Production－possibility frontier（PPF）生产可能性边界

Campaigning on the Indian frontier is an experience by itself.Neither the landscape nor the people find their counterparts
in any other portion of the globe.Valley walls rise steeply five or six thousand feet on every side.The columns crawl through
a maze of giant corridors down which fierce snow-fed torrents foam under skies of brass.Amid these scenes of savage
brilliancy there dwells a race whose qualities seem to harmonize with their environment.Except at harvest time,when
self-preservation requires a temporary truce,the Pathan tribes are always engaged in private or public war.Every man is a
warrior,a politician and a theologian.Every large house is a real feudal fortress made,it is true,only of sun-baked clay,but
with battlements,turrets,loopholes,drawbridges,etc.complete.Every village has its defence.Every family cultivates its
vendetta;every clan,its feud.The numerous tribes and combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settle with one
another.Nothing is ever forgotten,and?very few debts are left unpaid.For the purposes of social life,in addition to the
convention about harvest-time,a most elaborate code of honour has been established and is on the whole faithfully observed.A man who knew it and observed it faultlessly might pass unarmed from one end of the frontier to another.The slightest
technical slip would,however,be fatal.The life of the Pathan is thus full of interest;and his valleys,nourished alike by endless sunshine and abundant water,are fertile enough to yield with little labour the modest material requirements of a sparse
population.
Into this happy world the nineteenth century brought two new facts:the rifle and the British Government.The first was an enormous luxury and blessing;the second,an unmitigated nuisance.The convenience of the rifle was nowhere more
appreciated than in the Indian highlands.A weapon which would kill with accuracy at fifteen hundred yards opened a whole
new vista of delights to every family or clan which could acquire it.One could actually remain in one’s own house and fire at
one’s neighbour nearly a mile away.One could lie in wait on some high crag,and at hitherto unheard of ranges hit a horseman far below.Even villages could fire at each other without the trouble of going far from home.Fabulous prices were therefore
offered for these glorious products of science.Rifle-thieves scoured all India to reinforce the efforts of the honest smuggler.A steady flow of the coveted weapons spread its genial influence throughout the frontier,and the respect which the Pathan tribesmen entertained for Christian civilization was vastly enhanced.
The action of the British Government on the other hand was entirely unsatisfactory.The great organizing,advancing,
absorbing power to the southward seemed to be little better than a monstrous spoil-sport.If the Pathan made forays into the
plains,not only were they driven back(which after all was no more than fair),but a whole series of subsequent interferences
took place,followed at intervals by expeditions which toiled laboriously through the valleys,scolding the tribesmen and
exacting fines for any damage which they had done.No one would have minded these expeditions if they had simply come,
had a fight and then gone away again.In many cases this was their practice under what was called the“butcher and bolt
policy”to which the Government of India long adhered.But towards the end of the nineteenth century these intruders began to make roads through many of the valleys,and in particular the great road to Chitral.They sought to ensure the safety of these
roads by threats,by forts and by subsidies.There was no objection to the last method so far as it went.But the whole of this
tendency to road-making was regarded by the Pathans with profound distaste.All along the road people were expected to
keep quiet,not to shoot one another,and above all not to shoot at travellers along the road.It was too much to ask,and a
whole series of quarrels took their origin from this source.

According to the passage, the Pathans welcomed______.

A.the introduction of the rifle.
B.the spread of British rule.
C.the extension of luxuries.
D.the spread of trade.

