The 1983 report"A Nation At Risk"cited as example of the decline of educational standards()A、high rates of adult illiteracyB、declining SAT scoresC、low scores of American students in key subjects as compared with scores of students of other countriesD、All

题目

The 1983 report"A Nation At Risk"cited as example of the decline of educational standards()

  • A、high rates of adult illiteracy
  • B、declining SAT scores
  • C、low scores of American students in key subjects as compared with scores of students of other countries
  • D、All of the above

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更多“The 1983 report"A Nation At Risk”相关问题
  • 第1题:

    122 The profitability and technical data studies are provided in report format to owners and funders for acceptance. This type of report, used to solicit funding, is referred to as a(n) _____.

    A. Project feasibility study.

    B. Economic evaluation analysis.

    C. Risk management manual.

    D. Prospectus.

    E. None of the above


    正确答案:D

  • 第2题:

    113 Screening of risk events for potential risk is known as _____ .

    A. problem structuring.

    B. risk identification

    C. risk quantification

    D. risk modeling

    E. risk mitigation


    正确答案:B

  • 第3题:

    The()process analyzes the effect of risk events and assigns a numerical rating to those risks.()A.Risk Identification B.Quantitative Risk AnalysisC.Qualitative Risk Analysis D.Risk Monitoring and Control


    正确答案:B
    定量风险分析过程分析风险事件的影响并对这些影响赋予一个数值化的评价。

  • 第4题:

    Workarounds are determined during which risk management process? (75).

    A. Risk identification

    B. Quantitative risk analysis

    C. Plan risk responses

    D. Risk monitoring and control


    正确答案:D
    权变措施是在风险管理过程中的(75)过程确定的?。A.风险识别B.风险定量分析C.规划风险应对D.风险监测和控制

  • 第5题:

    共用题干
    Most Adults in US Have Low Risk of Heart Disease
    More than 80 percent of US adults have a less than 10-percent risk of developing heart disease in the next 10 years,according to a report in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.Just 3 percent have a risk that exceeds 20 percent.
    "I hope that these numbers will give physicians,researchers,health policy analysts,and others a better idea of how coronary heart disease is distributed in the US population,"lead author Dr.Earl S.Ford,from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta,said in a statement.
    The findings are based on analysis of data from 13,769 subjects,between 20 and 79 years of age,who narticipated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1988 to 1994.
    Overall,82 percent of adults had a risk of less than 10 percent,15 percent had a risk that fell between 10 to 20 percent,and 3 percent had a risk above 20 percent.
    The proportion of subjects in the highest risk group increased with advancing age,and men were more likely than women to be in this group.By contrast,race or ethnicity had little effect on risk distributions.
    Although the report suggests that most adults have a low 10-year risk of heart disease,a large proportion have ahigh or immediate risk,Dr.Daniel S.Berman,from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles,and Dr.Nathan D.Wong,from the University of California at Irvine,note in a related editorial.
    Aggressive treatment measures and public health strategies are needed to shift the overall population risk downward,they add.

    The main purpose of the passage is to______.
    A:introduce that most adults in US adults have low risk of heart disease
    B:give treatment measures to reduce the risk of developing heart disease for US adults
    C:describe the research made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    D:warn people that they should pay attention to the threat of heart disease immediately

    答案:A
    解析:
    由文章第四段可知,15%的美国成年人有10%到20%的患心脏病风险几率。
    由文章第五段可知,受试者中最具心脏病风险的群体比例会随着年龄的增加而增加,而人种和种族对此几乎无影响。国别在此并未提及。
    由文章第三段可知,这些发现是基于从13 769位受试者中得到的数据进行分析的结果,故选B。
    文章最后一段中提到,需要有积极的治疗方法和公共卫生策略来降低人口总体的患心脏病风险。
    本文的开头便引出了文章论述的主题:More than 80 percent of US adults have a less than10-percent risk of developing heart disease in the next 10 years,之后的内容都围绕此论题展开,故选A。

  • 第6题:

