and longer-term health costs.
A number of risk factors for child maltreatment have been identified.These risk factors are not present
in all social and cultural contexts,but provide an overview when attempting to understand the causes of child
maltreatment.
It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for maltreatment. A
number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated,such as being
either under four years old or an adolescent,being unwanted,or failing to fulfill the expectations of parents
and having special needs,crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.We can infer from the passage that__________.
A:researchers have collected enough data on child maltreatment
B:more than 31,000 children under 15 are killed every year
C:many countries have set up special institutions for maltreated children
D:some children are also to blame for maltreatment答案：B解析：由第二段第三句“international studies...being sexually abused as children...physically abused”可知有很多孩子受到虐待。
由第三段可知，31 000这个数字是个被低估的数字，还有很多摔死、溺死的小孩也与虐 待有关。underestimate意为“低估”，此处与miscalculate（判断错误）意思相符。
由第四段第二句可知A项正确，由该段最后一句可知，B、C两项正确，故选D。
由最后一段最后一句中的“crying persistently（总是哭）”可知A项正确。
由第三段可知，每年不止31 000名15岁以下的孩子死亡，还有摔死、饿死、淹死的。故 选B。 第二篇 本篇文章主要探讨了移动电话是否对人体有害，作者建议人们少用移动电话。 -
第21题：
What kind of message does the society give to the children who are becoming obsessed with dieting and their weight？( )A.It is important to be thin.
B.It is fashionable to have diet.
C.It’s a shame that children are being robbed of their childhoods.
D.It’s a shame that children are developing eating disorders.答案：A解析：
-
第22题：
问答题Passage 3Fermented Foods for Babies Malnutrition during weaning age-when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods-is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology is complex and multifactorial, the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for children’s growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods. As a result, many young children, particularly between six months to two years of age, experience weight loss and impaired growth and development. Studies by investigators in various countries have concentrated on traditional food preparation methods and have resulted in offering cheap and practical answers to these problems based on familiar, indigenous and culturally acceptable home processing practices. Two such answers have arisen. Firstly, cereal fermentation is used for reducing the risk of contamination under the existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in many households. Secondly, a tiny amount of sprouted grains flour is used in preparation of weaning foods as a magic way to lessen the viscosity without decreasing energy density. A method to eliminate pathogenic bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The anti-microbial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety-documented since the early 1900’s-have been indicated in a number of studies. In Ghana, it is common to ferment maize dough before cooking it as porridge. In Kenya, cereal-based porridge and milk are traditionally fermented. Preserving milk in the form of yoghurt has been known to many households living in hot climates. What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination? A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhoea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of anti-microbial substances produced during fermentation (Dialogue on Diarrhoea, 1990). The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated. Whatever the underlying mechanisms, the fact is that the exercise reduces contamination without adding to the household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast, or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to the child. Although beneficial, unfortunately the practice is going out of fashion, partly because of current emphasis on the use of fresh foods, particularly for children. For example, a study on the use of fermented foods for young children in Kenya (Dialogue on Diarrhoea, 1990), demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in urban areas where commercial products are more available. Clearly they now need to be promoted. Complete the summary with the list of words A-N below. Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet. Malnutrition and the resulting impaired growth and development in children of weaning age in developing countries result not only from 1______ but also from infections caused by 2______. Studies have addressed the problem of inadequate intake by using sprouted grains in food preparation. Contamination has been tackled with 3______. Both of these methods are, or were, used traditionally and are practical and inexpensive. Fermented foods have higher 4______ and also have anti-microbial qualities. This means that contamination is decreased and that their 5______ is increased. Fermentation occurs when 6______ is left to stand, occasionally with simple additives. There is, however, a trend away from this 7______ to commercial products.A. porridge H. storage lifeB. malnutrition I. sprouted grainsC. fermentation J. inadequate food intakeD. new technology K. acidityE. contaminated food L. unfermented foodF. diarrhoeal germs M. weaningG. traditional food N. dough正确答案： 1.J 根据题干的关键词malnutrition和weaning age可以定位到原文第一段的第一、二句“Malnutrition during weaning age-when breast milk is being ... the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for children’s growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods”,其中causes和题干中的results是同义词,因此该空应填入feeding at less than adequate levels的同义词组,所以答案是J。
2.E 根据上题解析该空应填入ingestion of contaminated foods的同义词组,所以选E。
3.C 根据题干中的关键词Contamination及tackled可将答案定位到第三段的第二句“cereal fermentation is used for reducing the risk of contamination under the existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in many households”,可知解决食物污染的办法是cereal fermentation, 由此可知答案为C。
4.K 根据题干中的关键词Fermented foods可将答案定位到第七段第二句“during the fermentation process foods become more acid”,其中more对应了题干中的higher,因此此处应填入acid的名词形式,所以选择K。
5.H 这个空是上题的延续,所以可以将答案定位到第七段最后一句“It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated”。可知发酵的食物保存时间延长,污染减少。因此选H。
6.N 根据关键词simple additives可以定位到第八段“The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented”,可知将谷物面粉与水混合,形成留待发酵的面团(dough),由此可知此题答案为N。
7.G 根据题干关键词trend和commercial product可以定位到文章的最后一段“demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in urban areas where commercial products are more available”,可知将食物发酵这种做法日渐失宠,与此题相符的只有G项traditional food。解析： 暂无解析 -
第23题：
单选题According to the passage, Shi Li and Cui Jiping ______.Aare disabled people full of love
Bwrote many famous books
Cfinished the book by themselves
Dlive a very poor life
正确答案： B解析：
由文中第二段“They are disabled. They completed the first Chinese encyclopedic (百科知识的) dictionary for deaf people and people with hearing problems.”可知，他们是充满爱心的残疾人，故A项正确。B项错误，他们只是完成了中国第一部为有听觉障碍的人群编写的百科知识字典，原文中并没有说他们写了很多书。原文第四段提到“They first collected material for the book by themselves; then they invited a lot of experts (专家) across the country to write.”他们并不是独立完成这本书的，只是初步收集资料，然后请全国专家编纂。故C项也错误。D项原文中并没有提及，故也不选。 -
第24题：
单选题Although it has not been confirmed such proteins in whole milk are inducing in children under 12 months milk allergies, most pediatricians advise waiting until the child is one year old before introducing whole milk into his or her diet.Asuch proteins in whole milk are inducing in children under 12 months milk allergies
Bthat under 12 months the proteins in whole milk can induce milk allergries in children
Cof proteins in whole milk inducing milk allergies in children under 12 months
Dthe proteins in whole milk can induce milk allergies in children under 12 months
Ethat the proteins in whole milk can induce milk allergies in children under 12 months
正确答案： C解析：
根据固定搭配“it has not been confirmed that…”可知A、C、D错误；B项中存在逻辑错误，故本题选E项。