Techniques for grouping items of vocabulary fall into three general categories: semantic fields, phonological sets and grammatical sets. Grouping items related by topics, for example, types of fruit, belongs to the semantic fields.（）

正确答案：E

正确答案：C

参考答案：B

答案：D

解析：

答案：A

解析：

正确答案：C

参考答案：There are altogether five mechanisms of meaning changes.1) Melioration, also known as amelioration or elevation of meaning, is the process whereby words with humble origins are gradually used in positive, or at least neutral contexts.e.g. knight: Anglo-Saxon origin, “a boy”, but through military and feudal associations, acquired the meaning of title of rank.2) pejoration or degradation is the process by which the meaning of words become negative or less favorable. Previously mentioned words such as silly, idiot, moron, imbecile, villain, churl and hussy are good cases in point for the illustration of pejoration. These words have been considered so offensive that they are hardly used in daily speeches.3) Generalization of meaning, also called extension, widening or broadening, refers to the extension of the word range, or the widening the semantic scope of words. It is one of the most common features in the history of words.e.g. noviceOriginally meant “a person admitted to a probationary membership in a religious community”, but today it refers generally to “a beginner”4) Specialization, also known as narrowing or restriction, the opposite of generalization, is the process whereby a word of wide meaning acquires a narrow or specialized sense. In other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys only a special concept in present-day English.The word girl, for example, was used to refer to any young person in Middle English but is restricted to young females from the Early Modern Period on. Specialization of meaning can also be observed in the word fowl, which is now usually restricted to “farmyard hen” with its old meaning of “bird” only retains in a few expressions like the fowls of the air and wild fowl.5) Subjectification is the process by which the meaning of a given word changes from relatively objective to increasingly subjective.e.g. very, originally, French word vrai meaning “true” or “real”; the very knight: true knightNowadays if we say that “Lexicology is very interesting”, we use the word very in a much more subjective sense because someone else may disagree with our personal evaluation.

答案：D

解析：

答案：C

解析：