Respiration climacteric

共用题干
The Drink Your Body Needs Most

I Our bodies are estimated to be about 60% to 70% water. Blood is mostly water,and
our muscles,lungs,and brain all contain a lot of water. Water is needed to regulate body
temperature and to provide the means for nutrients（滋养物）to travel to all our organs.
Water also transports oxygen to our cells,removes waste,and protects our joints and
organs.
2 We lose water through urination（排尿）,respiration（呼吸）,and by sweating. If you
are very active,you lose more water than if you do not take much exercise.Symptoms of
mild dehydration（脱水）include chronic pains in joints and muscles, lower back pain,
headaches, and constipation（便秘）.A strong smell to your urine, along with a yellow
color indicates that you are not getting enough water. Thirst is an obvious sign of
dehydration and in fact,you need water long before you feel thirsty.
3 A good rule of thumb（好的做法）is to take your bod犷weight in pounds and divide that
number in half. That gives you the number of ounces（盎司）of water per day that you
need.For example,if you weigh 160 pounds,you should drink at least 80 ounces of water
per day.If you exercise you should drink another 8-ounce glass of water for every 20
minutes you are active.If you drink coffee or alcohol,you should add at least an equal
amount of water. When you are traveling on an airplane,it is good to have 8 ounces of
water for every hour you are on board the plane.
4 It may be difficult to drink enough water on a busy day.Be sure you have water handy at
all times by keeping a bottle for water with you when you are working,traveling,or
exercising.If you get bored with plain water,add a bit of lemon for a touch of flavor.There
are some brands of flavored water available,but some of them have sugar or artificial
sweeteners that you don't need.

The amount of water your body needs per day is closely related________.
A:in your body
B:without water
C:before long
D:for a change
E:on a busy day
F:to your weight

共用题干
Keeping Cut Flowers（鲜切花）
1. While everybody enjoys fresh cut flowers around his/her house,few people know how to keep them for as long as possible .This may be done by keeping in mind a few simple facts.
2. An important thing to remember about cut flowers is that they are sensitive to temperature.For example,studies have shown that cut carnations（康乃馨）retain their freshness eight times lon-ger when kept at 12℃than when kept at 26℃．Keeping freshly harvested flowers at the right tem-peratures is probably the most important aspect of flower care.
3. Flowers are not intended by nature to live very long.Their biological purpose is simply to at-tract birds or insects,such as bees,for pollination（授粉）.After that,they quickly dry up and die. The process by which flowers consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）, called respiration（呼吸）,generates the energy the flower needs to give the flower its shape and color. The making of seeds also depends on this energy.While all living things respire,flowers have a high level of respiration.A result of all this respiration is heat,and for flowers the level of heat relative to the mass of the flower is very high.Respiration also brings about the eventual death of the flower. Thus the greater the level of respiration,the sooner the flower dies.
4. How,then,to control the rate at which flowers die?By controlling respiration.How is respi-ration controlled?By controlling temperature .We know that respiration produces heat,but the re-verse（相反的过程）is also true. Thus by maintaining low temperatures , respiration is reduced and the cut flower will age more slowly.
5. Another vital factor in keeping cut flowers is the quality of the water in which they are placed. Flowers find it difficult to“drink”water that is dirty or otherwise polluted.Even when water looks and smells clean,it almost certainly contains harmful substances that can endanger the flowers. To rid the water of these unwanted substances, household chlorine bleach（漂白剂）can be used in small quantities.It is recommended that 15 drops of chlorine bleach(at 4%solution)be add-ed to each litre of water. The water and solution should also be replaced each day.

A few simple facts will help you keep cut flowers________.
A: by keeping its original shape and color
B: in the life of cut flowers
C: to produce carbon dioxide
D: for as long as possible
E: by controlling temperature
F: to replace the water and solution every day

共用题干
The fact that blind people can see things using other parts of their bodies apart from their eyes may help us to understand our feelings about color._________(46)
_________(47)These discoveries have grown into a whole discipline of color psychology that now finds application in everything from fashion to interior decoration. Some of our preferences are clearly psychological.________(48)For primitive man,activity during the day meant hunting and attacking,which he soon saw as red,the color of blood and rage and the heat that came with passive defense and self-preservation.
_________(49)People exposed to bright red show an increase in respiration rate,heartbeat, and blood pressure;red is exciting._________(50)Because of its exciting connotations,red was chosen as the signal for danger,but closer analysis shows that a vivid yellow can produce a more basic state of alertness and alarm,so fire engines and ambulances in some advanced communities are now rushing around in bright yellow colors that stop the traffic dead.