Campaigning on the Indian frontier is an experience by itself.Neither the landscape nor the people find their counterparts
in any other portion of the globe.Valley walls rise steeply five or six thousand feet on every side.The columns crawl through
a maze of giant corridors down which fierce snow-fed torrents foam under skies of brass.Amid these scenes of savage
brilliancy there dwells a race whose qualities seem to harmonize with their environment.Except at harvest time,when
self-preservation requires a temporary truce,the Pathan tribes are always engaged in private or public war.Every man is a
warrior,a politician and a theologian.Every large house is a real feudal fortress made,it is true,only of sun-baked clay,but
with battlements,turrets,loopholes,drawbridges,etc.complete.Every village has its defence.Every family cultivates its
vendetta;every clan,its feud.The numerous tribes and combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settle with one
another.Nothing is ever forgotten,and?very few debts are left unpaid.For the purposes of social life,in addition to the
convention about harvest-time,a most elaborate code of honour has been established and is on the whole faithfully observed.A man who knew it and observed it faultlessly might pass unarmed from one end of the frontier to another.The slightest
technical slip would,however,be fatal.The life of the Pathan is thus full of interest;and his valleys,nourished alike by endless sunshine and abundant water,are fertile enough to yield with little labour the modest material requirements of a sparse
population.
Into this happy world the nineteenth century brought two new facts:the rifle and the British Government.The first was an enormous luxury and blessing;the second,an unmitigated nuisance.The convenience of the rifle was nowhere more
appreciated than in the Indian highlands.A weapon which would kill with accuracy at fifteen hundred yards opened a whole
new vista of delights to every family or clan which could acquire it.One could actually remain in one’s own house and fire at
one’s neighbour nearly a mile away.One could lie in wait on some high crag,and at hitherto unheard of ranges hit a horseman far below.Even villages could fire at each other without the trouble of going far from home.Fabulous prices were therefore
offered for these glorious products of science.Rifle-thieves scoured all India to reinforce the efforts of the honest smuggler.A steady flow of the coveted weapons spread its genial influence throughout the frontier,and the respect which the Pathan tribesmen entertained for Christian civilization was vastly enhanced.
The action of the British Government on the other hand was entirely unsatisfactory.The great organizing,advancing,
absorbing power to the southward seemed to be little better than a monstrous spoil-sport.If the Pathan made forays into the
plains,not only were they driven back(which after all was no more than fair),but a whole series of subsequent interferences
took place,followed at intervals by expeditions which toiled laboriously through the valleys,scolding the tribesmen and
exacting fines for any damage which they had done.No one would have minded these expeditions if they had simply come,
had a fight and then gone away again.In many cases this was their practice under what was called the“butcher and bolt
policy”to which the Government of India long adhered.But towards the end of the nineteenth century these intruders began to make roads through many of the valleys,and in particular the great road to Chitral.They sought to ensure the safety of these
roads by threats,by forts and by subsidies.There was no objection to the last method so far as it went.But the whole of this
tendency to road-making was regarded by the Pathans with profound distaste.All along the road people were expected to
keep quiet,not to shoot one another,and above all not to shoot at travellers along the road.It was too much to ask,and a
whole series of quarrels took their origin from this source.

Which of the following is NOT one of the geographical facts about the Indian frontier?

A.Melting snows.
B.Large population.
C.Steep hillsides.
D.Fertile valleys.

Even accepting that translation is technically possible,there is still the matter of its place in the literary hierarchy.Darkening any gloss on translation is the shadow of the original text,towering up"like a lifeless block of resistance."The dividing line between original and translation has been one of the assumed constants of translation theory and commentary,as jealously guarded as the frontier between two hostile nations,and rarely challenged.This supposedly inviolable border,however,is not an eternal truth:for centuries,from the Romans down to Chaucer and Shakespeare,it was common for so-called original works to incorporate large portions of texts from other languages.Around the early seventeenth century,however,attitudes began to change.Not only did the distinction between original and translation harden,but the sacred authoritv of the original was established.One reason for this attitude js technological:the rise of the printing press and the printed book brought forward the identity of the book's creator,which prioritized the notion of authorship and along with it the author's claim of copyright.Another is philosophical,stemming from both Biblical tradition and the Platonic notion of poetry as being divinely inspired and therefore levels above any attempt to replicate it.Finally,and regardless of the translator's talent,perhaps the most resistant aspect of the divide between translation and original derives from the fact that translation,by introducing one or more additional actors into the process,poses an uncomfortable challenge to our most deep-seated and cherished notions of how art is created.If we consider a work of art to be the unique expression of the artist's inner resources,then any adaptation of it,any reworking by an outside agency can only be seen as a pale imitation,more or less indicative of the"real thing"but by definition inferior to it.Rather than see this as a drawback,I recommend we consider it a liberation,an acknowledgment that the translator,freed from the unpleasant task of trying to establish exact equivalences,can now concentrate on the much more rewarding,and perfectly possible,task of doing justice to the source text by bringing her own talents to its cause.Again,this is not to say that there's no significant difference between a translation and its source.What we can question is the longstanding value system,by recognizing what the translator's literary skills bring to the mix.To present a work as aptly as possible,to re-create it in all its beauty and ugliness,takes sensitivity,empathy,flexibility,attentiveness,and tact.And,perhaps most of all,it takes respect for one's own work,the belief that one's translation is worth judging on its own merits（or flaws）,and that,if done properly,it can stand shoulder to shoulder with the source text.

