第24题:
问答题
The History of the Olympic Games The first Olympic games at Olympia were held in 776 B.C. Scholars have speculated that the games in 776 B.C. were not the first games, but rather the first games held after they were organized into festivals held every four years as a result of a peace agreement between the city-states of Elis and Pisa. The games were held every four years from 776 B.C. to 393 A.D. when they were abolished by the Christian Byzantine Emperor Theodosius I. The ancient Olympic Games lasted for 1,170 years. If the Modern Olympic games last that long, they will still be held in 3066 A.D. The ancient Greeks were highly competitive and believed strongly in the concept of competition or contest. The ultimate Greek goal was to be the best. All aspects of life, especially athletics, were centered around this concept. It was therefore considered one of the greatest honors to win a victory at Olympia. The fact that the only prize given at Olympia was an olive wreath illustrated this point. The athletes competed for honour, not for material goods. In ancient Greece, games were closely connected to the worship of the gods and heroes. Games were held as part of religious ceremonies in honour of deceased heroes. Games were also held in the context of many ancient fertility festivals. Later, the Olympic games began to be usurped by the prominent cult of Zeus, and eventually lost much of their religious character. The Greek calendar was based on the conception of the four-year Olympiad. When Greek historians referred to dates, they most often referred to a year within the Olympiad that the event occurred. The winner of the state race in a given year had the Olympiad named in honour of him. The first Oympiad is therefore known as that of Koromikos of ELis, the winner of the state in 776 B.C. Every four years for over 1,100 years, from 776 B.C. to 393 A.D., thousands of people ceased all warfare and flocked to a small sanctuary in north-western Greece for five days in the late summer for a single reason—to witness the Olympic Games. During that time, competitors from all over the Greek world competed in a number of athletic events and worshipped the gods at the sanctuary of Olympia. However, unlike modern Olympics, only free men who spoke Greek could compete and the games were always held at Olympia instead of moving around to different sites every time. From the beginning, the games at Olympia served to strengthen the Greek sense of national unity. During the Hellenisitic period, Greeks who came to live in foreign surroundings such as Syria, Asia, and Egypt, strove to hold on to their own culture. One of the ways they did was to build athletic facilities and continue their athletic traditions. They organized competitions, and sent competitors from their towns to compete in the Panhellenic games. In the 2nd century A.D., Roman citizenship was extended to everyone within the Roman empire. After this point there were many competitors from outside of Greece, and the Olympic games became more internationalized. When the Greek government reinstated the games in 1896, this internationalized character of the competitions was preserved by Baron de Coubertin. Now, the Olympic games attract competitors from countries all over the world.
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【参考译文】
奥运会的历史 第一届奥运会于公元前776年在奥林匹亚举行。学者们已经推断出公元前776年举行的运动会不是第一届运动会,但是它是被确定为每四年举行一次的运动会的第一届,当时伊里斯和比萨两座城市达成了和平协议。
从公元前776年到公元393年奥运会每四年举行一次,后来被信奉基督教的拜占庭帝国的狄奥西多一世废除。古奥运会一直持续了l,170年。如果现代奥运会也能持续这么长时间的话,就可以一直延续到公元3066年。
古希腊人极具竞争精神,坚信“竞争”或“比赛”。古希腊人最高的目标就是成为最棒的。生活的方方面面,尤其是体育,都是围绕着这一理念。因此,能在奥林匹亚赢得胜利被认为是最崇高的荣誉。奥林匹亚赛事的唯一奖品就是橄榄叶花环也充分地说明了这一点。竞赛者是为了荣誉而战,而不是为了获得物质利益。
在古希腊,比赛与对神和英雄的崇拜紧密相关。比赛也被视为宗教仪式的一部分,以纪念逝去的英雄。同时,比赛也在很多庆丰收的节日里举行。后来,奥林匹亚运动开始被显赫的宙斯膜拜夺去了光环,并最终失去了它的宗教色彩。
希腊的历法基于每四年一次的奥林匹亚运动会的理念。当希腊的历史学家提到日期的时候,他们通常会参考事件发生时所举办的那一届奥运会所在的年份。某一年奥林匹亚运动会的获胜者将赢得以他的名字来命名这届奥运会的殊荣。因此第一届奥运会又被称为伊里斯的考诺弥科斯运动会,他是公元前776年奥运会的获胜者。
从公元前776年到公元393年的1,100多年里,成千上万的人停止所有的战争,蜂拥到希腊西北部的小神殿,在夏末举行为期五天的运动会,目的只有一个——观看奥林匹亚运动会。在比赛期间,来自希腊各地的竞赛者在一系列的比赛项目中角逐并膜拜奥林匹亚神殿里的神灵。然而,与现代奥林匹亚运动会有所不同的是,只有那些能说希腊话的自由人才能参加比赛,而且比赛只能在奥林匹亚举行,而不是每次在不同的地方举办。
从最初开始,奥运会的目的就是加强希腊人的民族团结精神。在希腊化时期,那些在异国,例如叙利亚、亚洲和埃及居住的希腊人努力维持他们自身的文化。其中的一个办法就是兴建体育设施和继续发扬希腊的运动传统。他们组织比赛,并让镇上的参赛者参加泛希腊运动会。在公元2世纪,罗马帝国的公民身份的权利扩展到了每一位在罗马帝国境内的人。自那以后,很多希腊境外的人来参赛,因此,奥林匹亚运动会更加的国际化。当希腊政府在1896年重新恢复奥运会时,其国际化被巴仁·德·顾拜旦保留了下来。如今,奥运会吸引了世界上各个国家的参赛者。
解析:
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