__________（49）
A:Dark blue is the color of the night sky and therefore associated with passivity and calm, while yellow is a day color with associations of energy and incentive.
B:Similar exposure to pure blue has exactly the opposite;it is a calming color.
C:Color psychology is concerned with the effects of color on mood,emotion,behavior.
D:Manufacturers have discovered by trial and error that sugar sells badly in green wrappings, that blue foods are considered unpalatable,and that cosmetics should never be packaged in brown.
E:If they can sense color differences then perhaps we,too,are affected by color unconsciously.
F:Experiments have shown that colors partly because of their physiological associations,also have a direct psychological effect.

请阅读 Passage 2，完成小题。
Passage 2
Several research teams have found thatnewborns prefer their mothers' voices over those of other people. Now a team ofscientists has gone an intriguing step further: they have found that newbornscry in their native language. "We have provided evidence that languagebegins with the very first cry melodies," says Kathleen Wermke of theUniversity of Wurzburg, Germany, who led the research.
?"The dramatic finding of this study isthat not only are newborns capable of producing different cry melodies, butthey prefer to produce those melody patterns that are typical for the?ambientlanguage they have heard during their fetal life, within the lasttrimester," said Wermke. "Contrary to orthodox interpretations, thesedata support the importance of human infants' crying for seeding languagedevelopment."
???Ithad been thought that babies' cries are constrained by-their breathing patternsand respiratory apparatus, in which case a crying baby would sound like acrying baby no matter what the culture is, since babies are anatomically identical."The prevailing opinion used to be that newborns could not activelyinfluence their production of sound," says Wermke. This study refutes thatclaim: since babies cry in different languages, they must have somecontrol?? (presumably unconscious) overwhat they sound like rather than being constrained by the acoustical propertiesof their lungs, throat, mouth, and larynx. If respiration alone dictated what a crysounded like, all babies would cry with a falling-pitch pattern, since that'swhat happens as you run out of breath and air pressure on the throat'ssound-making machinery decreases. French babies apparently didn't get thatmemo. "German and French infants produce different types of cries, eventhough they share the same physiology," the scientists point out."The French newborns produce ‘nonphysiological' rising patterns," showingthat the sound of their cries is under their control.
????Although phonemes-speech sounds such as "ki" or"sh"-don't cross the abdominal barrier and reach the fetus, so-calledprosodic characteristics of speech do. These are the variations in pitch,rhythm, and intensity that characterize each language. Just as newbornsremember and prefer actual songs that they heard in utero, it seems, so theyremember and prefer both the sound of Mom’s voice and the melodic signature ofher language.
?The idea of the study wasn't to make the sound of a screaming baby more interestingto listeners-good luck with that-but to explore how babies acquire speech. Thatacquisition, it is now clear, begins months before birth, probably in the thirdtrimester: Newborns "not only have memorized the main intonation patternsof their respective surrounding language but are also able to reproduce thesepatterns in their own [sound] production," conclude the scientists. Newborns'"cries are already tuned toward their native language," giving them ahead start on sounding French or German (or, presumably, English or American orChinese or anything else: the scientists are collecting cries from morelanguages). This is likely part of the explanation for how babies developspoken language quickly and seemingly without effort. Sure, we may come into the world wired for language (thank you, Noam Chomsky), but we also benefitfrom the environmental exposure that tells us which language.
??Until this study, scientists thought that babies became capable of vocal imitation noearlier than 12 weeks of age. That's when infants listening to an adultspeaker producing vowels can parrot the sound. But that's the beginning of truespeech. It's sort of amazing that it took this long for scientists to realizethat if they want to see what sounds babies can perceive, remember, and playback, they should look at the sound babies produce best. So let the littleangel cry: she's practicing to acquire language.