With a sense of crisis mounting and the EU unable to respond, countries will be increasingly inclined
to act unilaterally or even---in the case of Britain--leave the bloc altogether.
The refugee crisis is already threatening cherished ideas about open borders. In the past couple of days, Germany has reimposed frontier controls with Austria---which, in turn, has imposed controls at its border with Hungary, which itself is working feverishly to complete a barbed-wire
fence to protect its frontier with non-EU Serbia. Controls have been tightened on the French-Italian borders, while migrants camp miserably in Calais, hoping to cross to England.
If the EU somehow gets a grip on the migrant crisis, these measures might be no more than temporary expedients. But if the pressure of would-be refugees heading for Europe remain intense, then temporary measures could harden into permanent controls.
Questions marks over open borders will easily shade into wider issues about access to welfare systems and labor markets. That is because EU countries are realizing that—in a border-free single market—a unilateral change of asylum rules
by Germany had implications for the immigration policies of all member states. Once migrants get citizenship in one EU country, they have the right to move to any other, to work there and to claim benefits. But if free movement of people and labor come into question, so does the EU`s single market—its central achievement.
The refugee issue has for the moment, overshadowed the euro. But the problems of the single currency have not gone away. On the contrary, Greece's decision this summer to knuckle
under and accept yet another austerity package has made the Eurozone look increasingly like a trap.
Even Greece, which is profoundly unhappy with life in the Eurozone, cannot risk leaving for fear of provoking a financial and economic crisis. Creditor countries such as Germany and the Netherlands are not much happier, as they fear they are being dragged into a system of permanent fiscal transfers towards the nations of Europe. Meanwhile, efforts to make the euro work better,
by pressing ahead with a banking union, are stuck in Brussels. This does not look like a sustainable situation and the risk of euro break-up will surely return.
The refugee and euro crisis bear on whether Britain will vote to stay in the EU, when it holds a referendum in 2016 or 2017. Until recently, the opinion polls looked promising for the pro-EU camp. But the migrant crisis plays directly into the most potent issue deployed by those campaigning for Britain to leave-which is that membership of
the EU means that the UK cannot control immigration. More broadly, the British are less likely to stay inside an organization that seems to be failing. If they vote to leave, the sense of crisis
within the EU would then mount--raising the possibility of further defections.
A partial unravelling and marginalization of the EU still looks more likely than a full-scale collapse. But even if an organization called the European Union continues to exist--- running buildings and paying salaries---it risks becoming increasingly irrelevant.

If the Britain's Labor Party is led by a far-left Eurosceptic candidate, what would most likely happen?

A. He would choose to stay in the EU.
B. He would work with other members of EU to respond to the problems EU faces.
C. He would open borders to offer asylum to refugees.
D. He would probably hasten the exit of UK from EU.