    共用题干
    Most Adults in U.S.Have Low Risk of Heart Disease
    More than 80 percent of U .S.adults have a less than 10-percent risk of developing heart dis- ease in the next 10 years,according to a report in the Journal of the American College of Cardiolo-gy(心脏病学).Just 3 percent have a risk that exceeds 20 percent.
    “I hope that these numbers will give physicians,researchers,health policy analysts,and others a better idea of how coronary(心脏冠状动脉的)heart disease is distributed in the U. S. population ,” lead(带头的)author Dr. Earl S. Ford , from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta,said in a statement.
    The findings are based on analysis of data from 13,769 subjects,between 20 and 79 years of age , who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition(营养的供给)Examination Sur- vey from 1988 to 1994.
    Overall,82 percent of adults had a risk of less than 10 percent,15 percent had a risk that fell between 10 to 20 percent and 3 percent had a risk above 20 percent,
    The proportion of subjects in the highest risk group increased with advancing age,and men were more likely than women to be in this group. By contrast, race or ethnicity(种族划分)had little effect on risk distributions.
    Although the report suggests that most adults have a low 10-year risk of heart disease,a large proportion have a high or immediate risk,Dr. Daniel S .Berman,from Cedars-Sinai Medi- cal Center in Los Angeles,and Dr. Nathan D.Wong,from the University of California at Irvine, note in a related editorial.
    Aggressive treatment measures and public health strategies are needed to shift the overall population risk downward,they add.

    According to the Journal of the American College of Cardiology,_______of the U.S. adults had a risk of developing heart disease above 20 percent in the next 10 years.
    A: three percent
    B:ten percent
    C:twenty percent
    D: eighty-two percent

    答案:A
    解析:
    文章首段提到就提到美国80%以上的成年人未来十年内患心脏病的风险低于 10%,故A项正确;由第五段最后一句话“By contrast , race or ethnicity(种族划分)had little effect on risk distributions.”可知种族对患病风险的分布影响很小,故D项正确;由第五段“The proportion of subjects in the highest risk group increased with advancing age,and men were more likely than women to be in this group.”可知实验对象年龄越大,在高风险组中所占的比例也越大,男人进入该组的可能性也大于女性,故B项正确,C项错误。
    由第四段“Overall , 82 percent of adults had a risk of less than 10 percent , 15 percent had a risk that fell between 10 to 20 percent and 3 percent had a risk above 20 percent.”可知,美国80%以上的成年人未来十年内患心脏病的风险低于10% ,15%的成年人未来患心脏病的风险介于10%~20% ,3%的成年人患心脏病的风险在20%以上。故选A。
    题干问的是下列哪个选项对患病风险的分布影响最小。由文中第五段可知,心脏病的患病风险的分布与年龄和性别有很大的关系,种族对患病风险事物分布影响很小,D项“血型”在文中没有提及,故排除。故选C。
    由文中原句“15 percent had a risk that fell between 10 to 20 percent”可知,15%的成年人未来十年内患心脏病的风险介于10%~20%,故选C。注意文中的几个百分数不要弄混淆了
    两位科学家讲到,尽管大多数成年人10年内患心脏病的风险较低,但在有风险者中,很大一部分所面临的风险却是很高或者刻不容缓的,故只有采取积极的治疗措施和公共卫生政策(Aggressive treatment measures and public health strategies are needed)才能降低所有人群患病的风险概率。

  • 第7题:

    共用题干
    Most Adults in US Have Low Risk of Heart Disease
    More than 80 percent of US adults have a less than 10-percent risk of developing heart disease in the next 10 years,according to a report in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.Just 3 percent have a risk that exceeds 20 percent.
    "I hope that these numbers will give physicians,researchers,health policy analysts,and others a better idea of how coronary heart disease is distributed in the US population,"lead author Dr.Earl S.Ford,from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta,said in a statement.
    The findings are based on analysis of data from 13,769 subjects,between 20 and 79 years of age,who narticipated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1988 to 1994.
    Overall,82 percent of adults had a risk of less than 10 percent,15 percent had a risk that fell between 10 to 20 percent,and 3 percent had a risk above 20 percent.
    The proportion of subjects in the highest risk group increased with advancing age,and men were more likely than women to be in this group.By contrast,race or ethnicity had little effect on risk distributions.
    Although the report suggests that most adults have a low 10-year risk of heart disease,a large proportion have ahigh or immediate risk,Dr.Daniel S.Berman,from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles,and Dr.Nathan D.Wong,from the University of California at Irvine,note in a related editorial.
    Aggressive treatment measures and public health strategies are needed to shift the overall population risk downward,they add.

    Strategies to shift the overall population risk downward include______.
    A:losing weight
    B:eat less and exercise more
    C:adding more vitamins in your diet
    D:aggressive treatment measures and public health strategies

    答案:D
    解析:
    由文章第四段可知,15%的美国成年人有10%到20%的患心脏病风险几率。
    由文章第五段可知,受试者中最具心脏病风险的群体比例会随着年龄的增加而增加,而人种和种族对此几乎无影响。国别在此并未提及。
    由文章第三段可知,这些发现是基于从13 769位受试者中得到的数据进行分析的结果,故选B。
    文章最后一段中提到,需要有积极的治疗方法和公共卫生策略来降低人口总体的患心脏病风险。
    本文的开头便引出了文章论述的主题:More than 80 percent of US adults have a less than10-percent risk of developing heart disease in the next 10 years,之后的内容都围绕此论题展开,故选A。