What does Kathleen Wermke's research indicate?

A.Babies are unable to do vocal imitation.
B.Babies’ cries could be their early language acquisition.
C.Babies start speech acquisition months after their birth.
D.A crying baby is a crying baby no matter what the culture is.

共用题干
The Drink Your Body Needs Most

I Our bodies are estimated to be about 60% to 70% water. Blood is mostly water,and
our muscles,lungs,and brain all contain a lot of water. Water is needed to regulate body
temperature and to provide the means for nutrients（滋养物）to travel to all our organs.
Water also transports oxygen to our cells,removes waste,and protects our joints and
organs.
2 We lose water through urination（排尿）,respiration（呼吸）,and by sweating. If you
are very active,you lose more water than if you do not take much exercise.Symptoms of
mild dehydration（脱水）include chronic pains in joints and muscles, lower back pain,
headaches, and constipation（便秘）.A strong smell to your urine, along with a yellow
color indicates that you are not getting enough water. Thirst is an obvious sign of
dehydration and in fact,you need water long before you feel thirsty.
3 A good rule of thumb（好的做法）is to take your bod犷weight in pounds and divide that
number in half. That gives you the number of ounces（盎司）of water per day that you
need.For example,if you weigh 160 pounds,you should drink at least 80 ounces of water
per day.If you exercise you should drink another 8-ounce glass of water for every 20
minutes you are active.If you drink coffee or alcohol,you should add at least an equal
amount of water. When you are traveling on an airplane,it is good to have 8 ounces of
water for every hour you are on board the plane.
4 It may be difficult to drink enough water on a busy day.Be sure you have water handy at
all times by keeping a bottle for water with you when you are working,traveling,or
exercising.If you get bored with plain water,add a bit of lemon for a touch of flavor.There
are some brands of flavored water available,but some of them have sugar or artificial
sweeteners that you don't need.

Dehydration may occur if there is a shortage of water_________.
A:in your body
B:without water
C:before long
D:for a change
E:on a busy day
F:to your weight

共用题干
Keeping Cut Flowers（鲜切花）
1. While everybody enjoys fresh cut flowers around his/her house,few people know how to keep them for as long as possible .This may be done by keeping in mind a few simple facts.
2. An important thing to remember about cut flowers is that they are sensitive to temperature.For example,studies have shown that cut carnations（康乃馨）retain their freshness eight times lon-ger when kept at 12℃than when kept at 26℃．Keeping freshly harvested flowers at the right tem-peratures is probably the most important aspect of flower care.
3. Flowers are not intended by nature to live very long.Their biological purpose is simply to at-tract birds or insects,such as bees,for pollination（授粉）.After that,they quickly dry up and die. The process by which flowers consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）, called respiration（呼吸）,generates the energy the flower needs to give the flower its shape and color. The making of seeds also depends on this energy.While all living things respire,flowers have a high level of respiration.A result of all this respiration is heat,and for flowers the level of heat relative to the mass of the flower is very high.Respiration also brings about the eventual death of the flower. Thus the greater the level of respiration,the sooner the flower dies.
4. How,then,to control the rate at which flowers die?By controlling respiration.How is respi-ration controlled?By controlling temperature .We know that respiration produces heat,but the re-verse（相反的过程）is also true. Thus by maintaining low temperatures , respiration is reduced and the cut flower will age more slowly.
5. Another vital factor in keeping cut flowers is the quality of the water in which they are placed. Flowers find it difficult to“drink”water that is dirty or otherwise polluted.Even when water looks and smells clean,it almost certainly contains harmful substances that can endanger the flowers. To rid the water of these unwanted substances, household chlorine bleach（漂白剂）can be used in small quantities.It is recommended that 15 drops of chlorine bleach(at 4%solution)be add-ed to each litre of water. The water and solution should also be replaced each day.

Paragraph 2________
A: Control of Respiration
B: Beauty of Fresh Cut Flowers
C: Role of Respiration
D: Most Important Aspect of Flower Care
E: Need for Cleanwater
F:.Ways of Stopping Respiration