名词解释题Meniere’s disease

共用题干
More about Alzheimer's Disease
Scientists have developed skin tests that may be used in the future to identify people with Alzheimer's disease and may ultimately allow physicians to predict who is at risk of get-ting this neurological disorder.
The only current means of diagnosing the disease in a living patient is a long and expen-sive series of tests that eliminate every other cause of dementia.
“Since Aloes Alzheimer described the disease nearly a century ago,people have been trying to find a way to accurately diagnose it in its early stages,“said Patricia Grady,acting director of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda,Mary-land."This discovery,if confirmed,could prove a big step forward in our efforts to deal with and understand the disease.”
Alzheimer's is the single greatest cause of mental deterioration in older people,affecting between 2.5 million and 4 million people in the United States alone. The devastating disorder gradually destroys memory and the ability to function,and eventually causes death. There is currently no known treatment for the disease.
Researches discovered that the skin cells of Alzheimer's patients have defects that inter-fere with their ability to regulate the flow of potassium in and out of the cells.The fact that the cell defects are present in the skin suggests that Alzheimer's results from physiological changes throughout the body,and that dementia may be the first noticeable effect of these changes as the defects affect the cells in the brain,scientists said.
The flow of potassium is especially critical in cells responsible for memory formation. The scientists also found two other defects that affect the cells'supply of calcium,another critical element.
One test developed by researches calls for growing skin cells in a laboratory culture and then testing them with an electrical detector to determine if the microscopic tunnels that govemn the flow of potassium are open. Open potassium channels create a unique electrical signature.
A spokesman for the Alzheimer's Association said that if the validity of the diagnostic
test can be proven it would be an important development,but cautioned that other promising
tests for Alzheimer's have been disappointing.

Which of the following statements about the Alzheimer's disease is NOT true?
A: It was so named because Aloes Alzheimer first described it.
B: It is the greatest cause of mental deterioration in older people.
C: It can destroy memory gradually and eventually cause death.
D: There are many ways to deal with and cure the disease now.

共用题干
Parkinson's Disease

1 Parkinson's disease affects the way you move.It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve
cells in the brain. Normally , these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine（多巴胺）. Dopa-
mine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement.It lets your muscles move smoothly and
do what you want them to do.When you have Parkinson's,these nerve cells break down.Then you no longer
have enough dopamine,and you have trouble moving the way you want to.
2 No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down.But scientists are doing a lot of re-
search to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes,including aging and poisons in the en-
vironment.Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson's disease in some people.But so far,there is not enough
proof to show that it is always inherited.
3 Tremor（颤抖）may be the first symptom you notice.It is one of the most common signs of the
disease,although not everyone has it.Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the
body.It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg. It may get better when you
move the limb or when you are asleep.In time,Parkinson's affects muscles all through your body,so it can
lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation（便秘）.In the later stages of the disease , a person
with Parkinson's may have a fixed or blank expression,trouble speaking,and other problems.Some people
also have a decrease in mental skills.
4 At this time,there is no cure for Parkinson's disease.But there are several types of medicines that
can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with.You may not even need treatment if your
symptoms are mild.Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of
your daily life.Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse.You may need to take
several medicines to get the best results.

You'll find it hard to move the way you want to__________.
A:what affects muscles all through your body
B:if there isn't enough dopamine in your body
C:which cannot be cured yet
D:which may be the first symptom you notice
E:if you have a fixed or blank expression
F: what causes Parkinson's disease

共用题干
Parkinson's Disease

1 Parkinson's disease affects the way you move.It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve
cells in the brain. Normally , these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine（多巴胺）. Dopa-
mine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement.It lets your muscles move smoothly and
do what you want them to do.When you have Parkinson's,these nerve cells break down.Then you no longer
have enough dopamine,and you have trouble moving the way you want to.
2 No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down.But scientists are doing a lot of re-
search to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes,including aging and poisons in the en-
vironment.Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson's disease in some people.But so far,there is not enough
proof to show that it is always inherited.
3 Tremor（颤抖）may be the first symptom you notice.It is one of the most common signs of the
disease,although not everyone has it.Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the
body.It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg. It may get better when you
move the limb or when you are asleep.In time,Parkinson's affects muscles all through your body,so it can
lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation（便秘）.In the later stages of the disease , a person
with Parkinson's may have a fixed or blank expression,trouble speaking,and other problems.Some people
also have a decrease in mental skills.
4 At this time,there is no cure for Parkinson's disease.But there are several types of medicines that
can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with.You may not even need treatment if your
symptoms are mild.Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of
your daily life.Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse.You may need to take
several medicines to get the best results.

Paragraph 1__________
A:Means of Diagnosis of the Disease
B:Tips for Patients With the Disease
C:Common Treatment for the Disease
D:Definition of Parkinson's Disease
E:Possible Causes of the Disease
F: Typical Symptoms of the Disease

共用题干
Multiple Sclerosis（多发性硬化症）

1 Multiple Sclerosis ( MS) is a disease in which the patient ' s immune（免疫的）system attacks the
central nervous system.This can lead to numerous physical and mental symptoms,as the disease affects the
transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain.However,the human body,being a flexi-
ble,adaptable system,can compensate for some level of damage,so a person with MS can look and feel fine
even though the disease is present.
2 MS patients can have one of two main varieties of the disease : the relapsing form（复发型）and the
primary progressive form.In the relapsing form,the disease progresses in a series of jumps;at times it is in
remission（减轻）,which means that a person's normal functions return for a period of time before the sys-
tem goes into relapse and the disease again becomes more active.This is the most common form of MS;
80％～90% of people have this form of the disease when they are first diagnosed. The relapse-remission
cycle can continue for many years.Eventually,however,loss of physical and cognitive functions starts to
take place and the remissions become less frequent.
3 In the primary progressive form of MS,there are no remissions and a continual but steady loss of
physical and cognitive functions takes place.This condition affects about 10％～15% of sufferers at
diagnosis.
4 The expected course of the disease,or prognosis（预后）,depends on many variables:the subtype of
the disease,the patient's individual characteristics and the initial symptoms.Life expectancy of patients,
however,is often nearly the same as that of an unaffected person一provided that a reasonable standard of
care is received.In some cases a near-normal life span is possible.
5 The cause of the disease is unclear ; it seems that some people have a genetic susceptibility（易感
性）,which is triggered by some unknown environmental factor. Onset（发作）of the disease usually occurs in
young adults between the age of 20 and 40.It is more common in women than men;however,it has also
been diagnosed in young children and in elderly people.