  • 第8题:

    共用题干
    Most Adults in U.S.Have Low Risk of Heart Disease
    More than 80 percent of U .S.adults have a less than 10-percent risk of developing heart dis- ease in the next 10 years,according to a report in the Journal of the American College of Cardiolo-gy(心脏病学).Just 3 percent have a risk that exceeds 20 percent.
    “I hope that these numbers will give physicians,researchers,health policy analysts,and others a better idea of how coronary(心脏冠状动脉的)heart disease is distributed in the U. S. population ,” lead(带头的)author Dr. Earl S. Ford , from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta,said in a statement.
    The findings are based on analysis of data from 13,769 subjects,between 20 and 79 years of age , who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition(营养的供给)Examination Sur- vey from 1988 to 1994.
    Overall,82 percent of adults had a risk of less than 10 percent,15 percent had a risk that fell between 10 to 20 percent and 3 percent had a risk above 20 percent,
    The proportion of subjects in the highest risk group increased with advancing age,and men were more likely than women to be in this group. By contrast, race or ethnicity(种族划分)had little effect on risk distributions.
    Although the report suggests that most adults have a low 10-year risk of heart disease,a large proportion have a high or immediate risk,Dr. Daniel S .Berman,from Cedars-Sinai Medi- cal Center in Los Angeles,and Dr. Nathan D.Wong,from the University of California at Irvine, note in a related editorial.
    Aggressive treatment measures and public health strategies are needed to shift the overall population risk downward,they add.

    Which of the following statements is NOT right?
    A:The 10-year risk of heart disease is low for most U.S.adult.
    B: Elderly people have a higher risk of heart disease than younger people.
    C: Women have a higher risk of heart disease than man.
    D: The distribution of the risk of heart disease are hardly related to race.

    答案:C
    解析:
    文章首段提到就提到美国80%以上的成年人未来十年内患心脏病的风险低于 10%,故A项正确;由第五段最后一句话“By contrast , race or ethnicity(种族划分)had little effect on risk distributions.”可知种族对患病风险的分布影响很小,故D项正确;由第五段“The proportion of subjects in the highest risk group increased with advancing age,and men were more likely than women to be in this group.”可知实验对象年龄越大,在高风险组中所占的比例也越大,男人进入该组的可能性也大于女性,故B项正确,C项错误。
    由第四段“Overall , 82 percent of adults had a risk of less than 10 percent , 15 percent had a risk that fell between 10 to 20 percent and 3 percent had a risk above 20 percent.”可知,美国80%以上的成年人未来十年内患心脏病的风险低于10% ,15%的成年人未来患心脏病的风险介于10%~20% ,3%的成年人患心脏病的风险在20%以上。故选A。
    题干问的是下列哪个选项对患病风险的分布影响最小。由文中第五段可知,心脏病的患病风险的分布与年龄和性别有很大的关系,种族对患病风险事物分布影响很小,D项“血型”在文中没有提及,故排除。故选C。
    由文中原句“15 percent had a risk that fell between 10 to 20 percent”可知,15%的成年人未来十年内患心脏病的风险介于10%~20%,故选C。注意文中的几个百分数不要弄混淆了
    两位科学家讲到,尽管大多数成年人10年内患心脏病的风险较低,但在有风险者中,很大一部分所面临的风险却是很高或者刻不容缓的,故只有采取积极的治疗措施和公共卫生政策(Aggressive treatment measures and public health strategies are needed)才能降低所有人群患病的风险概率。

  • 第9题:

    共用题干
    第一篇

    Ulcers

    Even though ulcers appear to run in families,lifestyle plays more of a role than genetic
    (基因的)factors in causing the illness, according to a report in the April 13th issue of
    Journal of Internal Medicine. In particular,smoking and stress in men and the regular use
    of pain-releasing medicines in women were linked with an increased risk of developing an
    ulcer(溃疡).
    Overall,61% of ulcer risk appears to be due to environmental factors,such as
    smoking,and the remaining 39% is due to genes,according to Dr. lsmo Raiha of the
    University of Turkey and colleagues at the University of Helsinki,Finland.Some
    researchers had suggested that families may spread Helicobacteria pyloni(幽门螺旋菌),
    the bacteria(细菌)that can cause ulcers. However, the new study suggests this is
    unlikely,according to the report.
    Raiha and colleagues studied data from more than 13,000 pairs of twins to examine
    the roles of genetic and environmental factors in the origin of ulcer. Both twins were more
    likely to develop an ulcer if the pain were genetically the same as compared with a pair of
    fraternal(由两受精卵发育而成的)twins , suggesting that there must be some genetic
    susceptibility(敏感性)to ulcer development.
    However,the risk was no greater in twins living together compared with twins living
    apart,suggesting that shared exposure to H.pyloni was not to blame." Environmental
    effects were not due to factons shared by family members,and they were related to smoking
    and stress in men and the use of pain-releasing medicines in women,"the authors write in
    their report.