Campaigning on the Indian frontier is an experience by itself.Neither the landscape nor the people find their counterparts
in any other portion of the globe.Valley walls rise steeply five or six thousand feet on every side.The columns crawl through
a maze of giant corridors down which fierce snow-fed torrents foam under skies of brass.Amid these scenes of savage
brilliancy there dwells a race whose qualities seem to harmonize with their environment.Except at harvest time,when
self-preservation requires a temporary truce,the Pathan tribes are always engaged in private or public war.Every man is a
warrior,a politician and a theologian.Every large house is a real feudal fortress made,it is true,only of sun-baked clay,but
with battlements,turrets,loopholes,drawbridges,etc.complete.Every village has its defence.Every family cultivates its
vendetta;every clan,its feud.The numerous tribes and combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settle with one
another.Nothing is ever forgotten,and?very few debts are left unpaid.For the purposes of social life,in addition to the
convention about harvest-time,a most elaborate code of honour has been established and is on the whole faithfully observed.A man who knew it and observed it faultlessly might pass unarmed from one end of the frontier to another.The slightest
technical slip would,however,be fatal.The life of the Pathan is thus full of interest;and his valleys,nourished alike by endless sunshine and abundant water,are fertile enough to yield with little labour the modest material requirements of a sparse
population.
Into this happy world the nineteenth century brought two new facts:the rifle and the British Government.The first was an enormous luxury and blessing;the second,an unmitigated nuisance.The convenience of the rifle was nowhere more
appreciated than in the Indian highlands.A weapon which would kill with accuracy at fifteen hundred yards opened a whole
new vista of delights to every family or clan which could acquire it.One could actually remain in one’s own house and fire at
one’s neighbour nearly a mile away.One could lie in wait on some high crag,and at hitherto unheard of ranges hit a horseman far below.Even villages could fire at each other without the trouble of going far from home.Fabulous prices were therefore
offered for these glorious products of science.Rifle-thieves scoured all India to reinforce the efforts of the honest smuggler.A steady flow of the coveted weapons spread its genial influence throughout the frontier,and the respect which the Pathan tribesmen entertained for Christian civilization was vastly enhanced.
The action of the British Government on the other hand was entirely unsatisfactory.The great organizing,advancing,
absorbing power to the southward seemed to be little better than a monstrous spoil-sport.If the Pathan made forays into the
plains,not only were they driven back(which after all was no more than fair),but a whole series of subsequent interferences
took place,followed at intervals by expeditions which toiled laboriously through the valleys,scolding the tribesmen and
exacting fines for any damage which they had done.No one would have minded these expeditions if they had simply come,
had a fight and then gone away again.In many cases this was their practice under what was called the“butcher and bolt
policy”to which the Government of India long adhered.But towards the end of the nineteenth century these intruders began to make roads through many of the valleys,and in particular the great road to Chitral.They sought to ensure the safety of these
roads by threats,by forts and by subsidies.There was no objection to the last method so far as it went.But the whole of this
tendency to road-making was regarded by the Pathans with profound distaste.All along the road people were expected to
keep quiet,not to shoot one another,and above all not to shoot at travellers along the road.It was too much to ask,and a
whole series of quarrels took their origin from this source.

The word debts in “very few debts are left unpaid” in the first paragraph means

A.loans.
B.accounts.
C.killings.
D.bargains.

共用题干
High-Tech Warfare（战争）

Today,high-tech warfare is no longer an abstract concept,but a real issue.
Technology_______(1)tactics,sociology,and the development of weaponry（武
器）.it also causes the changes in battles.Then what are the new characteristics of
modern battles_______(2)by the application of high technologies?
High-tech warfare naturally includes high technology.In modern battles,a single kind
of weapon can hardly be_______(3).Various weaponry,such as intelligence
detection and information processing,should_______(4)well with each other.
Aerial（航空的）weaponry becomes the main force in battles in the sky. Precision
homing（精确制导）weaponry like cruise missiles and missiles_______(5) satellite
homing systems becomes the main attack weapons.
Battle control systems play a dominant role. Various weapons and logistics（后勤）
systems are_______(6)into a comprehensive framework,centrally representing the
modern high-tech weaponry,Depending on various_______(7)equipment and
means in electronic warfare,our army will not be passively beaten._______(8)the
battlefield , high-tech warfare has created a type of non-linear（非线性的）chaos.
Because of the use of long-range precision weaponry,the opposite parties in warfare can't
"touch"or"see"each other,and distance is no longer the decisive factor affecting the
_______(9)of baffles.It is hard to clearly define the lines between the frontier and
the rear,as well as attack and defense. The traditional three-dimensional air-sea
battlefield will be_______(10)by the multi一dimensional battlefield composed of air,
sea,magnetic,electrical and information battlefields.No large-scale movements can be
conducted_______(11).
Because modern weaponry systems are closely related to chains of demand and
communication and electronic technology,the parties_______(12)have to pay
attention to the usufruct（使用权）and control of electromagnetic frequency spectrum. So
electronic warfare becomes_______(13)important and the necessary guarantee of
victory. Whatever _________ (14) warfare goes to and whatever cloak（宽大外衣）it
wears,it always violates peace and brings the world bloodshed（流血）.Most people think
of high technology as a_______(15)to enhance their lives,and they don't wish it to
be used to destroy lives.