Young adults might have a higher chance of developing the disease than_________.
A:relatives of MS patients
B:the elderly people
C:the disease
D:the primary progressive form
E:the brain
F:life expectancy

共用题干
More about Alzheimer's Disease
Scientists have developed skin tests that may be used in the future to identify people with Alzheimer's disease and may ultimately allow physicians to predict who is at risk of get-ting this neurological disorder.
The only current means of diagnosing the disease in a living patient is a long and expen-sive series of tests that eliminate every other cause of dementia.
“Since Aloes Alzheimer described the disease nearly a century ago,people have been trying to find a way to accurately diagnose it in its early stages,“said Patricia Grady,acting director of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda,Mary-land."This discovery,if confirmed,could prove a big step forward in our efforts to deal with and understand the disease.”
Alzheimer's is the single greatest cause of mental deterioration in older people,affecting between 2.5 million and 4 million people in the United States alone. The devastating disorder gradually destroys memory and the ability to function,and eventually causes death. There is currently no known treatment for the disease.
Researches discovered that the skin cells of Alzheimer's patients have defects that inter-fere with their ability to regulate the flow of potassium in and out of the cells.The fact that the cell defects are present in the skin suggests that Alzheimer's results from physiological changes throughout the body,and that dementia may be the first noticeable effect of these changes as the defects affect the cells in the brain,scientists said.
The flow of potassium is especially critical in cells responsible for memory formation. The scientists also found two other defects that affect the cells'supply of calcium,another critical element.
One test developed by researches calls for growing skin cells in a laboratory culture and then testing them with an electrical detector to determine if the microscopic tunnels that govemn the flow of potassium are open. Open potassium channels create a unique electrical signature.
A spokesman for the Alzheimer's Association said that if the validity of the diagnostic
test can be proven it would be an important development,but cautioned that other promising
tests for Alzheimer's have been disappointing.

The newly developed skin tests may be used in the future to allow doctorsto______.
A:.cure those with Alzheimer's disease
B: discover the cause of Alzheimer's disease
C: predict who might get Alzheimer's disease
D: find the consequence of Alzheimer's disease

共用题干
Parkinson's Disease

1 Parkinson's disease affects the way you move.It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve
cells in the brain. Normally , these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine（多巴胺）. Dopa-
mine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement.It lets your muscles move smoothly and
do what you want them to do.When you have Parkinson's,these nerve cells break down.Then you no longer
have enough dopamine,and you have trouble moving the way you want to.
2 No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down.But scientists are doing a lot of re-
search to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes,including aging and poisons in the en-
vironment.Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson's disease in some people.But so far,there is not enough
proof to show that it is always inherited.
3 Tremor（颤抖）may be the first symptom you notice.It is one of the most common signs of the
disease,although not everyone has it.Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the
body.It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg. It may get better when you
move the limb or when you are asleep.In time,Parkinson's affects muscles all through your body,so it can
lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation（便秘）.In the later stages of the disease , a person
with Parkinson's may have a fixed or blank expression,trouble speaking,and other problems.Some people
also have a decrease in mental skills.
4 At this time,there is no cure for Parkinson's disease.But there are several types of medicines that
can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with.You may not even need treatment if your
symptoms are mild.Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of
your daily life.Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse.You may need to take
several medicines to get the best results.

One of the most common signs of Parkinson's is tremor,__________.
A:what affects muscles all through your body
B:if there isn't enough dopamine in your body
C:which cannot be cured yet
D:which may be the first symptom you notice
E:if you have a fixed or blank expression
F: what causes Parkinson's disease

共用题干
Parkinson's Disease

1 Parkinson's disease affects the way you move.It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve
cells in the brain. Normally , these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine（多巴胺）. Dopa-
mine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement.It lets your muscles move smoothly and
do what you want them to do.When you have Parkinson's,these nerve cells break down.Then you no longer
have enough dopamine,and you have trouble moving the way you want to.
2 No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down.But scientists are doing a lot of re-
search to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes,including aging and poisons in the en-
vironment.Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson's disease in some people.But so far,there is not enough
proof to show that it is always inherited.
3 Tremor（颤抖）may be the first symptom you notice.It is one of the most common signs of the
disease,although not everyone has it.Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the
body.It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg. It may get better when you
move the limb or when you are asleep.In time,Parkinson's affects muscles all through your body,so it can
lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation（便秘）.In the later stages of the disease , a person
with Parkinson's may have a fixed or blank expression,trouble speaking,and other problems.Some people
also have a decrease in mental skills.
4 At this time,there is no cure for Parkinson's disease.But there are several types of medicines that
can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with.You may not even need treatment if your
symptoms are mild.Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of
your daily life.Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse.You may need to take
several medicines to get the best results.

A person with Parkinson's has to learn to live with the disease,__________.
A:what affects muscles all through your body
B:if there isn't enough dopamine in your body
C:which cannot be cured yet
D:which may be the first symptom you notice
E:if you have a fixed or blank expression
F: what causes Parkinson's disease