    The report attributes the risk of men developing an ulcer partly to
    A:smoking and stress.
    B:the kinds of food they eat.
    C:the size of the family.
    D:the use of certain medicines.

    答案:A
    解析:

  • 第10题:

    共用题干
    Cigars Instead?
    Smoking one or two cigars a day doubles the risk of cancers of the lip,tongue,mouth,and throat,according to a government study.
    Daily cigars also increase the risk of lung cancer and cancer of the esophagus,and increase the risk of cancer of the larynx(voice box)sixfold,say researchers at the National Cancer Institu- te in Bethesda,Maryland.
    In addition,the report revealed that smoking three or four cigars a day increased the risk of oral cancer to 8.5 times the risk for nonsmokers and the risk of esophageal cancer by four times the risk of nonsmokers.
    The health effects of smoking cigars is one of eight sections of the article"Cigars:Health
    Effects and Trends".The researchers report that,compared with a cigarette,a large cigar emits up to 90 times as much carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines.
    "This article provides clear and invaluable information about the disturbing increase in cigar use and the significant public health consequences for the country,"said Dr. Richard Klausner, director of the National Cancer Institute,in a statement.
    "The data are clear-the harmful substances and carcinogens in cigar smoke,like cigarettes,are associated with the increased risks of several kinds of cancers as well as heart and lung diseases,"he added."In other words,cigars are not safe alternatives to cigarettes and may be addictive."
    "To those individuals who may be thinking about smoking cigars,our advice is-don't. To those currently smoking cigars,quitting is the only way to eliminate completely the cancer,heart and lung disease risks,"warned Klausner.
    According to a National Cancer Institute press release,there haven't been any studies on the health effects on nonsmokers at cigar social events,but“... a significant body of evidence clearly demonstrates an increased lung cancer risk from secondhand smoke."

    In the passage how many cancers are mentioned in relation to smoking cigars daily?
    A: Six.
    B: Seven.
    C: Eight.
    D: Nine.

    答案:B
    解析:
    第三段中“smoking three or four cigars a day increased the risk of oral cancer to 8. 5 times the risk for nonsmokers and the risk of esophageal cancer by four times the risk of non-smokers.”谈论了吸烟者患癌症的可能性(与不吸烟者相比分别增加到8. 5倍和4倍)。


    第一段中提到lip , tongue , mouth , throat四种,第二段中提到lung, esophagus, larynx 三种,共七种,第三段中的oral是对lip , tongue , mouth等的统称,不应再算做一种。


    倒数第三段中的一句话概括了文章的中心,即“...cigars are not safe alternatives to cigarettes and may be addictive."


    倒数第二段中医生的建议是“To those currently smoking cigars , quitting is the only way to eliminate completely the cancer...",即完全放弃。


    二手吸烟,即我们所说的被动吸烟,最后一段中的“nonsmokers at cigar social events" 提示了这一情景。

  • 第11题:

    共用题干
    Cigars Instead?
    Smoking one or two cigars a day doubles the risk of cancers of the lip,tongue,mouth,and throat,according to a government study.
    Daily cigars also increase the risk of lung cancer and cancer of the esophagus,and increase the risk of cancer of the larynx(voice box)sixfold,say researchers at the National Cancer Institu- te in Bethesda,Maryland.
    In addition,the report revealed that smoking three or four cigars a day increased the risk of oral cancer to 8.5 times the risk for nonsmokers and the risk of esophageal cancer by four times the risk of nonsmokers.
    The health effects of smoking cigars is one of eight sections of the article"Cigars:Health
    Effects and Trends".The researchers report that,compared with a cigarette,a large cigar emits up to 90 times as much carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines.
    "This article provides clear and invaluable information about the disturbing increase in cigar use and the significant public health consequences for the country,"said Dr. Richard Klausner, director of the National Cancer Institute,in a statement.
    "The data are clear-the harmful substances and carcinogens in cigar smoke,like cigarettes,are associated with the increased risks of several kinds of cancers as well as heart and lung diseases,"he added."In other words,cigars are not safe alternatives to cigarettes and may be addictive."
    "To those individuals who may be thinking about smoking cigars,our advice is-don't. To those currently smoking cigars,quitting is the only way to eliminate completely the cancer,heart and lung disease risks,"warned Klausner.
    According to a National Cancer Institute press release,there haven't been any studies on the health effects on nonsmokers at cigar social events,but“... a significant body of evidence clearly demonstrates an increased lung cancer risk from secondhand smoke."