_________(2)
A:brought
B:processed
C:studied
D:shared

Passage 3
For the first time in decades, some of the fundamental achievements and tenets of the EU are under threat. These include the single currency, open borders, free movement of labor and the notion that membership is forever.
Rather than rising to these challenges, the EU is creaking under the strain. Its 28 members are arguing bitterly and seem incapable of framing effective responses to their common problems.
These arguments are also taking place against an
ominous backdrop. Large parts of the EU remain sunk in a semi-depression with high unemployment and unsustainable public finances. The problems of an imploding Middle East are crowding in on Europe, in the form of hundreds of thousands of refugees. And the political fringes are on the rise---with the latest evidence being the election of a far-left Eurosceptic candidates to lead Britain`s Labor party.
With a sense of crisis mounting and the EU unable to respond, countries will be increasingly inclined
to act unilaterally or even---in the case of Britain--leave the bloc altogether.
The refugee crisis is already threatening cherished ideas about open borders. In the past couple of days, Germany has reimposed frontier controls with Austria---which, in turn, has imposed controls at its border with Hungary, which itself is working feverishly to complete a barbed-wire
fence to protect its frontier with non-EU Serbia. Controls have been tightened on the French-Italian borders, while migrants camp miserably in Calais, hoping to cross to England.
If the EU somehow gets a grip on the migrant crisis, these measures might be no more than temporary expedients. But if the pressure of would-be refugees heading for Europe remain intense, then temporary measures could harden into permanent controls.
Questions marks over open borders will easily shade into wider issues about access to welfare systems and labor markets. That is because EU countries are realizing that—in a border-free single market—a unilateral change of asylum rules
by Germany had implications for the immigration policies of all member states. Once migrants get citizenship in one EU country, they have the right to move to any other, to work there and to claim benefits. But if free movement of people and labor come into question, so does the EU`s single market—its central achievement.
The refugee issue has for the moment, overshadowed the euro. But the problems of the single currency have not gone away. On the contrary, Greece's decision this summer to knuckle
under and accept yet another austerity package has made the Eurozone look increasingly like a trap.
Even Greece, which is profoundly unhappy with life in the Eurozone, cannot risk leaving for fear of provoking a financial and economic crisis. Creditor countries such as Germany and the Netherlands are not much happier, as they fear they are being dragged into a system of permanent fiscal transfers towards the nations of Europe. Meanwhile, efforts to make the euro work better,
by pressing ahead with a banking union, are stuck in Brussels. This does not look like a sustainable situation and the risk of euro break-up will surely return.
The refugee and euro crisis bear on whether Britain will vote to stay in the EU, when it holds a referendum in 2016 or 2017. Until recently, the opinion polls looked promising for the pro-EU camp. But the migrant crisis plays directly into the most potent issue deployed by those campaigning for Britain to leave-which is that membership of
the EU means that the UK cannot control immigration. More broadly, the British are less likely to stay inside an organization that seems to be failing. If they vote to leave, the sense of crisis
within the EU would then mount--raising the possibility of further defections.
A partial unravelling and marginalization of the EU still looks more likely than a full-scale collapse. But even if an organization called the European Union continues to exist--- running buildings and paying salaries---it risks becoming increasingly irrelevant.

What is the best title for this passage?

A. The impact of Refugee Crisis in EU.
B. The Crisis that Threaten to Unravel the EU
C. UK, to Leave or to Stay
D. EU Sees the Light at the End of the Tunnel.

共用题干
The Beginning of American Literature America has always been a land of beginnings.After Europeans"discovered"America in the fifteenth century,the mysterious New World became for many people a genuine hope of a new life,an escape from poverty and persecution,a chance to start again.We can say that,as a nation,America begins with that hope.When,however,does American literature begin?
American literature begins with American experiences.Long before the first colonists arrived,before Christopher Columbus,before the Northmen who"found"America about the year 1000,native Americans lived here.Each tribe's literature was tightly woven into the fabric of daily life and reflected the unmistakably American experience of linking with the land.Another kind of experience,one filled with fear and excitement,found its expression in the reports that Columbus and other explorers sent home in Spain, French and English.In addition,the journals of the people who lived and died in the New England wilder- ness tell unforgettable tales of hard and sometimes heartbreaking experiences of those early years. Experience,then, is the key to early American literature.
The New World provided a great variety of experiences,and these experiences demanded a wide variety of expressions by an even wider variety of early American writers.These writers included John Smith,who spent only two-and-a-half year on the American continent.
They included Jonathan Edwards and William Byrd,who thought of themselves as British subjects,never suspecting a revolution that would create a United States of America with a literature of its own.American Indians,explorers,Puritan ministers,frontier wives,plantation owners-they are all the creators of the first American literature.

According to the last paragraph,which of the following statements is true about American literature?
A:Some British writers started American literature.
B:Early-day American literature is a reflection of the boring life then.
C:Some British writers had'doubts about the future of American literature.
D:Some British writers had great confidence in the future of American literature.