    What is the main idea of the article"Cigars:Health Effects and Trends"?
    A: When it comes to cancer,cigars are not any safer than cigarettes.
    B: Cigars may be addictive while cigarettes are not easily so.
    C: Cigars contain less harmful substances than cigarettes.
    D: Increase in cigar-smoking does not affect public health much.

    答案:A
    解析:
    第三段中“smoking three or four cigars a day increased the risk of oral cancer to 8. 5 times the risk for nonsmokers and the risk of esophageal cancer by four times the risk of non-smokers.”谈论了吸烟者患癌症的可能性(与不吸烟者相比分别增加到8. 5倍和4倍)。


    第一段中提到lip , tongue , mouth , throat四种,第二段中提到lung, esophagus, larynx 三种,共七种,第三段中的oral是对lip , tongue , mouth等的统称,不应再算做一种。


    倒数第三段中的一句话概括了文章的中心,即“...cigars are not safe alternatives to cigarettes and may be addictive."


    倒数第二段中医生的建议是“To those currently smoking cigars , quitting is the only way to eliminate completely the cancer...",即完全放弃。


    二手吸烟,即我们所说的被动吸烟,最后一段中的“nonsmokers at cigar social events" 提示了这一情景。

  • 第12题:

    Which of the following commands will fail?()  

    • A、 report schema
    • B、 report need backup
    • C、 report need backup days 3
    • D、 report user
    • E、 report obsolete

    正确答案:D

  • 第13题:

    196 Giving a part of project work to a contractor is an example of:

    A. risk mitigation

    B. risk assignment

    C. risk delegation

    D. risk deflection

    E. risk assumption


    正确答案:D

  • 第14题:

    2 The risk committee at Southern Continents Company (SCC) met to discuss a report by its risk manager, Stephanie

    Field. The report focused on a number of risks that applied to a chemicals factory recently acquired by SCC in another

    country, Southland. She explained that the new risks related to the security of the factory in Southland in respect of

    burglary, to the supply of one of the key raw materials that experienced fluctuations in world supply and also an

    environmental risk. The environmental risk, Stephanie explained, was to do with the possibility of poisonous

    emissions from the Southland factory.

    The SCC chief executive, Choo Wang, who chaired the risk committee, said that the Southland factory was important

    to him for two reasons. First, he said it was strategically important to the company. Second, it was important because

    his own bonuses depended upon it. He said that because he had personally negotiated the purchase of the Southland

    factory, the remunerations committee had included a performance bonus on his salary based on the success of the

    Southland investment. He told Stephanie that a performance-related bonus was payable when and if the factory

    achieved a certain level of output that Choo considered to be ambitious. ‘I don’t get any bonus at all until we reach

    a high level of output from the factory,’ he said. ‘So I don’t care what the risks are, we will have to manage them.’

    Stephanie explained that one of her main concerns arose because the employees at the factory in Southland were not

    aware of the importance of risk management to SCC. She said that the former owner of the factory paid less attention

    to risk issues and so the staff were not as aware of risk as Stephanie would like them to be. ‘I would like to get risk

    awareness embedded in the culture at the Southland factory,’ she said.

    Choo Wang said that he knew from Stephanie’s report what the risks were, but that he wanted somebody to explain

    to him what strategies SCC could use to manage the risks.

    Required:

    (a) Describe four strategies that can be used to manage risk and identify, with reasons, an appropriate strategy

    for each of the three risks mentioned in the case. (12 marks)


    正确答案:
    (a) Risks at Southland and management strategies
    Risk management strategies
    There are four strategies for managing risk and these can be undertaken in sequence. In the first instance, the organisation
    should ask whether the risk, once recognised, can be transferred or avoided.
    Transference means passing the risk on to another party which, in practice means an insurer or a business partner in another
    part of the supply chain (such as a supplier or a customer).
    Avoidance means asking whether or not the organisation needs to engage in the activity or area in which the risk is incurred.
    If it is decided that the risk cannot be transferred nor avoided, it might be asked whether or not something can be done to
    reduce or mitigate the risk. This might mean, for example, reducing the expected return in order to diversify the risk or
    re-engineer a process to bring about the reduction.
    Risk sharing involves finding a party that is willing to enter into a partnership so that the risks of a venture might be spread
    between the two parties. For example an investor might be found to provide partial funding for an overseas investment in
    exchange for a share of the returns.
    Finally, an organisation might accept or retain the risk, believing there to be no other feasible option. Such retention should
    be accepted when the risk characteristics are clearly known (the possible hazard, the probability of the risk materialising and
    the return expected as a consequence of bearing the risk).
    Risks in the case and strategy
    There are three risks to the Southland factory described in the case.
    Risk to the security of the factory in Southland. This risk could be transferred. The transference of this risk would be through
    insurance where an insurance company will assume the potential liability on payment, by SCC, of an appropriate insurance
    premium.
    Risk to the supply of one of the key raw materials that experienced fluctuations in world supply. This risk will probably have
    to be accepted although it may be possible, with redesigning processes, to reduce the risk.
    If the raw material is strategically important (i.e. its use cannot be substituted or reduced), risk acceptance will be the only
    possible strategy. If products or process can be redesigned to substitute or replace its use in the factory, the supply risk can
    be reduced.
    The environmental risk that concerned a possibility of a poisonous emission can be reduced by appropriate environmental
    controls in the factory. This may require some process changes such as inventory storage or amendments to internal systems
    to ensure that the sources of emissions can be carefully monitored.
    Tutorial note: the strategies for the individual risks identified in the case are not the only appropriate responses and other
    strategies are equally valid providing they are supported with adequate explanation.

  • 第15题:

    The event()in tomorrow's newspapers will shock the whole nation.

    A、reported

    B、being reported

    C、to be reported

    D、to report


    参考答案:C

  • 第16题:

    ()is the process of implementing risk response plans,tracking identified risks,monitoring residual risk,identifying new risk,and evaluating risk process effectiveness throughout the project.

    A.Identity risks

    B.Control risks

    C.Plan risk responses

    D.Plan risk management


    正确答案:B

  • 第17题:

    共用题干
    Most Adults in U.S.Have Low Risk of Heart Disease
    More than 80 percent of U .S.adults have a less than 10-percent risk of developing heart dis- ease in the next 10 years,according to a report in the Journal of the American College of Cardiolo-gy(心脏病学).Just 3 percent have a risk that exceeds 20 percent.
    “I hope that these numbers will give physicians,researchers,health policy analysts,and others a better idea of how coronary(心脏冠状动脉的)heart disease is distributed in the U. S. population ,” lead(带头的)author Dr. Earl S. Ford , from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta,said in a statement.
    The findings are based on analysis of data from 13,769 subjects,between 20 and 79 years of age , who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition(营养的供给)Examination Sur- vey from 1988 to 1994.
    Overall,82 percent of adults had a risk of less than 10 percent,15 percent had a risk that fell between 10 to 20 percent and 3 percent had a risk above 20 percent,
    The proportion of subjects in the highest risk group increased with advancing age,and men were more likely than women to be in this group. By contrast, race or ethnicity(种族划分)had little effect on risk distributions.
    Although the report suggests that most adults have a low 10-year risk of heart disease,a large proportion have a high or immediate risk,Dr. Daniel S .Berman,from Cedars-Sinai Medi- cal Center in Los Angeles,and Dr. Nathan D.Wong,from the University of California at Irvine, note in a related editorial.
    Aggressive treatment measures and public health strategies are needed to shift the overall population risk downward,they add.

    ______does NOT have the least effect on risk distributions.
    A: Age
    B: Gender
    C: Race
    D: Blood group

    答案:C
    解析:
    文章首段提到就提到美国80%以上的成年人未来十年内患心脏病的风险低于 10%,故A项正确;由第五段最后一句话“By contrast , race or ethnicity(种族划分)had little effect on risk distributions.”可知种族对患病风险的分布影响很小,故D项正确;由第五段“The proportion of subjects in the highest risk group increased with advancing age,and men were more likely than women to be in this group.”可知实验对象年龄越大,在高风险组中所占的比例也越大,男人进入该组的可能性也大于女性,故B项正确,C项错误。
    由第四段“Overall , 82 percent of adults had a risk of less than 10 percent , 15 percent had a risk that fell between 10 to 20 percent and 3 percent had a risk above 20 percent.”可知,美国80%以上的成年人未来十年内患心脏病的风险低于10% ,15%的成年人未来患心脏病的风险介于10%~20% ,3%的成年人患心脏病的风险在20%以上。故选A。
    题干问的是下列哪个选项对患病风险的分布影响最小。由文中第五段可知,心脏病的患病风险的分布与年龄和性别有很大的关系,种族对患病风险事物分布影响很小,D项“血型”在文中没有提及,故排除。故选C。
    由文中原句“15 percent had a risk that fell between 10 to 20 percent”可知,15%的成年人未来十年内患心脏病的风险介于10%~20%,故选C。注意文中的几个百分数不要弄混淆了
    两位科学家讲到,尽管大多数成年人10年内患心脏病的风险较低,但在有风险者中,很大一部分所面临的风险却是很高或者刻不容缓的,故只有采取积极的治疗措施和公共卫生政策(Aggressive treatment measures and public health strategies are needed)才能降低所有人群患病的风险概率。

  • 第18题:

    共用题干
    第一篇

    U. S. States Do Poorly in Women's Health

    Not a single U. S. state meets basic federal goals for women's health,and the nation
    as a whole fails except in two areas一mammograms(乳腺X光照片)and dental(牙齿的)
    check-ups一researchers said on Thursday.
    Millions of women lack health insurance,and states make it difficult to enroll(加入)in
    Medicaid,the state-federal health insurance plan for the poor,according to the report.
    And few states are doing anywhere near enough to help women quit smoking一the
    leading cause of death in the United States.
    "The nation as a whole and the individual states fall short of meeting national goals,"
    reads the report,put together by the National Women's Law Center and the Oregon
    Health&Science University."These health goals provide a road map for assessing the
    status of women's health."
    Of 27 measures examined by the group,from screening for diseases to actually treating
    them,the nation passes on only two,the researchers said."The nation is so far from the
    health goals that it receives an overall grade of'unsatisfactory',"they wrote.
    The problem seems to be a lack among states of an overall plan for health in general,
    the NWLC said.
    " State policy makers' piecemeal(一件一件做的)approach to our health care crisis has
    resulted in a complex and ineffective system that fails to meet the health care needs of
    women,"Judy Waxman,NWLC Vice President for Health,said in a statement.
    "Lawmakers need to take a comprehensive,long-term approach to meeting women's
    health needs and tackle this serious problem that troubles so many families."

    In which area is the nation successful?
    A:Dental check-ups.
    B:Health promotion.
    C:Disease screening.
    D:Cancer treatment.

    答案:A
    解析:

  • 第19题:

    共用题干
    第一篇

    Ulcers

    Even though ulcers appear to run in families,lifestyle plays more of a role than genetic
    (基因的)factors in causing the illness, according to a report in the April 13th issue of
    Journal of Internal Medicine. In particular,smoking and stress in men and the regular use
    of pain-releasing medicines in women were linked with an increased risk of developing an
    ulcer(溃疡).
    Overall,61% of ulcer risk appears to be due to environmental factors,such as
    smoking,and the remaining 39% is due to genes,according to Dr. lsmo Raiha of the
    University of Turkey and colleagues at the University of Helsinki,Finland.Some
    researchers had suggested that families may spread Helicobacteria pyloni(幽门螺旋菌),
    the bacteria(细菌)that can cause ulcers. However, the new study suggests this is
    unlikely,according to the report.
    Raiha and colleagues studied data from more than 13,000 pairs of twins to examine
    the roles of genetic and environmental factors in the origin of ulcer. Both twins were more
    likely to develop an ulcer if the pain were genetically the same as compared with a pair of
    fraternal(由两受精卵发育而成的)twins , suggesting that there must be some genetic
    susceptibility(敏感性)to ulcer development.
    However,the risk was no greater in twins living together compared with twins living
    apart,suggesting that shared exposure to H.pyloni was not to blame." Environmental
    effects were not due to factons shared by family members,and they were related to smoking
    and stress in men and the use of pain-releasing medicines in women,"the authors write in
    their report.

    61% of ulcer risk seems to be caused by
    A:unknown factors.
    B:economic factors.
    C:environmental factors.
    D:genetic factors.

    答案:C
    解析:

  • 第20题:

    共用题干
    Most Adults in US Have Low Risk of Heart Disease
    More than 80 percent of US adults have a less than 10-percent risk of developing heart disease in the next 10 years,according to a report in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.Just 3 percent have a risk that exceeds 20 percent.
    "I hope that these numbers will give physicians,researchers,health policy analysts,and others a better idea of how coronary heart disease is distributed in the US population,"lead author Dr.Earl S.Ford,from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta,said in a statement.
    The findings are based on analysis of data from 13,769 subjects,between 20 and 79 years of age,who narticipated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1988 to 1994.
    Overall,82 percent of adults had a risk of less than 10 percent,15 percent had a risk that fell between 10 to 20 percent,and 3 percent had a risk above 20 percent.
    The proportion of subjects in the highest risk group increased with advancing age,and men were more likely than women to be in this group.By contrast,race or ethnicity had little effect on risk distributions.
    Although the report suggests that most adults have a low 10-year risk of heart disease,a large proportion have ahigh or immediate risk,Dr.Daniel S.Berman,from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles,and Dr.Nathan D.Wong,from the University of California at Irvine,note in a related editorial.
    Aggressive treatment measures and public health strategies are needed to shift the overall population risk downward,they add.

    The findings in the report are based on______.
    A:the study of physicians,researchers and health policy analysts
    B:analysis of data from 13,769 subjects
    C:the data from all US adults
    D:Dr.Daniel S.Berman and Dr.Nathan D.Wong

    答案:B
    解析:
    由文章第四段可知,15%的美国成年人有10%到20%的患心脏病风险几率。
    由文章第五段可知,受试者中最具心脏病风险的群体比例会随着年龄的增加而增加,而人种和种族对此几乎无影响。国别在此并未提及。
    由文章第三段可知,这些发现是基于从13 769位受试者中得到的数据进行分析的结果,故选B。
    文章最后一段中提到,需要有积极的治疗方法和公共卫生策略来降低人口总体的患心脏病风险。
    本文的开头便引出了文章论述的主题:More than 80 percent of US adults have a less than10-percent risk of developing heart disease in the next 10 years,之后的内容都围绕此论题展开,故选A。

  • 第21题:

    Any nation that interferes in the internal affairs of another nation should be universally( ).

    A.blamed
    B.reproached
    C.scolded
    D.condemned

    答案:D
    解析:
    condemn常用于较正式的、严肃的场合,意味着从道义上或原则上的“谴责”;A.blame“埋怨,责怪”;B.reproach“责备”,往往只是一种表示不满的意见;C.scold“责骂,训诉”。

  • 第22题:

    共用题干
    Cigars Instead?
    Smoking one or two cigars a day doubles the risk of cancers of the lip,tongue,mouth,and throat,according to a government study.
    Daily cigars also increase the risk of lung cancer and cancer of the esophagus,and increase the risk of cancer of the larynx(voice box)sixfold,say researchers at the National Cancer Institu- te in Bethesda,Maryland.
    In addition,the report revealed that smoking three or four cigars a day increased the risk of oral cancer to 8.5 times the risk for nonsmokers and the risk of esophageal cancer by four times the risk of nonsmokers.
    The health effects of smoking cigars is one of eight sections of the article"Cigars:Health
    Effects and Trends".The researchers report that,compared with a cigarette,a large cigar emits up to 90 times as much carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines.
    "This article provides clear and invaluable information about the disturbing increase in cigar use and the significant public health consequences for the country,"said Dr. Richard Klausner, director of the National Cancer Institute,in a statement.
    "The data are clear-the harmful substances and carcinogens in cigar smoke,like cigarettes,are associated with the increased risks of several kinds of cancers as well as heart and lung diseases,"he added."In other words,cigars are not safe alternatives to cigarettes and may be addictive."
    "To those individuals who may be thinking about smoking cigars,our advice is-don't. To those currently smoking cigars,quitting is the only way to eliminate completely the cancer,heart and lung disease risks,"warned Klausner.
    According to a National Cancer Institute press release,there haven't been any studies on the health effects on nonsmokers at cigar social events,but“... a significant body of evidence clearly demonstrates an increased lung cancer risk from secondhand smoke."

    According to the report,smoking three or four cigars a day______.
    A: increases the risk of oral cancer for non-smokers
    B: greatly increases the risk of oral cancer for smokers
    C: increases the risk of more than one cancer for non-smokers.
    D: greatly increases the risk of more than one cancer for smokers

    答案:D
    解析:
    第三段中“smoking three or four cigars a day increased the risk of oral cancer to 8. 5 times the risk for nonsmokers and the risk of esophageal cancer by four times the risk of non-smokers.”谈论了吸烟者患癌症的可能性(与不吸烟者相比分别增加到8. 5倍和4倍)。


    第一段中提到lip , tongue , mouth , throat四种,第二段中提到lung, esophagus, larynx 三种,共七种,第三段中的oral是对lip , tongue , mouth等的统称,不应再算做一种。


    倒数第三段中的一句话概括了文章的中心,即“...cigars are not safe alternatives to cigarettes and may be addictive."


    倒数第二段中医生的建议是“To those currently smoking cigars , quitting is the only way to eliminate completely the cancer...",即完全放弃。


    二手吸烟,即我们所说的被动吸烟,最后一段中的“nonsmokers at cigar social events" 提示了这一情景。

  • 第23题:

    The 1983 report"A Nation At Risk"cited as example of the decline of educational standards()

    Ahigh rates of adult illiteracy

    Bdeclining SAT scores

    Clow scores of American students in key subjects as compared with scores of students of other countries

    DAll of the above


    D

  • 第24题:

    单选题
    The 1983 report"A Nation At Risk"cited as example of the decline of educational standards()
    A

    high rates of adult illiteracy

    B

    declining SAT scores

    C

    low scores of American students in key subjects as compared with scores of students of other countries

    D

    All of the above


    正确答案: D
    解析: 暂无解析